备战专四.doc

一 语法部分01年真题语法1. for one thing .for another 的固定搭配。2. why not do sth 表示为什么不.3.关于doubt 所在的同位语从句中，that 或weather的选择？Doubt在否定句中带同位语从句时引导词通常是that。在肯定句中一般用weather。4 .A is to B what C is to D .what 表示就像.一样。5. Tooto 结构表示“太.以至于不能” much of a +名词 意为“具有.的属性”02年真题语法1.what的特殊用法。What可以用作定语，表示“所.的都. Eg. What few friends I have have been very kind to me. (我所拥有的为数不多的朋友都对我很好。)2.关于as引导的让步状语从句。Noun. /adj +as/though 主语 谓语，Eg.teacher as she is, she is not capable of teaching all subjects .Clever though you may be, you can not work out this problem. 3.关于虚拟语气的用法。1If条件句中的虚拟语气假设类型条件从句谓语形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去式（be were）Should/would/could+v原形与过去事实相反Had+过去分词Should/would/could+have+过去分词与将来事实相反动词过去式或（should）+动词原形，were to +动词原形Should/would/could+动词原形 2.省略if的虚拟条件句的用法在虚拟条件句中，有时可将if省去，而把were ,had ,或should 提到主语之前，引起倒装。Eg.原句，if it had not been for the fact that she broke her leg ,she might have passed the exam.省略if后，had it not been for the fact that she broke her leg ,she might have passed the exam .3.错综时间虚拟条件句Eg.would you be surprised if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? 如果我昨天不事先打招呼就来啦你会觉得吃惊吗？4含蓄虚拟条件句条件句的虚拟语气除了用连词if引导外还可用but for ,without ,with ,in the absence of ,under ,but ,but that ,otherwise 等Eg.but for their help, we could not have finished the work on time.5 be-型虚拟式1）用于表示命令 决定 建议等词语之后的that 的分句中。有以下三种情况：A.用在decide, decree, demand, insist, move(提议)order，prefer ，propose，recommend ，request ，suggest ， vote等动词之后的that 的从句中。B用在 advisable ,appropriate ,desirable ,essential ,fitting ,imperative (必要的) ，important ，impossible，necessary ,obligatory, proper 等形容词后面的that的从句中。C.用decision ,decree, demand ,instruction ,order ,requirement ,resolution 等名词后的that的分句中2）用于由if ，though 等引导的分句中表示推测 让步 防备 等E.g. if he found guilty, john shall have the right of appeal e.g. though everyone desert you ,I will not Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unswerving support 3)用于某些公式化语句中God bless you Heaven forbid （天理不容）Long live the Peoples Republic of China Were型虚拟式1） were型虚拟式常用于由If ，if only ,as if ,as though ,though 引导的条件状语或让步状语中。表非真实的让步。Eg If I were you ,I should wait till next week .If only I were not so nervous.2)常用于 wish ，would rather ,suppose ,imagine 之后的that的从句中通常表示不可能发生的Eg I wish it were spring all the year around Suppose the earth were flat.3)用动词的过去形式表示假设意义常见于以下结构：a)It is time that it is time that we went to bed .it is about time you made up your mind it is high time you lent her a hand (你该帮她一把)b)I would rather/sooner you/he/she/theyeg. Im told they are going by bus, but I would rather they went by train. (我倒宁愿他们乘火车回去)he didnt attend the meeting .I would rather he had been present c)If only .If only I knew her address.If only I could swim.If only she had listened to my adviced) He behaves as if /as thoughHe ordered me about as if he were my boss (他对我呼来唤去，好像是我的老板似的。)在某些语境中，如果不表示假设意义，就不必用过去式It looks as if it is going to rain .It seems as if we will have to go home on foot .e)I wish that I wish I didnt have to go to work today I wish I hadnt said that I wish the sun was shining at the moment 以上都表示与现在事实或过去事实相反的愿望以下表示对将来事态的主观愿望，通常用某些情态动词的过去形式。E.G. I wish you wouldnt smoke in public places How I wish she might lend him a hand I wish 与I hope 都表示希望 但 I hope 并不表示假设意义3）情态动词用于其它语境That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock （她竟会这么快忘记我真令人吃惊）should 表示竟然That I would see a college student arrested for stealing （我竟看到一位大学生因偷窃被捕，真是发人深思啊）To think that he should have deserted his wife and children（想想看，他竟然离弃了他老婆和孩子）To think that he would marry such a nasty girl （想想看，他竟要和那种下流女人结婚）关于单位词的用法2002年真题例句:Look! There is a shoal of fish 1） 一般表示个数的单位词这类词包括piece ,bit, item,a piece of advice/armour(盔甲)/bacon/bread/chalk/furniture/music/news/ sugar 2)表示形状的单位词如：cake bar drop ear flight grain head lumpSpiral slicea cake of soap a bar of chocolate a drop of water an ear of corn a flight of stairs （一段楼梯） a grain of sand (一粒沙子)/salt （一撮盐）ten head of cattle a bundle of firewood （一捆木材） a loaf of bread (一条面包) a lump of sugar （一块方糖）a spiral of incense (螺旋香)3）表示容积的单位词a bottle of ink a cup of tea a bowl of rice a handful of claya pair of water (一桶水) 4)表示动作状态的单位词A fit of anger/coughing/laughter/feverA flash of hope /light /lightening5)表示成双 成组 成群的单位词A flock of birds a herd of elephants (一群大象)A litter of kittens（一窝猫） a swarm of bees （一群蜜蜂）A shoal of fish a school of whales A bench of judges a gang of hooligans 03年真题1) so much so +that 表示如此 以致eg .does Alan like hamburgers yes .so much so that he eats them almost every day 2) 独立主格结构 例句：Time permitting, the celebration will be held as scheduled .Time permitting ,相当于 If time permits04年真题1)be +主语+选择性表语 表示“不管是还是”You are supposed to follow him , be he right or wrong （无论对错 你都应该听她的）05年真题1） 关于 anything but (决不) nothing but (只有，只是)Eg I know he failed his last test ,but really hes anything but stupid 08年真题关于倍数的表达 英语中“倍数 的常用表达方式 英语中 倍数”的常用表达方式 倍数 有这样一道高考题： （ 2003 上海） The house rent is expensive. Ive got about half the space I had at home and Im paying _ here. A. as three times much B. as much three times C. much as three times D. three times as much 该题的正确答案为 D .显然本题是在考查倍数的表达法。 倍数表达法是高中英语教学的重点，也是历年的高考热点之一。掌握倍数的表达法对于同学们学好英 语具有重要意义。下面对倍数的几种表达法作一归纳： 一、用 times 表示倍数（一般限于包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数。表示两倍的数，一般用 twice ）。 表示倍数（一般限于包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数。表示两倍的数， 其句式有： 1. “ times 形容词 / 副词的比较级 than ”例如： Line AB is three times longer than line CD. 线段 AB 是（线段） CD 的三倍长。 This hall is five times bigger than our classroom. 这个大厅比我们的教室大 5 倍。 2. “ times +as + 形容词 / 副词的原级 as ”例如： This table is three times as long as that one. 这张桌子是那张桌子的三倍长。 This dictionary is five times as thick as the one you borrowed from the library. 这本词典的厚度是你从图书馆借的那本（厚度）的 5 倍。 3. “ times + the + 名词（如： size， height， weight， length， width 等） of ”例如： The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球的体积是月球的 49 倍。 This river is three times the depth of that one. 1 这条河是那条河的三倍深。 4. “ times + more 名词 than ”例如： He earns five times more money than he did ten years ago. 他现在挣的钱比十年前挣的多 5 倍。 There are twice more students in our class than in theirs. 我们班的学生人数比他们班多两倍。 5. “ times +as many （或 much ）名词 as ”例如： Weve produced twice as much cotton this year as （ we did ） ten years ago. 今年我们生产的棉花比十年前多了一倍。（汉语中的多一倍实际上也指两倍一样多。） He has got three times as many books as his sister. 他拥有的书的数量是他妹妹的 3 倍。 6. “ times + what 从句”例如： The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago. 这条路的长度是三年前的 4 倍。 The price of the meat is twice what it was last year. 肉价是去年的两倍。 7. “ times + up on （或 over ）”例如： The size of the sun is a million times over that of the earth. 太阳的体积比地球的体积大一百万倍。 He is three times up on your age. 他的年龄是你的 4 倍（或：比你的年龄大 3 倍）。 8. “ +by + times ”例如： Compared with last year， our coal output has increased by three times. 与去年相比，我们的煤产量增长了 3 倍。 His speed is faster than mine by four times. 2 他的速度比我的快 4 倍。 9. “ times + compared with 被比较对象”例如： The number of the students in our school has increased for times compared with 1980. 我们学校的学生人数比 1980 年增加了 3 倍。 10. “ times + that of + 被比较对象”例如： In this workshop the output of July was 3.5 times that of January. 这个车间七月份的产量是元月份的 3.5 倍。 二、用分数、百分数表示倍数。例如： 用分数、百分数表示倍数。例如： The box is one-third bigger than that one. 这个盒子比那个盒子大三分之一。 Last year the output value of industry was 59 percent higher than that of 1976. 去年工业产值比 1976 年增长了 59 。 My command of English is not half so good as yours. 我英语掌握得还不及你的一半儿好。 一倍）， 两倍）， 三倍）， 四倍）等词表示倍数。 三、用 again （一倍）， double （两倍）， triple （三倍）， fourfold （四倍）等词表示倍数 例如： My Aunt is as old again as I am. 我姑姑的年龄比我大一倍。 The top-brand clothes are often sold as double the normal price here. 这里名牌衣服的售价经常比正常的售价高一倍。 The new work procedure tripled the output. 新工艺使产量增加两倍。 The output of grain increased fourfold. 粮食产量增加了三倍。 巩固练习 巩固练习 1. （ 2002 上海春） Americans eat _ vegetables per person today as they did in 1910. 3 A. more than twice B. as twice as many C. twice as many as D. more than twice as many 2. （ 1998 上海） Paper produced every year is _ the worlds production of vehicles. A. the three weight of B. three times the weight of C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavier as 3. （ 1994 上海） With the help of the German experts， the factory produced _ cars in 1993 as the year before. A. as twice many C. twice as many B. as many twice D. twice many as4. （ MET 1992 ） This ship measures _ that one. A. as twice as long B. as twice long as C. twice long as D. twice as long as 5. （ MET 1990 ） After the new technique was introduced， the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many as C. as twice as many D. twice as many Key： 1 5 DBCDD ：其他语法要点：1. 倒装a) 当句首状语为方位词或拟声词时，谓语动词为go come 等表示位置转移的动态动词时，通常用全部倒装Eg.the door burst open and in rushed the crowdBang !bang !bang! came three reports of firecrackers and Philip suddenly felt his body become lightB)当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，也要全部倒装Eg. In this chapter will be found a partial answer .From the valley came a tinkling sound, a soothing moo C)当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般要局部倒装Eg. Never have I found him in such a good mood Not for one minute do I think I have any hope of getting promotedPete will retire soon .No more will his genius delight millionsd)句首状语若有 only +副词 或only+介词词组 或only +状语分句 也可引起局部倒装eg.only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end 以关联词 not only （but also ）开头的句子，往往引起局部倒装Eg.not only did he complain about the food ,he also refused to pay for it e)这个有点复杂 ，看例句分析eg. So dangerous were the avalanches (雪崩)that skiing had to be stoppedso small the mark that I could hardly see it so much does he worry about his financial position that he cant sleep at night 2 条件句1)表示普遍真理和客观事实Eg. If you heat ice, it melts If temperature drops to 0 degree centigrade, water freezes.凡表示不受时间限制的自然法则的条件句，其从句和主句的谓语动词都用一般现在时2） 表示现在习惯动作If I make a promise, I keep it If it rains, I go to work by car3) 表示过去习惯If it rained ,I went to work by car 三 关系代词的用法问题关于which that who 等关系代词的一般用法我们应该都懂了。现在是几种特殊的，大家需要记住的1） 当先行向为all 或其他指物的不定代词如（anything something nothing）时，关系代词用that。Eg. All that live must die (生者必有死)2） 当先行代词指人并带有 only all any 等限定词时，其后通常用that。Eg. Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard.Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived 4) which 指代上文的整个句子eg.I have known men far more able than Bowles , but not half so interesting ,which is quite a different thing 四关于附加疑问句1)当陈述部分的主语是 everybody everyone someone no one nobody somebody 等指人的合成词时，附加问句部分的主语在正式体中通常用he .Eg. Everybody knows what he has to do, doesnt he?Nobody wants to go there ,does he ?None of the boys can do it , can he b) 当陈述部分的主语是 everything anything something nothing 等指物的合成词时，附加问句部分的主语用 it。Nothing could make me give it up ,could it c) 陈述部分带有 Seldom hardly never rarely few little nowhere nothing 等否定词或半半否定词时，附加句部分的动词用肯定形式Eg. Bob rarely got drunk ,did he 如果陈述部分的否定词仅带有否定前缀，那么陈述部分做肯定处理，例如：he was unsuccessful ,wasnt he ?d) 当陈述部分的主句是 I suppose I think I believe I suspect I imagine 等结构时要注意否定的转移Eg. I suppose that he is serious, isnt he I dont think she cares, does she 5关于比较1） as as 结构基本模式为as +形容词或副词原级+as Eg. John is as bright as bobThe car run as fast as that one 这是两者比较，以下为自身比较Eg.the girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful (既漂亮又聪明)He is not so wise as he is witty(他为人风趣但有欠明智)2） as much /many +名词+as 分句eg. He took as much butter as he needed she has written as many essays as her brother 3)as+形容词原级+名词词组+asGeorge is as efficient as a worker as jackI dont want as expensive a car as this 4)关于more .than .的特殊用法John is more daring than quick witted 与其说约翰脑子聪明，不如说他胆大The present crisis is much more a political than an economic crisis Less .than 的用法也也一样John is less daring than quick-witted 与其说约翰胆大，不如说他脑子灵活5）not so as 与 not so much as It wasnt so much his appearance I liked as his personality 与其说我喜欢他的外表，不如说我喜欢他的为人It wasnt so much that I disliked her as that I just wasnt interested 与其说我不喜欢她，不如说我对她不感兴趣6）关于 not+比较级 与no +比较级Eg. John is not better than tom John is no better than tomNo better than =as bad as E.I have not taken more than six courses this semester (不多于六门)I have taken no more than six courses this semester（只选了六门）6.介词to 的常见搭配Add to 增加 agree to 同意 adhere to 坚持 admit to 承认 allude to 暗示 amount to 总计 attend to 注意 attest to 证明 bow to 顺从 cling to 坚守 come to到达 correspond to 相当于 confess to 承认 object to 反对 get to 开始做某事 pertain to 属于 react to 反应 revert to 恢复旧习惯 submit to 顺从 succeed to 继承 swear to 强调的说 take to 从事 yield to 让步 ascribe to.归因于 apply to.致力于 attribute to .归因于 abbreviateto缩写为 confineto.限于的范围内devote to delicatetooweto reconcile to 安于 reduce to. resignto听任 get round to 找到时间做某事 get down to 开始认真做某事 get near to 几乎 face up to 勇敢地面对 feel up to 适合做某事 adjacent to 毗连 averse to 嫌恶 deaf to 不愿意听 equal to 有能量 tantamount to 相当于 as to 关于 preliminary to 在以前 preparatory to 为什么准备 with an eye to 为。起见7)关于完成体和完成体进行时的用法过去完成时和过去完成进行时1）现在完成体的用法：有两种即已完成和未完成Eg. He has turned of the light (已完成用法是指动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间)未完成用法是指动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在可能继续下去Eg.he has lived here since 19602)现在完成进行体的用法现在完成进行体有have /has been +ing分词构成Eg.I have been writing letters for an hour I have been sitting in the garden 3）过去完成体的用法Eg.he knew he had met her before 已完成用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经完成或结束过去完成体的未完成用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去的时间而且到那时还为结束By six oclock they had worked twelve hours 过去完成进行体的用法与现在完成进行体的一致，只不过时间推移到过去3） 完成体在 It is the first time +that 分句中的使用在 it is/was /will be the first time +that-分句结构中。当主句动词为is、will be 时，that 分句动词一般用现在完成体。Eg. It is the first time I have been there .当主句动词为was 时，that 分句动词一般用过去完成体。First 也可用其他序数词。Eg.this is the tenth time This evening will be the first time yesterday was the second time 关于will/shall+不定式进行体/完成体这种结构通常带有自然要发生的含义。Eg. The train will be arriving at two oclock You can use my bike .I wont be needing it tomorrow这种结构也可以表示将来某一时刻或时段里正在进行的动作Eg.I will be working in Geneva during May What will you be doing this time tomorrow morning 如果要表示将来某一时刻之前业已完成的动作便可用 will /shall+不定式完成体Eg. You will have completed the elementary English course by this time next year I will have finished my work by five this afternoon如果要表示一个已经开始的动作到将来某一时间仍在进行 便可用will/shall+不定式完成进行体By the end of next month I shall have been working here for 20 years exactly If it rains again tomorrow then it will have been raining for a solid week 关于主谓一致1) 语法一致Eg. Both boys have their own merits Few students are really lazyEach boy has his own bookMuch effort is wasted 2) 意义一致和就近原则主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单复数形式而是取决于主语的单复数含义这种关系叫做意义一致Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register 有时谓语动词的单复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语的单复数形式这种一致关系所依据的原则叫做就近原则Eg. Either my brothers or my father is coming Only one out of five were presentNeither Julia nor I am coming3) 以-ics结尾的学科名称某些以-ics结尾的学科名称，如physics mathematics mechanics optics（光学） acoustic（声学） politics statistics economics tactics 等通常用单数 4） 以-s结尾的地理名称如果是国名，如 the united states the united nations the Netherlands 尽管带有复数词尾，但系一单一政治实体，故作单数用。Eg. The Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1953 但若不是国名，而是群岛 山脉 海峡 瀑布 等地理名称 ，通用复数。Eg. The straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance 4) 两数相减或相除动词用复数，两数相加或相乘动词可用复数也可单数5） 如果主语是 all of some of. None of half of .most of等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依of 词组中的名词类别而定 6） 如果主语是 lots of heaps of. Loads of scads of .plenty of等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依of 词组中的名词类别而定 7） 如果主语是由 a portion of a series of a pile of a panel of +名词构成，不管名词类别为何，动词通常用单数8） 如果主语是有 限定词+kind /type/sort of +单数或不可数名词，动词用单数9) 如果主语是有 many a +名词 或 more than one +名词 遵循语法一致10) 在one of +复数名词 +关系分句结构中，关系分句动词通常依照语法一致原则用复数形式Eg .john is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful 如果在这类结构之前有定冠词the 或者有 the only 等限定词和强调时，关系分句动词形式依 one 而定 ，用单数。Eg selfishness is the one of her many faults which defeats itself He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment 11) neednt have done 表示过去做了某事，但完全没有必要 eg. You neednt have done all those calculations.cant/couldnt have done 表示推测某种动作不可能发生 eg. The room is in a terrible mess .it cant have been cleaned may/might have done eg. 表示对过去事情的推测 he might have finished his homework should have done 表示本该干某事却没有干eg. You should have returned the book earlier 关于常见动词的用法Do have to do with sb/sth 与有关系 Have something/nothing to do with 与.有些(毫无)关系Do away with sb/yourself 杀死 干掉某人 自杀Do away with sth 废除 取消Do for sb/sth eg. We are done for 我们完蛋啦Do yourself up 梳妆 打扮 Let Let fall sth 无意中提及 脱口说出Let go of sth 放开 松手Let yourself go 随心所欲Let sb down 使失望Let sb off sth 允许某人不做 Let on to sb 对某人说出秘密Without let or hindrance 毫无阻碍Get Be getting on 变老 上年纪Get away from it all 躲清静There is no getting away from sth /you cant get away from sth 不容否认 只好承认Get across to sb /get sb across sth 被传达 被理解Get around 传播 流传 Get away with sth 偷携某物潜逃Get sth back 寻回 重新获得Get down to sth开始认真做某事Get in on sth 参加活动Get