研究生中级阅读翻译期末复习(翻译题).doc

1. Every war has had its songs that whipped up patriotic fervor or, in the case of the Vietnam War that encouraged protest against it.每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者如在越南战争中鼓励人们反战。2. The idea is to take a song that people like or that has particular meaning or emotional association for them and use it with new words, hoping that some of the liking, meaning, or emotional associations will transfer to the new ideas being communicated. And it often works.改词是把一首人们喜爱或者对他们具有特殊意义或感情色彩的歌曲填上新词，希望把这种喜爱、意义或感情色彩带到正在传播的新观念中。通常这种方法很奏效。 3 As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air. These charges also stimulated investigations by the Federal Communications Commission, the regulatory agency charged with overseeing broadcast practices.结果一些社团和全国性团体向电台或电视台施加压力让他们禁播这些演员的节目。这些 指控也促使负责广播业的监管机构联邦通讯委员会开始进行调查。 4. Does it mean a station should permit no language or ideas in a song that it would not permit on the news or in a sports program? Or does it mean the station should recognize that different forms of communication or entertainment, or programs designed for different kinds of audiences, should have different standards concerning language and ideas?这是否意味着在广播电台或电视台播放的歌曲中不允许出现那些在新闻或体育节目中禁止出现的语言和观念？或者这是否意味着电台或电视台应该承认不同的交流或娱乐形式，或是为不同听众设计的节目，在语言和观念上应该具有不同的标准？ 5. One author has suggested that popular music also serves a rite of passage function for young girls. The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys maturation catches up with that of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established.一位作者指出流行音乐也成了女孩子们成熟的标志。在同龄男孩子成长为像女孩子那样 成熟并能较容易地与女孩子建立朋友关系之前，少年歌星可能会成为不会对女孩子形成威胁的男友的替身。 1. The frequency of cohabitation, whether as a prelude to or as a substitute for a ceremony with legal force, has further undermined the concept of wedlock as a discrete and distinctive state. All of these challenges, however, were or are predicated upon a relationship that is heterosexual, fashioned upon the Adam-and-Eve template.无论作为法定婚姻的前奏还是其替代品，同居现象的频繁出现都进一步弱化了婚姻区别于其他结合形式的独立特征。不管怎样，所有这些打破传统的结合方式一直以来都是建立在亚当一夏娃模式的异性恋基础之上的。2 While the reports of individual abductions here on Earth for the purpose of reproductive experiments may rightly or wrongly be dismissed as delusional, the intent of the people of Earth to explore the universe in search of extraterrestrial life is a practical reality.有报告说曾发生过外星人为了做繁衍后代实验而绑架地球人的事件，但不论这些报道是否只是人们的幻觉，地球人探索宇宙寻找外星人却是事实。3. As evidence, pet cemeteries exist where the last remains of loyal and loving pets have been interred with a measure of dignity and respect equal to that accorded to human relatives and friends.证据是，有人为宠物修建墓地，埋藏他们忠实的、亲爱的宠物的遗骨，这些宠物就和人的亲友们一样获得尊严和敬意。4. Why then, one might ask should not an individual choose to affirm the emotional attachment he or she feels for a pet with the formality of a documented ceremony in which the human particular promises to love and honor the animal companion?尽管忠实于主人的宠物不能用言语表达愿意结成这种关系，但它们的誓言可以从见证宠物与主人间关爱和亲密联系的旁观者那里获得。5. Though the devoted pet would be unable to verbally acknowledge its willingness to enter into such a relationship, affidavits could be obtained from witnesses attesting to the caring and affectionate bond between pet and owner.提出异种间婚姻的可能性实际上意味着只要双方因明确的关爱之情和一生不渝的忠诚而休戚相关，那么婚姻作为从社会角度和心理角度被认可的关系就不一定仅仅限于人与人之间。6. Rather, it is meant to suggest that the concept of marriage as a socially and spiritually sanctioned partnership need not be restricted to humans alone if the partners to the arrangement are bound by a clear sense of loving and lifelong commitment.毕竟，这种结合不会给无生命物体带来多少法律收益。无论它能给我们增加任何收益，我们都已经拥有了这些物质财产。7. Few legal benefits, after all, would accrue to inanimate objects from such an arrangement. And whatever benefits would accrue to us, we already have.实际上，有朝一日，婚姻原本的概念也可能会成为失落的世界中语义学上的一个古董而己。8. Someday, in fact, the original notion of marriage may seem a semantic artifact of a lost world.1. Traditionally it is a peaceful event, without confrontation between police and what they describe as the hippy convoy.1. The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool the first time hes hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas. 能够保持冷静的人占据很大优势。他们能够帮助别人；能够控制局势，并能使情况转危为安。如果一个拳击手挨了第一下就失去了冷静的话，那他最终一定会被打倒在拳台上。2. Standing up to bullies might sound like a glib call to be macho, but the truth is it takes a toll on you. One of the best reasons to let bullies know you wont back down from a fight is so that it doesnt get to that point often.勇敢地面对强者听上去像是很轻松地叫你去作个男子汉大丈夫，但实际做起来是要付出代价的。在一场拳击中要让恃强凌弱的对手知道你不会倒下的最佳理由之一就是你不轻易倒下。3. The upper management of TWA incompetently handled the notification process for the families. That continues to be exacerbated by their not telling the truth about what happened.环球航空公司的上层管理人员没能及时、准确地向遇难者家属通报，更严重的是他们隐瞒了事实的真相。4. Three months later, Erickson resigned. But that wasnt the point. In a city the size of New York, disasters are inevitable. I wanted leaders of companies involved in any future disaster to understand just what was expected of themclear, honest, timely communication. By refusing to keep quiet about TWAs behavior, I made sure the consequences of putting corporate needs ahead of human suffering were understood.三个月后Erickson 辞职了，但这不是最重要的。在纽约这样的大城市中灾难在所难免，我只是希望今后任何公司遇到灾难时，公司的领导应该明白在灾难发生时，公众希望他们能清楚、诚实并及时地告知事实的真相。在环球航空公司的事件中我没有保持沉默就是想要明确地告诉他们，如果他们把公司的需求放在人民生命损失之上会有什么样的结果。1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh. that their long-term future must be considered. very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly white English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least toleratedand certainly have not opposedthe hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 3. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。 4. Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。 5. English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。 6. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the worlds lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。 1. Early 2002, President Bush signed the mammoth No Child Left Behind Act, vowing to free children trapped in schools that will not change and will not teach. Now, students in 8, 652 chronically Low-performing schools announced by the U. S. Department of Education July 1, 2002 must weigh whether to jump ship in the next few dayswhile school districts scramble to accommodate thousands of students eligible to seize that option.2002年初布什总统签署了一项不让一个孩子落后的重大法案，誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来。2002年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8,652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下”的学校，现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学,同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。 2. But the immediate impact for many principals, teachers, and students struggling in the educational trenches is bewildermentand turmoil. The law, they contend, sets lofty standards without telling school districts how to reach them.对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。 3. We need to be accountable to our public, but we need to look at all the measurements.“我们要对公众负责，但是我们也需要看看该法案提出的方法是否切实可行。” 4. Schools are deemed deficient if they fail to show adequate yearly improvement on state proficiency tests for two years in a row. But theres no federal master list of poor performers that parents can consult. Instead, the government requires states to identify individual laggards and break out scores by race and income. Few have stampeded to publish user-friendly rosters, something the new law also mandates.一所学校连续两年在州水平考试中没有表现出“足够的年度改进”就会被认为是不合格的学校，但是联邦教育部并没有提供一个具有权威性的不合格学校的名单让学生家长作为参考，而是要求各州各自确定不合格学校的名单，并且要求他们把学生的考试成绩按照学生的种族和家庭收入进行分类。新法案还规定各州要公布便于学生和家长查找的不合格学校的名单，但是没有几个州能很快拿出来。 5. Implementation is going to be messy, acknowledges Under Secretary of Education Eugene Hickok, the former Pennsylvania school chief, adding that states shouldnt profess surprise. Education Secretary Rod Paige has briefed superintendents and spoken nationwide about the reforms. And even if theres not a whole lot of room for a whole lot of choice yet in cities like New York or Chicago, says Hickok, the laws the law.教育部次长，前宾夕法尼亚州学校总监Eugene Hickok也承认“该法案的实施可能会引起一些混乱”，但是他又说各州也不应为此而大惊小怪。教育部长Rod Paige已经向各学区主管人士就有关改革事宜做了扼要指示并通报了全国。他说,即使在如纽约和芝加哥这样的大城市“接收择校生比较困难”，但“法律就是法律”。 6. Its easy to bail out and hop on someone elses bandwagon, says Wooten. But we have the potential to be great, just like everyone else in this nation. Why dont we create our own bandwagon?Wooten说：“人很容易放弃自我,而去赶别人的潮流，但正如其他的美国人一样，我们都有成功的机会。我们为什么不开创自己的潮流呢？” 1. The technological advances of the 1990s ushered in what appeared to be a social and economic revolution that would rival the Industrial Revolution two centuries earlier, creating a new society of technologically connected citizens with a world of digitized information, commerce, and communication at its fingertips.20 世纪90 年代的技术进步似乎带来了一场其意义堪与200 媲美的社会与经济方面的革命，它创造了一个崭新的社会年以前的工业革命相在这个社会里人们由技术相互连接，数字化的信息、商业以及通讯都在弹指一挥间。2. New advances in science and technology seemed to promise eventual solutions to problems ranging from eliminating toxic waste to grocery shoppinggenetic engineers developed microbes that would eat industrial sludge and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technologys (MIT) Media Lab worked to devise a refrigerator that could sense when it was out of milk and use the Internet to order more.科技的新发展似乎向人们承诺提供从消除有毒废料到食品采买一系列问题的最终解决方案 遗传科技人员培养出了能够吞食工业残渣的微生物，麻省理工学院媒体实验室的研究人员设计出了能够觉察箱内牛奶告罄并可上网定购的电冰箱。3. The cloning of an animal in 1997 suggested that human cloning had become viable as well, raising concernsno longer quite theoreticalthat humanity might be moving toward a brave new world of genetically engineered people.1997 年克隆动物的成功表明了克隆人也已不成问题，人们担心人类可能会朝着一个由基因制造的人组成的“美丽新世界”方向发展（这己不再是单纯的理论问题了）。4. While most Americans agreed that children should not be exposed to such material, attempts to regulate the content of individual Web pages and newsgroups conflicted with the idea of the Internet as an open, decentralized mass medium, where even the most absurd or repellant ideas could receive a hearing.尽管大多数美国人赞成小孩不应接触这些内容，但试图规范个人网页和新闻组内容的努力还是同互联网应是公开、非集权的大众媒体的理念发生了冲突，在这种媒体中，即使最荒唐、最令人讨厌的东西也可以发表。5. Still, some critics wondered if all of the money spent on space research might not be better used to fund new discoveries here on Earth, almost as if the diversion of space was no longer as necessary when there were so many new and interesting projects going on right here.但是一些批评人士提出质疑说，把花在太空上的钱用来资助地球上的新发现是不是更好呢？似乎地球上正进行着这么多有趣的新项目，太空研究不再那么必要了。1. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who coined the term flow, which adherents of positive psychology would use to describe the job-induced highs, says that distinction is a false one. Anything can be enjoyable if the elements of flow are present, he writes in his book Good Business. Within that framework, doing a seemingly boring job can be a source of greater fulfillment than one ever thought possible.米哈里奇凯因特米哈里认为这种区分是错误的。他发明了“强感受” (flow)这个说法, 信奉正面心理学的人常用此词来描述由工作而引发的兴奋状态。在称心如意的工作一书中他写道: “只要存在强感受因素, 任何事情都能给我们带来愉悦。根据这一观点, 从事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作却会给人们带来想象不到的更大的成就感。”2. But neither the late 1990s boom nor the subsequent bust had much impact in either direction, indicating that the state of worker happiness goes much deeper than the swings of the economy.但是20世纪90年代后期的经济繁荣和随之而来的经济萧条都没有对员工的两种工作态度产生多大影啊, 这表明工人在工作中是否能获得快乐感有比经济形势更深层的原因。3. Martina Radix, 41, traded a high-pressure job as an executive assistant at a company where she liked her colleagues for a less taxing position as a clerical worker in a law firm six years ago. She has more time and flexibility but feels stifled by her co-workers and unappreciated by her boss. I am a misfit in that department, she says. No matter how good your personal life is, if you go in to a bad atmosphere at work, it takes away from it.41岁的马丁娜蕾迪克斯原是一家公司的经理助理, 虽然工作压力大, 但她和同事相处都很好;6年前她换了工作, 到一家律师事务所成了一名职位相对清闲的办事员。如今她时间多了, 自由度也大了, 但她感觉和这里的同事共事太压抑, 也得不到老板的赏识。她说: “我不适应这个部门。不管你个人生活多惬意, 如果工作单位氛围不好, 个人生活就会大受影响。” 4. In fact, engagement at work is less a function of your personality than is happiness in general. Harter estimates that individual disposition accounts for only about 30% of the difference between employees who are highly engaged and those who are not. The rest of it is shaped by the hundreds of interactions that employees have every day with co-workers, supervisors and customers.事实上, 对工作的投入与其说是人的个性使然, 不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到的快乐。哈特认为, 对工作高度投入与并不投入的员工之间之所以存在差异, 员工的个性只起30%的作用, 其他的取决于员工每天与同事、主管以及客户的频繁交往。5. Until recently, businesspeople would dismiss employee well-being as outside their domain and kind of fringe-ish”, says Thomas Wright, a professor of organizational behavior at the University of Nevada, Reno.内华达大学里诺分校的组织行为学教授托马斯赖特说, 直到不久前, 企业家们还不愿考虑员工是否工作心情舒畅的问题, 认为这“不属于他们关心的范围, 和他们的职责范围相去甚远” 6. But later studies that looked at job-satisfaction ratings were inconsistent. Broader measures of happiness, it turns out, are better predictors of productivity.但后来对工作满意度的许多研究结果却前后矛盾。现在看来, 用更广泛的衡量标准来评估快乐感受, 能更有效地预测生产率。7. But at the very least, businesses could do better just by paying attention to what their employees want and need. Then more of us could find a measure of fulfillment in what we do. And once in a while, we might hope to transcend it all. It can happen on the basketball court, in front of a roaring crowd, or in a classroom, in front of just one grateful student.但通过关心员工的需求, 至少企业可能发展得更好。那样, 我们更多的人就会在工作中找到一定程度的满足感。而且偶尔我们可能还希望获得最大程度的满足。这种情况可能发生在篮球场上喧闹欢呼的人群前, 也可能发生在教室里, 在仅仅一个充满感激的学生面前。1. There was one storekeeper I remember above all others in my youth, when I was spending a good portion of my time with a motley group of varied ethnic ancestry. We contended with one another to deride the customs of the old country. On our Saturday forays into neighborhoods beyond our own, to prove we were really Americans, we ate hot dogs and drank Cokes. If a boy didnt have ten cents for this repast he went hungry, for he dared not bring a sandwich from home made of the spiced meat