TEM 4听写讲义-王帆.doc

英语专业四级听写部分讲义王 帆 1. 试卷构成及考试时间考试时间：2012年4月21日星期六2. TEM4听写部分概况听写曾作为教学手段而历史源远流长，同时，作为测试综合技能的手段之一，听写可根据考试目的，对象等的不同，在选材难度，朗读遍数及速度，中间停顿时间的长短等方面，采用不同的形式，如：标准听写，部分听写，干扰听写，作文听写等。在TEM4中，采用的是录音式标准听写，也就是要求考生在15分钟内在全面理解所听内容的基础上准确无误地逐字逐句写出全文。目的是测试应试者的接收性（听）与产出性（写）语言技能，其理解，拼写，标点等的能力。所选材料广泛而不生辟，体裁可以为叙述性，描写性，或说明性，难度适中，不超出与听力同等难度，词汇以大纲要求的前四级为主，也有一些五，六级词汇，但不会出现太偏僻的人名，地名等专有名词或词汇，背景知识不需太复杂，不会超出大部分学生应该掌握的常识。听写部分共占时大约15分种，计分15分，比重15%。全文大约150词左右，为一段或多段，共分15个意群，每个意群可能是词组，分句或单句。全文共朗读四遍。第一遍为正常速度，每分钟录音速度为大约120词，要求考生此时从整体理解全文内容，抓住中心大意，而不要着急写；第二，三遍为慢读，根据意群停顿，停顿时间大约15秒，要求考生准确写出所听内容；第四遍跟第一遍一样，仍为每分钟约120词，考生可边听边校对。全文听完后，有两分钟的复查时间，直到录音中听到Thats the end of dictation，表示这一部分结束，该进行下一项听力内容了。2011PART I DICTATION 15% 15 minListen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.3. TEM4听写评分标准1) 听写共分15小节；每节1分。2) 每节最多扣1分。 3) 重复错误，仅扣一次。 4) 错误共分两类：小错误(minor mistakes)和大错误(major mistakes)。 A. 小错误：1)单词拼写错一到二个字母。例：inconvenientunconvenient，inconvient；originally-origionally, originally； knivesnives。 2)标点符号错误： To solve this problem，theTo solve this problem the。 3)冠词，单复数错误：shellsshell；with a solutionwith the solution。 4)小错误扣分标准：小错误在一节中出现一次，留作总计；出现两次，扣05分；出现三次， 扣05分后留一小错做总计；出现四次(以上)，扣1分。 5)未扣分小错误的扣分标准： 累计2-4个：扣05分。 累计5-8个：扣1分。 B. 大错误：漏写、加词、造词、换词(冠词作小错计)，大移位，时态错误，原文一个词变两个词。 每个错误扣05分。 例： are still paidis still paid，still paid，still pay；were usedwe used；coins werecoin was；beganbegun；goodsgood；clothciof，cloths；saltsoit；paidpayed； throughout-allthrough，through of; acceptedan acception；as paymentfor payment；for goodsto goods；theythese，there5) 一些特例的扣分标准：1)下列情况不扣分： in the pastin the past, now-now, 加逗号。 2)下列情况扣分： throughout-through out(小错误)；a piece ofpieces of(两个小错，扣05分)6) 总分为05分时，以1分计算：其余总分中如含分数的，分数舍去，留整数。如：125分一12分，75分-7分。空白卷律打0分。4. TEM4听写错误专项分析作为标准参照性质考试中的听写部分，教学及考纲对其的标准是：在全面理解所听内的础上准确无误地逐字逐句写出全文。并要求拼法和标点符号正确无误，错误率不超过8%这也就是对二年级下英语专业学生的要求。通过几年的抽样数据分析，不难看出这几年来参加考试的人数以每年超过10%的速度递增试的总体成绩也有所提高。而其中很重要的便是听写成绩的上升，直接影响了最后的总成绩然而每年仍有不少人这单项只得零分，对照教纲中对此的要求：错误率不超过8% 相差甚远如若以60%的通过率来算，也应以9分为最低要求，然而结果仍不理想。听写中的错误可以归为5大类：1) 辨音错误A. 英式发音与美式发音英式发音美式发音advertisementdv:tismntdv:taismntdirectdirektdairektleisureleli: laboratory lbrtrilbrt:ritomatotm:tutmeitueitheraii:scheduleedju:lskedulB. 同音词与近音词all together-altogetherpast-passedheal-heelpeace-pieceband-bannedrose-rowshour-ourcent-sentbare-bearcell-sellweigh-wayscheme-skimflour-flowersite-sightsteal-steelwood-wouldcompliment-complementhare-hairstorey-storyfourth-forthC. 弱读音节have hv,hv,vwere w:,wmust mst, mst, mst, msdodu:, du, d andnd, nd, nof v, v , v, fthemem, m, mwewi:, wiD. 不完全爆破音09年真题spectacular spe(k) tkjulcountdownkaun(t)daun06年真题great power grei(t)p auvictim vi(k)timE. 连续音08年真题fail inand of equal07年真题put intoin addition2) 拼写错误A. 注意大小写问题：专有名词首字母大写（09,06,04真题）；B. 注意容易拼写错误的词。3) 语法错误A. 注意人称一致；B. 注意动词时态变化；C. 注意动名词数的变化；D. 注意短语搭配，例如：remindof(08),associate with (07)等。4) 背景知识错误5) 标点符号错误A. 节间标点B. 节内标点5. TEM4听写的应试失分项及应对技巧历年的听写考试，考生在应试中易犯的明显失误包括：1) 对这种标准听写形式的陌生， 对听写材料进行改写甚至发挥到加工成作文；2) 不知如何利用第一遍听音时把握全文的大意（topdown approach），而着急写，丢了西瓜捡芝麻（bottomup），只见部分单词而缺少骨架结构；3) 在第四遍结束后的两分钟复查时间里，不会很好地利用分析逻辑能力对有些明显的或介词搭配或词语进行校正，小错不断，或丢词，或写出的内容前后不通顺； 4) 由于朗读中没有念出标点，而是靠学生自己听，判断选择，于是就出现全文没有标点符号，没有大小写，或所有的停顿处都是一种符号，或中文标点混用在英文短文里的情况。应对技巧：1) 考前要充分了解听写的形式，最好进行一次模拟实践，体会全过程。2) 根据朗读方式，选用相应的书写技巧。A. 第一遍时，重点听主题思想，重点词，掌握全局概念，不要一听录音就写，也许能写出前边的单词或句子，却有可能不知全文的大意；B. 第二遍和第三遍是以句子为单位重复的，在第二遍朗读录音时，要以意群为单位去理解，因时间关系，不可能一字一字地全部写下，所以要分清主次信息，抓句型和关键词（主语，谓语等）；C. 听第三遍时，再把其它如修饰语，定冠词等遗漏内容补上，若有些词还来不及写，可用一些自己认识的缩略形式，甚至符号先代替，等最后一遍或复查两分钟时再恢复原形。因为评分不是以写出的单词多少而是先以是否原文的主要意思表达清楚，然后以是否有小的错误，如单复数，大小写，定冠词等扣分不同。D. 如果在听的过程中有个别词或词组一下反应不出来，就不要苦苦纠缠单个的词，要跟着录音进行下一意群的听写，因为阅卷是以15个意群分割成15分，每个意群最多扣一分，所以个别词或句的错或漏不会影响其它的得分。而对于听不懂的单词，不妨写下音标，等回头检查时可再想。3) 运用期待语法的作用，听之前，根据题目展开联想，调集大脑中储藏的相关信息，同时仔细理解第一句，因为首句常是主题句，后边的句子围绕它进一步展开，这样，可以适当缩小范围，便于更快的入戏。如提高听力水平，熟悉英美国家的说话发音的不同方式，语音语调，这是必要条件，但同时，如何把接收到的信息转化为自己的并产出，则要求其它的能力的配合，如对词汇的掌握及熟练程度，词语搭配： 运用语法知识，有时即使没听出来，也可补写出来。如单复数，时态等；还可利用逻辑推理能力，因为所听材料都是有意义的独立成文的，所以，检查中如发现不合逻辑思维的句子，可以肯定，所写有误，进而更正。4) 至于标点，是听出来的，可以利用二读三读时的停顿，一般地说，二读时，某个意群如有停顿，接下去是另一意群，那么两者之间可能有符号，如逗号，也可能没有，要看两者的关系，若是回读（三读这一意群，那么这之后肯定是表示完整的一句结束了，最有可能是句号。5) 听写是个相对机械，容易操做的测试手段，但提高听写决不是一朝一夕，靠突击就可以的，加强相关能力训练，能够间接促进听写水平，同时，由教师或个人有计划有目的的反复实践听写，也可以促进巩固各项语言知识，发展运用知识的熟巧，促使语言能力向交际能力转化。6) 最后，还要注意书写的整洁，清淅，用原珠笔或钢笔按要求书写，以便于评阅。 附：2001-2011历年听写部分真题2011年真题听力原文：British holidaying habitsIn the late 1970s, air travel became affordable for the average family in the UK, and more people started travelling abroad for their summer holidays. After all, the British weather wasnt very good, even in summer, so a lot of people left the country for a vacation.In the 1980s and 1990s, young people in the UK became wealthier on average. As a result, they started to go abroad in groups, to places such as Spain and Greece. Once they arrived at their destination, they met with other groups of young people and had one long party.British holidaying habits have begun to change. However, climate change means that the UK now has a hotter climate, so people do not need to go overseas to find good weather. Also, going abroad is more expensive. As a result, more British people are choosing to spend their summer holidays in the UK.2010年真题听力原文：Freshmens WeekBritain has a well-respected higher education system and some of the top universities and research institutions in the world. But to those who are new to this system, it can sometimes be confusing.October is usually the busiest month in the academic calendar. Universities have something called Freshmens Week for their newcomers. Its a great opportunity to make new friends, join lots of clubs and settle into university life.However, having just left the comfort of home and all your friends behind, the prospect of meeting strangers in classrooms and dormitories can be worrying. Where do you start? And who should you make friends with? Which clubs and society should you join?Luckily, there will be thousands of others in the same boat as you. They worry about starting their university social life on the right foot. So just take it all in slowly. Dont rush into anything that youll regret for the next three years.2009年真题听力原文：New Years EveFor many people in the west, New Years Eve is the biggest party of the year. Its the time to get together with friends or family and welcome in the coming year. New Years parties can take place in different places. Some people hold a house party; others attend street parties, while some just go for a few drinks with their friends. Big cities have large and spectacular fireworks displays. There is one thing that all New Years Eve parties have in common, the countdown to midnight. When the clock strikes 12, people give a loud cheer and sing songs. Its also popular to make a promise in the New Year. This is called a New Years resolution. Typical resolutions include giving up smoking and keeping fit. However the promise is often broken quite quickly and people are back into their bad habits within weeks or days.2008年真题听力原文：Choosing a CareerWhen students graduate from college, many of them do not know how they want to spend their working lives, and they sometimes move from job to job until they find something that suit them and of equal importance to which they are suited. Others never find a job in which they are really happy. They remain all their lives square pegs in round holes.When we choose our careers, we need to ask ourselves two questions. First, what do we think we would like to be? Second, what kind of people are we? The idea, for example, of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive, but unless we have great talent and are willing to work very hard, we are certain to fail in these occupations. And failure will lead to unhappiness in life. So, it is important to assess our suitability for a certain career in job search.2007年真题听力原文：AdvertisingAdvertising has already become a very specialized activity in modern times. In todays business world, supply is usually greater than demand. There is great competition between manufacturers of the same kind of product because they want to persuade customers to buy their particular brand. They always have to remind their customers of the name and qualities of their products by advertising. The manufacturer advertises in newspapers and on the radio. He sometimes employs salesgirls to distribute samples of his product. He sometimes advertises on the Internet as well. In addition, he always has advertisements put into television programs that will accept them. Manufacturers often spend huge sums of money on advertisements. We buy a particular product because we think that is the best. We usually think so because the advertisements say so. People often dont ask themselves if the advertisements arc telling the truth when they buy advertised products from shops.2006年真题听力原文：The InternetThe Internet is the most significant progress in the field of communications. Imagine a book that never ends, a library with a million floors, or imagine a research project with thousands of scientists working around the clock forever. This is the magic of the Internet. Yet the Internet has the potential for good and bad. One can find well-organized, information-rich websites. At the same time, one can also find wasteful websites. Most websites are known as different Internet applications. These include online games, chat rooms and so on. These applications have great power too. Sometimes the power can be so great that young people may easily become victims to their attraction. So we need to recognize the seriousness of the problem. We must work together to use its power for better ends.2005年真题听力原文：The Wrist WatchIt is generally believed that wrist watches are an exception to the normal sequence in the evolution of mens jewelry. Reversing the usual order, they were first worn by women, and then adopted by men. In the old days, queens included wrist watches among their crown jewelry. Later they were worn by Swiss workers and farmers. Until World War I, Americans associated the watch with fortune hunters. Then army officers discovered that the wrist watch was most practical for active combat. Race car drivers also loved to wear wrist watches. And pilots found them most useful while flying. Soon men dared to wear wrist watches without feeling self-conscious. By 1924 some 30 % of mens watches were worn on the wrist. Today the figure is 90%. And they are now worn by both men and women for practical purposes rather than for decoration.2004年真题听力原文： MoneyMoney is accepted across the world as payment for goods or services. People use money to buy food, clothes and hundreds of other things. In the past, many different things were used as money. People on Pacific islands once exchanged shells for goods. The Chinese used cloth and knives. In Africa, elephant tusks or salt were used. Even today, some people in Africa are still paid in salt. Coins were first invented by the Chinese. Originally, they were round pieces of metal with a hole in the center, so that a piece of string could keep them together. This made doing business much easier, but people still found coins inconvenient to carry when they wanted to buy something expensive. To solve this problem, the Chinese again came up with the solution. They began to use paper money for coins. Now paper notes are used throughout the world.2003年真题听力原文：SalmonEvery year, millions of salmon swim from the ocean into the mouths of rivers and then steadily up the rivers. Passing through waters, around rocks and waterfalls, the fish finally reach their original streams or lakes. They dig out nests in the riverbed and lay their eggs. Then, exhausted by their journey, the parent salmons die. They have finished the task that nature has given them. Months, or years later, the young fish start their trip to the ocean. They live in the salt water from 2-7 years, until they, too are ready to swim back to reproduce. Their life cycle helps man provide himself with a basic food fish. When the adult salmon gather at the river mouths for the annual trip up the rivers, they are in the best possible condition, and nearly every harbor has its salmon fishing fleet ready to catch thousands for markets.2002年真题听力原文：Disappearing Forests The worlds forests are disappearing. As much as a third of the total tree cover has been lost since agriculture began some 10,000 years ago. The remaining forests are home to half of the world species, thus becoming the chief resource for their survival. Tropical rain forests once covered 12% of the land of the planet as well as supporti