2第三章 虚拟语气.doc

虚拟语气一. 三种语气介绍语气是表示讲话人对讲话内容的看法的一种语法范畴。 陈述语气 英语中有三种语气 祈使语气 虚拟语气1. 陈述语气：表示谓语动词所表达的动作或者状态时符合客观现实的，也就是说把动作或者状态当作事实表达出来，或者是提出一种看法。Flowers blossom in spring.The yellow leaves are falling In the autumn wind.2. 祈使语气：表示号召，命令，劝告，警告，禁止等。Let us help you.Do drop in to see us. 务必来坐坐。3. 虚拟语气：虚拟语气把动作当作一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”，而不是当作客观现实中的真实事件。它表达的是怀疑，忧虑，推测，假设想象或祝愿等。例如：Mother told me to put on my sweater lest I should catch a cold.I wish I were white cloud.二. 虚拟语气在条件句当中的运用英语中的条件句 真实条件句非真实条件句 虚拟条件句含蓄条件句错综时间条件句 在一个个条件句中，如果所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时，我们就称之为虚拟条件句。31 虚拟语气的基本形式和用法虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类，如表3-1所示。表31 虚拟条件句的基本形式假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反If+动词的过去式(be 用were 而不用was)Would （第一人称可用should） +动词原形与过去事实相反If +had+过去分词Would (第一人称可用should) +have+过去分词与将来事实可能相反If +were to+动词原形或 if +should +动词原形Would (第一人称可用should) +动词原形*与现在的事实相反，从句用过去时。If there were no air, we couldnt live.If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved. 如果每个公民都懂得急救，那么许多人的生命会得以挽救。I would ask George to lend us the money if I him.A. had known B. have known C. knew D. know答案 CDo you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people the same language?A. spoke B. speak C. had spoken D. will speak答案A*与过去的事实相反，从句用过去完成时。If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.If the hurricane had happened during the daytime, there would have been more deaths. 如果飓风发生在白天，死亡的人数会更多。If Bob with us, he would have had a good time.A. would come B. would have come C. had come D. came答案CIf you that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy.A. hadnt watched B. havent watched C. wouldnt have watched D. didnt watch答案A*与未来事实相反，从句用过去将来时。If it were to rain tomorrow, we would not go out.If you should fall, you would be injured.If it tomorrow, I would not go out.A. should rain B. would rain C. will rain D. is going to rain答案AIf the sun in the west, I would follow you.A. were to rise B. was to rise C. had risen D. would rise答案A*错综时间的虚拟语气。If I had met him before, I could recognize him. 如果把我以前见过他，我一定能认出他。If we were driving at a speed of 100 li an hour, we would have arrived there 2 hours ago. 如果以每小时100里的速度行驶的话，我们两小时前就到了。3.2 if 的省略形式在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were, had, should 等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if.Should it rain tomorrow, what would you do?Had it not been for your help, I would not have made such rapid progress. 要不是你的帮助，我就不会取得这么快的进步了。_ you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions.A. If I realized B. had I realized C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized答案B, I should ask them some questions.A. should they come to us B. If they come to us C. Were they come to us D. Had they come to us答案Abe true, it would be silly to argue any longer.A. If that were B. were that C. should that D. Had that答案C for your help, wed never have been able to get over the difficulties.A. Had it not B. If it were not C. Had it not been D. If we had not been答案C3.3 含蓄虚拟条件句3.3.1 基本用法有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示,而用其他方式来表示,这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with, without, but for短语做状语（参见grammar and exercises 上册P149）。*介词或介词短语表示的虚拟条件。With your assistance, we might finish the plan earlier. 有你的协助，我们会更早完成计划。But for my brothers help, I would not have finished it. 要不是我兄弟的帮助，我是无法完成任务的。Without electricity, there would not be modern industry. *otherwise引导的虚拟语气。I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.3.2.2 考试重点Without your help, we so much.A. didnt achieve B. would not have achieved C. will not achieve D. dont achieve答案BBut for the rain, we a nice holiday.A. should have B. would have had C. would have D. will have had答案BBut for my classmates help, I the work in time.A. did not finish B. could not finish C. will not finish D. would not have finished答案DWe didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we him.A. had telephoned B. would telephone C. must have telephoned D. would have telephoned答案DWithout heat and sunlight, plants on the earth well.A. would not grow B. will not grow C. had not grown D. would not be grown答案A3.4 动词wish引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句wish 后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。主语+wish+从句（主语+过去时）表示现在或将来的愿望；主语+wish+从句（主语+过去完成时）表示一个过去没有实现的愿望。如果that从句的谓语动词用“would+动词原形”表示：A 对于现状不满或者是未来有所改变I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would com down.B 请求或者说话者不愿意受打扰.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questionsI wish you like that.A. dont talk B. wont talk C. wouldnt talk D. not to talk答案CPeter wishes that he law instead of literature when he was in college.A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study答案CI didnt go to the party, but I do wish I there.A. were B. would be C. had been D. will be答案C3.5 would rather 引导的从句would rather 引导的从句要用过去时。Id you didnt touch that, if you dont mind.A. rather B. better C. happier D. further答案AI am too busy these days. I would rather all of you next month for a dinner.A. come B. would come C. came D. have come答案CId much rather that you tomorrow than today.A. came B. will come C. had come D. is coming答案 A3.6 as if,(/ as though )引导的从句在as if, as though 引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况，它们所引导的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从句的动词形式变化相同。Note:但是as if,(/ as though )后面的从句有时候也可以使用陈述语气，这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的合作和可能被设想成为真实的；主句的谓语动词是smell， taste等时，也常用陈述语气。It looks as if our side is gong to win.It seems as if we shall have to spend the night here.The meat tastes as if it has gone bad.The milk smells as if it is sour.He talks as if he everything in the world.A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have known答案B分析 as if (though) 从句中表示的是非真实性情况时，用虚拟语气。本句表示说话人对现在情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。You are talking as if you had seen them. 你谈得那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想像中的过去的动作。）I feel as if I were ten years younger.He talks about pyramids as though he had seen them himself.3.7 suggest等词引导的宾语从句 在suggest, advise, insist等词引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。类似的动词有：propose, insist, suggest, order, demand, require, request等。The doctor advised that Mr. Malan an operation right away so as to save his life.A. had B. would have C. have D. was going to have答案CHis mother insisted that he the coat when going out.A. put on B. puts on C. to put D. putting on答案Awe desire that the tour leader us immediately of any change in plans.A. inform B. informs C. informed D. has informed答案AHe asked he an opportunity to explain his case.A. be given B. gives C. is given D. should give答案AThe doctor advised her that she enough rest before going back to work.A. to get B. get C. gets D. got答案B3.8虚拟语气用于 suggestion, advice，demand，等表示命令，要求等名词后面的主语从句，表语从句，和同位语从句当中。这类名词有：advice, demand，order, resolution, pay, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion, idea, recommendation, preference, request, plan, motion, desire, sentence等 . 谓语动词用（should）+ 动词原形。The demand is that the article (should) be written on one side only.He issued the order that troops (should) withdraw at once.It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year.3.9 It is necessary/ important that -引导的主语从句It is necessary/important/urgent (desirable, requested, suggested, recommended, required 等) that-引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should 可以省略。Its desired that she to teach us at least twice a week.A. comes B. will come C. come D. may come答案CIts urgent that a meeting before the final decision is made.A. will be arranged B. must be arranged C. be arranged D. would be arranged答案CIt is recommended that the project until all the preparations have been made.A. not be started B. will not be started C. is not started D. is not to be started答案AIt is most desirable that he the conference.A. attends B. is to attend C. will attend D. should attend答案DIt is vital that enough money collected to get the project started.A. is B. be C. must be D. can be答案B4.0 It is (high,about)time that-引导的定语从句在it is time that-引导的定语从句中谓语动词要用过去式。Its time about the traffic problem downtown.A. something was done B. anything will be done C. everything is done D. nothing to be done答案AIts high time we something to stop traffic accident. A. do B. will do C. did D. must do答案CDont you think it is time you smoking?A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up答案BLets finish our homework in a few seconds; its time we .A. played football B. will play football C. play football D. are playing football答案A310 精选试题1. If a better material , the strength of the part would have been increased.A. had been usedB. had been usingC. being usedD. using2. He was very busy yesterday; otherwise he to the meeting.A. would have comeB. would come C. could come D. had come3. If you that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy.A. hadnt watched B. havent watchedC. wouldnt have watchedD. didnt watch4. If you that night, you might have been too late to get your ticket.A. didnt hurryB. hadnt hurriedC. wouldnt hurryD. hadnt to hurry5. Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people the same language?A. spokeB. speakC. had spokenD. will speak6. Without your help, we so much.A. didnt achieveB. would not have achievedC. will not achieveD. dont achieve7. you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions.A. If I realizedB. Had I realizedC. Did I have realized that D. As I realized8. Its desired that she to teach us at least twice a week.A. comesB. will comeC. come D. may come9. , I should ask them some questions.A. Should they come to usB. If they come to usC. Were they come to usD. Had they come to us10. It is highly desirable that a new president for this university.A. is appointedB. will be appointedC. be appointedD. has been appointed11. He talks as if he everything in the world.A. knowsB. knewC. had knownD. would have known12. The doctor advised that Mr. Malan an operation right away so as to save his life.A. hadB. would haveC. have D. was going to have13. Id you didnt touch that, if you dont mind.A. rather B. betterC. happierD. further14. I wish you to me before you went and bought that car.A. spokeB. will speakC. was going to speakD. had spoken15. Dont you think it is time you smoking?A. give up B. gave upC. would give upD. should give up16. His mother insisted that he the coat when going out.A. put on B. puts on C. to putD. putting on17. Peter wishes that he law instead of literature when he was in college.A. could study B. studiedC. had studiedD. would study18. It is desirable that he .A. gives up tryingB. give up tryingC. would give up tryingD. is going to give up trying19. Her suggestion that everybody was not appreciated.A. sing a songD. sang a songC. sung a songD. singing a song20. I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I there.A. wereB. would beC. had been D. will be21. I believe he an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A. would have hadB. could have had C. should have hadD. must have had22. I am too busy