国内外小型挖掘机发展综述外文文献翻译/中英文翻译/外文翻译

中国地质大学长城学院  本科毕业 设计 外文资料翻译  系     别：       工程技术系          专     业：  机械设计制造及其自动化   姓     名：         吴宝生            学     号：        05211615          2015 年  1 月  22 日  国内外小型挖掘机发展综述  1 液压挖掘机简介   液压挖掘机是由发动机、液压系统、工作装置、行走装置和电气控制等部分组成。液压系统由液压泵、控制阀、液压缸、液压马达、管路、油箱等组成。电气控制 系统包括监控盘、发动机控制系统、泵控制系统、各类传感器、电磁阀等。液压挖掘机一般由工作装置、回转装置和行走装置三大部分组成。根据其构造和用途可以区分为：履带式、轮胎式、步履式、全液压、半液压、全回转、非全回转、通用型、专用型、铰接式、伸缩臂式等多种类型。  工作装置是直接完成挖掘任务的装置。它由动臂、斗杆、铲斗等三部分铰接而成。动臂起落、斗杆伸缩和铲斗转动都用往复式双作用液压缸控制。为了适应各种不同施工作业的需要，液压挖掘机可以配装多种工作装置，如挖掘、起重、装载、平整、夹钳、推土、冲击锤等多种作业机具。  回 转与行走装置是液压挖掘机的机体，转台上部设有动力装置和传动系统。发动机是液压挖掘机的动力源，大多采用柴油要在方便的场地，也可改用电动机。  液压传动系统通过液压泵将发动机的动力传递给液压马达、液压缸等执行元件，推动工作装置动作，从而完成各种作业。以工地使用较多的 PV-200 型液压挖掘机为例。该机采用改进型的开式中心  负荷传感系统（ OLSS）。该系统用控制斜盘式变量柱塞泵斜盘角（输出流量）的方法，减少了发动机的功率输出，从而减少燃油消耗，是一种节能型系统。这种液压系统的特点是：定转矩控制，能维持液压泵驱动转矩不 变，载断控制，可以减少作业时间的卸荷损失；油量控制，可减少空挡和小调控制时液压泵的输出流量，减少功率损失。  械到电力驱动和内燃机驱动回转挖掘机、应用机电液一体化技术的全自动液压挖掘机的逐步发展过程。由于液压技术的应用， 20 世纪 40 年代有了在拖拉机上配装液压反铲的悬挂式机械， 20 世纪 50 年代初期和中期相继研制出拖式全回转液压挖掘机和履带式全液压机械。初期试制的液压挖掘机是采用飞机和机床的液压技术，缺少适用于机械各种工况的液压元件，制造质量不够稳定，配套件也不齐全。从 20 世纪 60 年代起，液压挖掘机进入推广和蓬勃 发展阶段，各国机械制造厂和品种增加很快，产量猛增。1968-1970 年间，液压挖掘机产量已占机械总产量的 83%，目前已接近 100%。  2 小型挖掘机的发展及其趋势  20 世纪 80 90 年代小型挖掘机在市政工程、交通、管道等施工中发挥了较大优势并得以迅速发展。它在城市的土建施工工程中为节省人力、物力出了较大贡献  , 逐步成为城市施工中具有代表性的施工机械。  小型挖掘机的发展主要依赖于城市建设的发展 ,由于城市的改造、建设施工较多 ,要求施工时间短、施工机械对周围环境影响小、安全、低污染、回转半径小、便于运输以及具 有与城市景色相协调的外观 ,小型挖掘机满足了城市各种作业要求，在城市狭窄的工作空间内能够最大限度地发挥其生产能力 ,因此具有独特的优越性。  1. 小型挖掘机的发展  小型挖掘机在城市中主要用于土建施工及一般住宅修整等工作 ,要求具有良好工作性能和回转性能。最初的小型挖掘机以轮胎式为主 ,由于轮胎式在软地面的行走性和通过性差 ,后来逐渐被履带式替代 ,并在动臂支撑机构处增加了回转机构 ,使整个工作装置能相对机体进行左右摆动 ,以完成沟道侧壁挖掘整修工作 ,但这种小型挖掘机挖掘范围小、不能实现后部卸料。此后 ,小型挖掘机增加了上部回 转机构 ,解决了后部卸料等问题 ,提高了挖掘机的工作性能 ,形成小型挖掘机的基本结构。后来 ,小型挖掘机在回转半径、后部视野、动臂仰角、机械性能等方面得到进一步改善 ,发展为现在的标准型。  2. 技术的进步  小型挖掘机工作环境大部分在城市 ,为了防止行走时损坏路面 ,从  80 年代开始使用橡胶履带  ,并逐步得到普及。橡胶履带的支重轮是在内部铁芯板上运动  , 铁芯板接缝处与支重轮接触落地时 ,成为行走破坏路面的主要原因。以前使用宽形铁芯板 ,橡胶履带的支重轮直径较大 ,因此在接近地面时 ,这个缝隙变大 ,造成履带对路面的破坏。超级小 型挖 掘力 小 ,减小了对地面的损坏。  后方小回转型挖掘机的回转尾部尺寸非常小 ,为了确保挖掘机工作的稳定性 ,必须有足够的配重 ,并在不增加机械重量的前提下 ,采用增大履带长度及加宽车体等有效方法。但是 ,车体宽度受运输卡车宽度的限制 ,为解决这个问题 ,在超级小型挖掘机中采用ViCTAS (Vio - Crawler Technology by Advanced Stability )技术。  3. 舒适性  小型挖掘机大部分没有封闭的驾驶室 , 下雨时座椅常常被雨淋湿而渗水。为了解决这一问题 ,使用表面与内部聚安脂橡胶一体制作的 没有缝制缝的座椅  ,不会再从缝制缝处破坏  ,耐久性也得以提高 ,成为完全防水型座椅。  3 推动小型挖掘机市场快速发展的因素  (1) 小型挖掘机具有的广泛适用性  小型挖掘机体积小、机动灵活 ,非常适用于城镇的各种管道铺设、基础施工、公用事业以及房屋维修等作业。小型挖掘机紧凑的体积、特殊的设计使其能够在大型挖掘机无法施工的环境中进行作业。  (2) 小型挖掘机具有的多功能性  小型挖掘机的真正优点是它具有多功能性。小型挖掘机能够安装许多辅助作业机具 ,如安装破碎锤、液压钳用于轻量级的拆除作业 ,安装夹钳用于清除作业 ,安装滚筒 、平板夯用于沟槽的填埋压实 ,安装旋挖钻具用于钻孔 ,吊钩用于起吊重物等等。  (3) 小型挖掘机便于运输和转移作业场地小型液压挖掘机市场迅速扩张的原因之一应归于它的尺寸和重量。小型挖掘机能方便地在各个施工现场间转移 ,小型挖掘机无需大型拖车或是重型卡车进行运输 ,小型的运输工具就可运载。这样不但能够方便运输 ,还可以大大降低机器的运输费用。  (4) 小型挖掘机鲜明的作业特点 :尾部旋转半径为零的设计 ,使得小型挖掘机在作业空间有限的环境下作业时挖掘机操作人员无须考虑施工现场是 ,从而使操作人员能否有障碍物阻碍挖掘机的转动够 更专心于铲斗的操作 ,这也防止了施工现场周围建筑物以及挖掘机自身的损坏。  (5) 投资回报率高、成本回收快  小型挖掘机的价格便宜 ,成本回收快。以 6t 级小挖为例 ,美、欧日品牌机的价格在四十万元左右 ,韩国的机器价格在三十二万元左右 ,国产机器价格为 30 32 万元 ， 一些品牌 价格 较低；但 20t 级中心挖 掘机价格在 70 万 100 万 元。较高的投资回报率使得小型挖掘机深受广大中小土方工程施工承包人的欢迎。  4 小型挖掘机的技术发展趋势  小型挖掘机的技术发展顺应全球多样化的工作位置要求，经历了超过 30 年的历史成功的变化过程，经 过不断的改进完善，在技术性能等方面，工作职能，工作效率，安全，环保，节能，维修保养有了大幅度的提高，形成了比较一致的技术标准和工作标准。主要体现在以下几个方面：  （ 1）无尾的旋转和移动臂偏转技术把小挖的基本概念动臂偏转和无尾旋转的功能，促进在上世纪 90 年代后期，面对世界市场。动臂偏转在机体前部，但没有组织能够实现位于壁直接开挖工作要经常移动机身下部附近。无尾回转结构的应用，使土地工作时颈部不必担心后部碰撞。无尾回转结构设计的难点在于在平台总布置的旋转时，动力系统热平衡的解决方案以及整机的稳定的解决方案。但动 臂偏转机构的设计难点在于发音位置和铰链体制造技术的测定。  （ 2）适用性好，具有良好的效率，可以进行效率高，强大的工作。新的流体环境兼容机系统不承担尺寸的影响，需要液压系统油，根据控制处理范围分布点的电流容量，完全可以按照操作者的意图，轻松完成工作。同时，由于发动机负荷小可以避免无谓的损失电流的能力，可以实现轻微移动操作和复合操作。新型液压控制技术的应用还可以增加动力输出，提高了工作速度，降低燃料消耗。  （ 3）安全性能  在欧洲市场，严格的法律规则和北美国市场的安全，设备安全性能可以给经营者提供安心的工作环境， 安全。在驾驶室 ROPS FOPS 设计以下的小型挖掘机主要应满足安全性能，驾驶室中的实验性能要求：  可满足必须的能量吸收；  可以满足一定抗负荷；  乘员安全区足够大。  （ 4）环境保护技术  主要体现在功率，低油耗，清洁排放发动机的应用。新的发动机应该满足美国epatier2 标准及欧洲欧盟标准，会造成环境污染的化合物在阈值控制放电。新的引擎的同时减少振动和噪声，有利于保护环境和操作者的健康。  （ 5）人机工程技术  驾驶室符合人机工程学原理，内部宽敞，视野开阔，场造型美观，操作方便，省力的仪表显示直观，准确，能提 供一种舒适的操作环境为先导，充分降低了驾驶员的疲劳。  （ 6）服务维修技术  从目前的维修维护定期检查服务，简化操作是非常必要的，可以提高机器的可靠性，使机器始终保持良好的状态。要使日常检查侧操作。维修然后迅速而快速的进行内部零部件与系统的检查与维修。此外，在设计中必须充分考虑防止机器损坏的事故。  如罩，护板的防碰撞结构设计；动臂液压缸护板设计；燃料油罐排水阀；独立的推土板液压软管设计；防水电气系统设计工作；在安装设置在设计； X 架和半山腰侧卡特彼勒带设计；发动机机油滤芯的更换时间延长；具有先进的系统，管道过滤器 ；双空间滤波器的结构设计等。  5 结论  小型挖掘机 对 社会的发展有较大影响，目前海外小型挖掘机有了相当 大 的发展，像卡特其军队，日立公司等，小松树，三菱，小型挖掘机产品已形成系列，并在不断进行发展，扩大使用，增加附录型。国内小型挖掘机的发展也取得了一定的效果，但都需要进一步改进和完善的技术和生产。  外文原文  A Summary of Small-size Excavators Home and Abroad 1 The brief introduction of hydraulic excavator Parts such as the hydraulic excavator is by engine, hydraulic system and works device and walks device and electric control etc are formed. The hydraulic system is formed by hydraulic pump, control valve, hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pressure motor, pipe route and fuel tank etc. The electric control system includes supervision dish, motor control system, pump brain and various kinds of sensor and solenoid valves etc. The hydraulic excavator is general by the work device and turns round the device and walks device three is mostly formed. According to his construction and use, we can differentiate : many kinds of types such as caterpillar tread type,  walk type, full hydraulic pressure, half hydraulic pressure, turns round entirely, not turns round entirely, utility version, mould for a special purpose, the joining with a hinge type and arm type stretched out and drawn back etc. The work device is directly accomplishing the device that excavates the assignment. It has been joined with a hinge by moves the arm, fights the pole and shovels the fill etc three parts. Moving that the arm rises and falls and the pole fought stretches out and draws back and shoveling fighting moves all with moving back and forth type two effect hydraulic cylinders control. In order to suit the needs of various difference construction school assignments, the hydraulic pressure excavator can be joined in marriage loading many kinds of work devices, if excavating and many kinds of school assignment machines and tools such as lifting job, loading, leveling, clamp and pushes soil and shock hammer etc. Turning round and walks the device is the organism of hydraulic pressure excavator, upper setting up power-on device and transmission system of turntable. The engine is the power supply of hydraulic pressure excavator, and adopts diesel oil will also can modify the  motor in the convenient place mostly. The hydraulic drive system by way of the hydraulic pump with the engine the motive promotion work device moves, thus accomplishes the various school assignments. Take more PV-200's could hydraulic pressure excavators of use in building site as the example. This machine adopts the type the opening center load of advanced version to be passed feeling system (OLSS). This system is with oblique of control type oblique the method of angle (export volume of flow ) variable plunger pump, and reduced the power delivery of engine, thus reduces the oil consumption burnt, and is one kind of saving energy could system. The characteristic of this kind of hydraulic system is: the fixed torque is controlled, and it is unchangeable to keep the hydraulic pump drive torque, and year absolutely control can reduce the off-loading loss of school assignment time; Oil capacity is controlled, and the export volume of flow of hydraulic pump in the time of can reducing neutral gear and fine control reduces the power loss. The history of the first hand excavator was published up to now to have more than 130 years, and went through from the steam drive fill to turn round that the machinery turns round the developing the course step by step of the complete automatic hydraulic pressure excavator of excavator and application mechanical and electrical liquid integration technology to power drive and the internal-combustion engine drive in the time. The application owing to the hydraulic technique had to join in marriage on the tractor loading hydraulic pressure to anti- the type hanging which shoveled machinery in the 1940 s, and developing out the pulling type at the initial stage of in the 1950 s with middle period in succession, to turn round the full hydraulic pressure of hydraulic pressure excavator and caterpillar tread type entirely mechanical. Initial stage the trial hydraulic pressure excavator is the hydraulic technique that adopts plane and machine tool, lacking the hydraulic pressure component that is suitable in the mechanical various operating modes, it is stable inadequately to make the quality, and necessary is not completely yet. From in the 1960 s, the hydraulic pressure excavator is entered the popularization and in vigorous development stage, and mechanical manufacturing plant and the breed of each country increases very fast, and the output is rapidly increased. 83% of the mechanical gross output was occupied to hydraulic pressure excavator output, and is close to 100% at present 1968-1970 certain period. 2 Small excavator development and its tendency 20th century 80 90's small mechanical device in construction and soon in municipal engineering, transportation, pipeline has displayed a bigger superiority and can rapidly makes the small excavator mainly to use in the city the construction and generally left a bigger contribution,gradually became in the city construct into have the representative construction machinery. The small excavator development mainly relies on the urban construction development, because city transformation, construction more, the request construction time short, the construction machinery affects small, safe, the low pollution, the radius of gyration to the environment is small, is advantageous for transports as well as has with the city scenery appearance coordination outward appearance, the small excavator has satisfied the city each kind of work request, can maximum limit display its productivity in the city narrow working space, therefore has the unique superiority. 1. The development of small excavators The small excavator mainly uses in the city the construction and the general housing repairs and maintains and so on the work, the request has the good operating performance and the rotation performance.Initial small excavator by tire type primarily, because the tire type walks the natural in the soft ground and the passing difference,afterwards gradually by the marching substitution, and in moved them strut organization place to increase the rotation organization about, enabled the entire work equipment the relative organism to carry on swings, completed the trench sidewall excavation renovation work behind, but this kind of small excavator excavation scope was small, cannot realize the material. Hereafter, the small excavator increased upside has rotated the organization, has solved behind the metial and so on the problem, enhanced the excavator operating performance, formed the small excavator the basic structure. Afterwards, the small excavator in the radius of gyration, behind the field of vision, moved aspect and so on arm elevation angle, machine capability has the further improvement,develops for the present standard type. 2.Technical progresses Small excavator working conditions majority of in city, in order top revent walks when damages the road surface, starts from the 80's to use the rubber caterpillar band, and gradually obtains the popularization. A rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel is when the internal iron circuit board the movement, the hard circuit board join place and the heavy wheel contact falls to the ground, becomes walks the destruction road surface main reason. Before uses the width shape iron circuit board, a rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel diameter is bigger, therefore when approaches the ground, this slit changes in a big way, creates the caterpillar heavy wheel, only was the hard circuit board which in the caterpillar band used changes narrowly, therefore when contacted the ground the slit changes slightly, reduced to the damage of ground. Rear area the small rotation excavator rotation rear part size is extremely small, in order to guarantee the excavator work the stability, must have the enough counterweight, and in does the mechanical weight under the premise, uses increases the caterpillar band length and widens the chassis and so on the effective method.But, the chassis width is transported the truck width the limit, for solves this problem, has used VCTAS in the super small excavator (Vio- Crawler Technology by Advanced Stability) the technology. 3.Comfortableness The small excavator majority of seals cab, has not rained when the chair frequently drips wet by the rain seeps. In order to solve this problem, the use surface and the interior gather a peaceful fat rubber body to manufacture has not sewn the seam the chair, cannot again from sew the seam place destruction, the durability also can enhance,becomes the complete waterproofing chair. 3 Impels the small excavator market fast development the factor (1) The small excavator has the widespread serviceable small excavator volume small, mobile is flexible, extremely is suitable for work and so on cities each kind of pipe , foundation construction, public utilities as well as house service. The small excavator compact volume, the special design enable its to carry on the work in the environment which the large-scale excavator is unable to construct. (2) The small excavator has the multi-purpose small excavator true merit is it has multi-purpose. The small excavator can install man works machines and tools, like the installment broken hammer, the hydraulic pressure pliers use in the lightweight on work, installs a clamp to use in to eliminate the work,installs the drum, the plate uses in the trench to fill in buries the compaction, the installment turns on lathe digs drills uses in the drill hole, the lift hook uses in to hoist up heavy item and so on. (3)The small excavator is advantageous for the transportation and one of shift work location small hydraulic pressure excavator market rapid expansion reasons should belong to its size and the weight. The small excavation function conveniently shifts in each job location, the small excavator does not need the large-scale trailer perhaps the heavy-duty truck carries on the transportation, the small transport means may deliver. Like this not only can facilitate (4) Small excavator bright work characteristic: The rear part  turn for the zero design, causes the small excavator not to need in the work space limited environment mean industry time excavator operator to consider the job location is, whether thus enable the operator to have the obstacle to hinder the excavator the rotation to suffice wholly absorbed to the scoop operation, this has also prevented around the job location the building as well as the excavator own damage. (5) Invests the repayment rate to be high, the cost recycles quickly The small excavator price is cheap, the cost recycles quickly.Slightly digs take the 6t level as the example, American, the European date brand machine price about 400,000 Yuan, South Korea's machine price about 320,000 Yuan, the domestically produced machine price is30 320,000 Yuan some brands is lower; But the 20t level center digs the price in 70 1 million Yuan. The higher investment repayment rate causes the small excavator deeply the general center small earth work construction to contract owner's welcome. 4 Small excavators technological development tendencies The small excavator technological development complied with the global diversification job location the demand, has experienced more than 30years history success variation process, passes through the unceasing improvement consummation, in aspect and so on technical performance, job function, work efficiency, security, environmental protection, energy conservation and maintenance maintenance had the large scale enhancement, has formed the quite consistent technical standard and the work standard. Mainly manifests in following several aspects: (1) The tailless rotation and moves the arm deflection technology to take slightly digs the basic concept to move the arm deflection and the tailless rotation function later period promotes in the 1990s face the world market. Moves the arm deflection in the organism front part,but does not have the organization to be able to realize is located nearby the lower part of wall the direct excavation work to have frequently to move the fuselage. The tailless rotation structure application, causes it when the neck of land work does not need to worry the rear part the collision. The tailless rotation structural design difficulty lies in rotates in the platform the general arrangement, the dynamic system thermal equilibrium solution as well as the entire machine stable solution. But moves the arm deflection organization the design difficulty to lie in an articulation position the determination and the hinge body manufacture technology. (2) Serviceability is good, has the good efficiency, may carry on the high efficiency, the powerful work. The new fluid environment compatibility presses the system not to shoulder the size the influence, completely needs the oil of the hydraulic pressure system, the current capacity according to the control handle scope distribution point, definitely may defer to operator's intention with ease to complete the work. At the same time, because the engine load is small may avoid the current capacity the senseless loss, can realize slightly moves the operation and the compound operation. The new hydraulic control technology application also can increase the dynamic output, enhances the work speed, reduces the fuel consumption. (3)Security performance Has the strict legal rule in the European market and the North America market to the security, the equipment security performance can give the operator to provide the relieved work the environment,  security. The small excavator security performance main in the cab ROPS/FOPS design below, should satisfy the performance requirement in the cab experiment: May satisfy must energy absorption;  May sati