考研辅导：长难句分析与翻译.doc

既要提高英语水平又能帮助通过考试A. 不要一味做模拟试题B. 根据自身情况合理安排C. 维持正常学习坚持背诵：最有效的笨办法，但要聪明地学会聪明地使用笨办法背诵材料的选择既要注重语言（规范）也要注重内容（心智成熟）又要是切身的（不切身的知识永远是身外之物） 坚持阅读：注意语块、句子结构（一定要超越单词层面）、锻炼思维（作者如何展开论证）适当阅读较难的文章：吃透每一个句子一、长难句分析造成阅读困难的原因1.词汇（包括词组、习惯表达、一词多义等）2.句子结构复杂或句型特殊3.缺乏相关背景知识4.本身理解能力（自身心智不足、思想能力低下、阅历缺乏等）其中1、2是语言因素，3、4则为非语言因素。长难句的理解英语句子结构特点节外生枝树形结构tree-like language汉语句子结构按事物世纪发生顺序（时间顺序、逻辑顺序等）自左至右线性铺陈，竹形结构bamboo-like language 英语句子以谓语动词为中心，以主谓（宾）结构为主干，再借助关系代词、从属连词、非限定形式等进行空间搭架，且句尾开放。这种环环相扣、层层叠加的构句方式常会使英语句子修饰关系复杂、并列成分繁多。另外，句子末端重量的要求以及插入语的频繁使用又会造成句子内部各成分之间搭配关系、修饰关系得表层分隔。这些因素再加上为避免重复而采用的指代、替代与省略以及倒装等语法手段均会给阅读者带来相当大的阅读理解困难。所以，对长、难句要仔细分析句子基本结构，理清句子内部各部分之间的关系。扩展机制：The gnat bit the cat.The gnat bit the cat which scratched the elephant.The gnat bit the cat which scratched the elephant which collapsed.（虫咬了猫。猫抓了象。象倒下了。）This is the cat.This is the cat that killed the rat.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack who is the son of my fathers friend who is now working in the company for which I have been working for a few years. 有条理。 干得有条理。 一切干得有条理。 他把一切干得有条理。 没想到他把一切干得有条理。 她没想到他把一切干得有条理。她说她没想到他把一切干得有条理。将一句句长句、难句掰扯得明明白白，你的英语水平不想提高也难。 句子结构分析：1. It is that unique self-definition which has given us an exceptional appeal - but it has imposed on us a special obligation, to take on those moral duties which, when assumed, seem invariably I our own best interest. (美国前总统卡特1977年就职演说)正是这种独特的自我定义使我们具有特别的吸引力，但是这也使我们必须承担特别的义务，即承担那种一旦承担以后看来总是符合我们自己的最大利益的道德责任。2. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizens, of the special methods of though and action that scientists use in their work. 第二方面是使用科学家们在工作中所运用的特殊的思想方法和行动方法。社会所有成员，从政府官员到普通老百姓，都要使用这些方法。3. In England the court is empowered to order anyone who is convicted of an offense that could be punished with imprisonment to perform up to 240 hours of unpaid work for the community, usually over a period of not more than 12 months.4. The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of log-held superiority in the House.5. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.6. Vocabulary study through word lists and dictionaries, as practiced in school, poses new problems, primarily because of the mechanics of dictionary study as opposed to interaction with responsive adults.7. A newly issued report reveals in facts and figures what should have been known in principle, that quite a lot of business companies are going to go bankrupt during the coming decade, as tariff walls are progressively dismantled.8. Some countries allow courts to disqualify from driving those offenders who have used motor vehicles in commission of the crime for which they are being sentenced, with the aim of hindering the offenders from committing further such offenses.9. So far as is known, all tradition-bound peoples solve their economic problems today much as they did 10,000 years or perhaps 10,000 centuries ago - adapting by migration or movement to changes I season or climate, sustaining themselves by hunting and gathering or by slash-and-burn agriculture, and distributing their output by reference to well-defined social claims.10. If you think as much of others as of yourself, you will not make any of theses mistakes.11. For this reason also the writer, like any other artists, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within. For this reason also like any other artists, the writer, has no resting place, no crowd or movement, no judgment from outsidein which he may take comfort which can replace the judgment from within由于这个原因，如同任何艺术家一样，作家没有地方可以安妥自己的灵魂，没有人群、没有活动，他可从中找到安慰，也没有外界的评判可以取代他自己内心的评判。12. I merely desired to point out the principal reason which I believe exists for the greater exaggeration which is occasionally to be observed in the estimate of the importance of the contradiction between current Religion and current Science put forward by thinkers of reputation. (is) put forwardI merely desiredtobywhichthinkerscurrent Sciencepoint out the principal reasonandofreputationcurrent Religionwhichbetweenthe contra-diction(I believe) existsofforthe importancethe greater exaggera-tionofthe estimateinwhichis occasionally to be observed 我的意思哪，是有些出名的思想家把当今的宗教和当今的科学之间的矛盾说得太夸张了，其实不然。 （*我仅仅想要指出，有名气的思想家想出的理论所说的当今宗教和当今科学之间的矛盾的重要性的估计里偶尔被人看出的我相信存在着的较大的夸张的主要理由而已。）（*出名的思想家把当今宗教和当今科学之间的矛盾，偶尔估计过高，我仅仅想指出他们这种看法的主要理由是什么而已。）13. When I walked into the Chiefs office, I saw from the look on his face that he was not going to give me good news.14. Money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to imagine saving under a barter（物物交换）system. No one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a product could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete.15. Any kind of camera will do that has a shutter that can be made to remain open for a time exposure.16. He who is pleased with nobody is much more unhappy than he with whom nobody is pleased.17. The theory is of great importance that the hotter a body is, the more energy it radiates.18. How many of us, attending, say, a lecture that doesnt interest us, can keep our minds from wondering?19. There is no way in which, if the society of which we are a part begins to go to pieces, we can help going to pieces ourselves.20. The puma left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. 21. Specialization, which is vital to an advanced economy, is encouraged, because people whose output is not a complete product but only a part of one in which many others are involved can be paid an amount equivalent to their share of the product. 22. Electronics has made possible a new kind of higher education and research. 23. Among the drives which they took was one to Russell Square to the house of the Sedleys, for many notes had passed, as may be imagined, between the two dear friends, since Becky came to town. 24. Idealists have objected to the practice of camping, as to the packaged tour, that the traveler abroad thereby denies himself the opportunity of getting to know the people of the country visited. 25. It was at this point that news arrived which was spread among the many creditors of the colonel in Paris, and caused them great satisfaction. 26. Many sweet little appeals, half tender, half joking, did Miss Sharp make to Jos about the dishes at dinner, for she was now very friendly with all the family. 27. It seems as if some hidden mechanism has enabled a man of genius smoothly and easily, and all unknown to himself, to arrive at definite conclusions beneath the threshold of consciousness.28. The best thing that could happen in the next generation, the thing that would make most people happy, individually and collectively, would be a return to this faith that all men, no matter who they are or how much they know, can tell one another something.29. Despite the idea, which has grown like a cancer among us, that scientists and humanists cannot converse, I believe that if they ever honestly try to talk together, they will have no real difficulty and will discover that they share many problems which can be to their mutual benefit. 30. Usually that which a man calls fate is a web of his own weaving, from threads of his own spinning.31. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed. 32. He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like.33. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. 34. Change comes heartbreakingly slowly after endless debate. But those changes which finally become the law of the land do so eventually with the work, the thought, and the consent of a nationwide majority. 35. At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. 36. The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness accorded（给予）to man is that provided by a happy marriage, endeavored to pretend that all their marriages were happy. We, for our part, admitting the fact that no feat（技艺）of intelligence and character is so exacting（严格的）as that required of two people who desire to live permanently together on the basis of amity（友善）are obsessed by（被困扰）the problem of how to render（使得）the basic facts of cohabitation（同居） simpler and more reasonable, in order that unhappy marriages may less frequently result. The Victorians would have considered it “painful” or “unpleasant” were one to point out that only four marriages out of every ten are anything but forced servitudes（奴役）. We ourselves start from this very assumption and try to build from it a theory of more sensible relations between the sexes. Of all forms of arrant（彻头彻尾的）untruthfulness Victorian optimism appears to me to have been the most cowardly and the most damaging. 37. What people fear when they engage in the struggle for life is not that they will fail to get their breakfast next morning, but that they will fail to outshine(胜过) their neighbor.38. The man who is born with a talent which he has meant to use finds his greatest happiness in using it.39. Remember when lifes path is steep to keep your mind even.49. A practical result of becoming free to use ones mind is that one tends then to find the world intelligible in many, if not all, of its part.41. When one has had to work hard to get money, why should he impose on himself the further hardship of trying to save it?42During the nineteenth century, she argue, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless”.43. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.44. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks.45. The event marked the end of an extended effort by William Barton Rogers, M. I. T.s founder and first president, to create a new kind of educational institution relevant to the times and to the countrys need, where young men and women would be educated in the application as well as the acquisition of knowledge.46. Thus in addition to the chances of going away from the right path outlined above, the scientific investigators shares with the ordinary citizen the possibilities of falling into errors of reasoning in the ways we have just indicated, and many others as well.47. One need only ask first-year university students what music they listen to, how much of it and what it means to them, in order to discover that the phenomenon is universal in America, which begins in adolescence or a bit before and continues through the college years.48. Mr. President and Gentlemen,I greet you on the re-commencement of our literary year. Our anniversary is one of hope, and, perhaps, not enough of labor. We do not meet for games of strength or skill, for the recitation of histories, tragedies, and odes（颂诗，颂歌）, like the ancient Greeks; for parliaments(集会) of love and poesy（诗歌）, like the Troubadours（中世纪浪漫诗人）; nor for the advancement of science, like our cotemporaries in the British and European capitals. Thus far, our holiday has been simply a friendly sign of the survival of the love of letters amongst a people too busy to give to letters any more. As such, it is precious as the sign of an indestructible instinct. Perhaps the time is already come, when it ought to be, and will be, something else; when the sluggard（懒惰的） intellect of this continent will look from under its iron lids（眼睑=eyelids）, and fill the postponed expectation of the world with something better than the exertions(行使，发挥) of mechanical skill. Our day of dependence, our long apprenticeship to the learning of other lands, draws to a close. The millions, that around us are rushing into life, cannot always be fed on the sere（干枯的，枯萎的） remains of foreign harvests. Events, actions arise, that must be sung, that will sing themselves. Who can doubt, that poetry will revive and lead in a new age, as the star in the constellation （星系）Harp, which now flames in our zenith（天顶）, astronomers announce, shall one day be the pole-star（北极星） for a thousand years? (“The American Scholar” An Oration delivered by Kalph Waldo Emerson (1803-1812) before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, at Cambridge, August 31, 1837 -1837年8月31日在麻省剑桥城美国大学生联谊会Phi Beta Kappa Society发表的演说，被称为美国知识界的“独立宣言”）（美国伟大的思想家，演说家、诗人，散文家，美国超验主义的旗手，“美国民族精神之父”“美国精神的先知”，“美国的孔子”）会长，诸位：我们今年的文艺工作又开始了，我向你们致敬。这是一个满有希望的周年纪念日，但有待努力的地方也许仍然很多。我们聚集在一起，并非为了较力或较技，也不是来朗诵历史、悲剧和诗赋，像古代的希腊人一样；也不是为了恋爱与诗歌而集会，像中世纪的浪漫诗人一样；也不是为了科学的进展，像英国与欧洲各国都会的现代人一样。到现在为止，我们这个假日只是一种友善的表示，说明我们这个民族虽然过分忙碌，没有余闲欣赏文学，对于文艺的爱好依然存在。就连这样，这一天也是宝贵的，因为它表示文艺的爱好是一种无法毁灭的本能。但是它应当更进一步-也许现在已经到了时候了；美洲懒散的智力将要由它的铁眼睑下面望开去，使这世界对于它久未兑现的期望得到满足，比机械技巧方面的成就得到更好的东西。我们依赖别人的日子，对于其他国土的学识悠长的学习时期，将近结束了。我们四周有亿万青年正向人生里面冲进来，不能永远用异邦残剩的干枯的谷粮来喂他们。某些事件，行动发生了，这些事件，行动是必须被讴歌的，它们本身讴歌自己。谁会怀疑诗歌将要复兴，导入一个新时代；就像天琴星座中，现在在天顶上发光的那一颗星，天文学家宣布说，它有一天将要成为海行者标志的北极星，达一千年之久。-张爱玲译尊敬的会长先生，女士们，先生们： 我谨向你们恭贺一个新的文学年的开始。我们的周年活动反映着我们对未来的希望，尽管我们还有很多工作要做。我们的庆祝不像希腊人的运动会，为了比赛力气和运动技巧，或者是为了朗诵史诗、悲剧和合唱；也不像中世纪的浪漫诗人，大声吟唱情诗；也不像眼下英国或欧洲的同时代人，为了促进科学的进步，召开各种各样的峰会。到现在为止，我们的活动只是一种象征，表明我们的人民虽然工作繁忙，无暇顾及文学创作，但在心中仍然保留着对文学的热爱。正因为如此，这样的庆祝活动是值得我们倍加珍惜的，它说明热爱文学是一种无法消灭的本能。 我们这块大陆将要睁开它的睡眼，运用它那懒散的智慧，来满足世人对它多年的期望。美国人除了机器、技术方面有所创见外，他们还会有更好的东西献给全世界。我们依赖别人的日子，做他国学徒的时代即将走到历史的尽头。在我们周围，千百万青年正投入到火热的生活，他们不能老是依赖国外文化营养的“残羹冷炙”过活。谁能够怀疑诗歌不会复兴，不会进入一个发展的新时代？就像天文学家发现的那颗在天琴中闪闪发亮的星星，谁能说它不会演变成一颗闪耀千年的恒星呢？ -金叶译二、翻译法将英文译成中文再由中文回译成英文，在翻译实践中悉心体会英汉的差异，在实践中发现英语的特点/规则， 排除汉语的干扰。 汉语：现实 语言 英语：现实 语法 语言 不经过翻译法（不是教学翻译）的英语学习终究是肤浅的，只能学一点英语的皮毛，不可能登堂入室。）教材上的翻译练习（教学翻译）是为了某个语法点或语言点而设计（编造），不是真实语言材料，只看/只做这样的翻译，你会误以为（觉得）英汉句子在结构上没有什么差异。“在英语学习的中高级阶段，必须进行翻译练习。如果没有适量的翻译练习，英语总若浮萍，缺乏根基，难有精深的造诣，而且英汉互译最能体现英汉语言的差异。”1. 那棵树花小，叶子大，很难看，我没买。 (That tree has small flowers but large leaves. So its a real ugly, and I didnt buy it.)那棵树that tree 花小， 叶子大， 很难看， 我没买。 flowers small leaves large really ugly I didnt buy 那棵树 (花小 ， 叶子大，) 很难看， 我没买。2. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me? 我有一个问题弄不清，想请教你，你能回答吗？ （*你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？）3I was happy to think Chang da sao was comfortably cared for in her old age as she went to live with her daughter Mei-Lee, who married a postal service employee. 张大嫂晚年跟女儿美丽一起生活。美丽嫁给了一个邮局职员，两人对张大嫂照顾的很好。想到这些，我心里无比的欣慰。4. In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。5. The thought of returning filled him with fear. 他一想到要返回去，心里就害怕。6. My good fortune has sent you to me and separation from each other will never reach us.我很幸运，能够得到你，让我们彼此永不分离。7. His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。8. The limited gain could hardly serve as a justification for the tremendous cost the federal government had paid so far. 联邦政府已为此耗资颇巨了，但所得有限，这实在难于使人心安理9. I am where I am different from others. 我之为我就在于异乎他人。10I called up the man who wrote the book that you told me about.我打电话给写那本你给我说起过的书的那个人。你曾经和我谈起的那本书，我打电话给那个作者了。那个人， 你向我谈起过他写的（那本）书，我给他打电话了。你向我谈起过的那本书，它的作者 我给他打电话了。你向我谈起过的那本书，它的作者 我给他打过电话了。我打电话给那个人，他写了本书，你给我说起过。11.他5岁生了一场病，变成了聋子。He became deaf after an attack of illness at 5.12. 我访问过一些地方，遇到不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着哩。*I visited some places and met many people. (If I am) asked to tell about them, there are many wonderful stories.There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. 13. 我原来打算2005年10月1日来北京旅游，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to Beijing on Oct. 1, 2005.14. 这一带我不熟悉，天黑以后继续进行调查，取得结果的希望不大。There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in