自考英语语法简答题.docx

1. What are the two major types of alternative questions?华夏大地教育网SFi0A5JDThey are the type of YES-NO questions, e.g.&WxO;Ux,p0A: Would you like tea or coffee?华夏大地教育网/F .wO2eG*B: Tea, please.华夏大地教育网,F.cn/_IAnd the type of WH-questions, e.g.华夏大地教育网h_w-ZPkp)M/TOA: What do you like, tea or coffee?4FA2Xug L2CR:D0B: Tea, please.,h9I _:/v!j*z z*X9I0P ET#q5Z/b4_02. Why do we need to go beyond the sentence and study the text?华夏大地教育网b.K iw8?r*ni|Because to express a clear and complete idea or thought, we need more than one sentence. It is quite rare that we only use one sentence to express our idea. When an idea or thought is expressed in more than one sentence, we have a text, which relates sentences together. In other words, sentences in text are coherent so that they help each other in expressing a complete idea. The study of the text is to know how sentences can be joined together coherently so that they can best express ideas.华夏大地教育网zPAa%Pa%R u华夏大地教育网a&i&pW;UK|N9|3. Explain the syntactic distinction between the predicative and non-predictive use of modal auxiliary with example.w6Or$y.U1w$V$R0The syntactic distinction between the predictive and non-predictive use of modal auxiliary is clear in the following two sentences:华夏大地教育网6C,G3WdMm! He cant have been there yesterday.华夏大地教育网7k7mgET2He couldnt be there yesterday.s,V5tKJ_0The two sentences reveal two quite different uses of the modal auxiliary. The first sentence, where the predictive cant relates to impossibility and the main verb is marked for past time reference, refers to the speakers present denial of possibility of past event. In the second, the modal auxiliary itself, in non-predictive use, is marked for past tense, referring to lack of ability in the past.华夏大地教育网#hJhS sc6FNz7jE华夏大地教育网MtPJ5n4. Whats the function of relative pronoun?XBh oG8b,g0The relative pronoun serves as a “link” between the relative clause and its antecedent. It performs two functions: showing concord with its antecedent and indicating its function within the relative clause._I|T*Y _0华夏大地教育网H,R $g*QaQ5. Provide example to illustrate nominal, verbal and causal ellipsis.华夏大地教育网Y1-mhX1 Nominal ellipsis: Why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.华夏大地教育网._zQ2 Verbal ellipsis: - Have you seen him before?;zU4km:D(B0- Yes, I have (seen him before). q,z B&Qy1eN/|03 Clausal ellipsis: - Are you OK?华夏大地教育网?PT0y2M x- Yes (I am OK).华夏大地教育网/T*pUS$KP?KJJ70XtjM%Y06. If tense is related to time, what is aspect related to?/Xx,w6p)gbs0When tense points to the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs, aspect “reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time”.华夏大地教育网3Sv#UHp8srd#i%fm,o+07. Apart from querying the truth of a statement, what other potential functions can a NO question perform?a&AF0They may be regarded as the speakers invitations or suggestions, made in a tentative way as they often are, rather than his negative assumptions. They are like imperatives. For examples:q2|8N|!-j0Wont you come in?华夏大地教育网9|,w;W;nWont you sit down?)Z8q9r2MBAmt0They can also be like exclamations:7fb8Rgi0Isnt it lovely?华夏大地教育网%|/uZ v0ELArent you silly?7p-W9;HDb0_dv.k O$kv08. List the type of antecedents?华夏大地教育网.t;a;wX Y,UThe antecedent is divided into nominal antecedent. Nominal antecedents fall into different subclasses: they may be common nouns or proper nouns, personal pronouns or demonstrative pronouns. Non-nominal antecedent can be subdivided into three types: clause, verb phrase, predictive adjective.华夏大地教育网$nV7eMQ华夏大地教育网Dn)t0XJ)S+m8j4a9. Provide examples to illustrate result-adjuncts and purpose-adjuncts that are introduced by so that.华夏大地教育网FB8r;m A?He worked harder, so that he managed to pass the examinations. (result)nvG9u6d 2W0He worked harder so that he could pass the examinations. (purpose)(J ROB4 R4QG0华夏大地教育网(_Q2 m5Z10. Provide example to illustrate the three degree of comparison.华夏大地教育网I2Jsg6d |My bother is as tall as me. (positive degree)华夏大地教育网64B/XT#?My bother is taller than my father. (comparative degree)Ej&nV6KA0My bother is the tallest in the family. (superlative degree11. When the simple present refers to the present time, what are its characteristic uses?-l!g3L7v:|9_Ub0When the simple present refers to the present time, it is suitable for the general timeless statements or the expression of so-called “eternal truths”. At the same time, it also denotes the present existence or state of affairs. Besides, it can express regular recurrence such as a habit, and it is also found in the presentation of an event that happens simultaneously with speech.d sW3G6r&W0d3FR,X5BU012. Under what general circumstances do we prefer genitive to of-phrase and vice versa.dk/eBSx O0When nouns refer to people, and the relation between the nouns is one of definition, classification, etc., genitives are preferred. When nouns refer to inanimate, lifeless objects, and the head words of noun phrases are classifying adjective, of-phrase are preferred.华夏大地教育网6R*XfaW!rT*FZs!UWi5R&b013. What is the primary of a WH-question?3Z5kU;QH:mhu&?a0The primary function of a WH-question is to ask for information concerning what, when, why, whose, which and how.华夏大地教育网D&v/zsK UO#1KB7qG014. What are contingency adjuncts? How many types of contingency adjuncts have we recognized?华夏大地教育网p#m FxHG/L0iContingency adjuncts are an adverbial category that includes adjunts denoting some kind of cause-effect relation. They can be divided into subclasses: reason-adjuncts, result-adjunts, purpose-adjunts, concession-adjuncts and condition-adjunts.5JlR*q8$kJ0华夏大地教育网Ab5Z-V15. Explain the difference between a double relative clause and an embedded relative clause.I9oKDR0In double relative clauses, there are two relatives, one enclosing the other, whereas in embedded relative clause there is only one relative clause which itself is embedded in a clause.华夏大地教育网OVB,r5g/Q|/u|*zG xT016. Provide examples to illustrate some different types of time adjuncts.华夏大地教育网Ytm8b%zi1 when- adjuncts: soon, on Friday morning, now, etc._N2PE3b7UtdO02 duration-adjuncts: for ten years, very long, since we met, etc.华夏大地教育网r&Q6cfr5n/nV3 frequency-adjuncts: daily, weekly, often, etc.D!Ld M ly0华夏大地教育网ihtw4fa-q17. What kind of relative clause do we normally use to modify a non-nominal antecedent? Give some examples.华夏大地教育网2PCu/L1SvWe normally use non-relative clause to modify a non-nominal antecedent.D&z8wB4B3?g2o0e.g. 1 Her husband is my brother and my wife is her sister, which makes us double in-laws.华夏大地教育网cblX:yS-2 She dance well, which I dont.华夏大地教育网Y&Y0w#QV3J;L3 Nick is tall, which I will never be.华夏大地教育网D,UfeOP1_m5I#r华夏大地教育网-Dp84-?u5NGb18. Where are given information and the new information located in the sentence.:sL:yk L0Generally speaking, the given information is offered at the beginning in each sentence while the new information in consistently found in the predicate which normally constitutes the latter half of a sentence.fqMU&ij-o0jW1YJg,m:Z019. Explain the relationship between tense and time.华夏大地教育网4dNu9W w/j$Dz/wTime and tense are not the same thing: time is concept and tense is a grammatical device. Different tenses can express the same period of time, such as the present.,j!VLE*HXDR4O3n0iymIO pe9cfX H020. What are the two major types of exclamations?:HrCwH1U:iGc0The two major types of exclamations are WHAT-exclamations and HOW-exclamations. The former is followed by a noun phrase, the latter is followed by an adjective or adverb.21. What is the pseudo-passive?华夏大地教育网MFi vgSA pseudo-passive sentences is form. but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectival zed so that it becomes a subject complement in the SVC structure. As an adjective, therefore, it can occur in a comparative construction, with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase, and with other link verbs besides be and get.华夏大地教育网56M8o(q华夏大地教育网 W!N7S1aC!HKM22. Explain the conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in positive statements and assertive words in question.华夏大地教育网q:QHbUC:oWhen a positive answer expected, assertive words can be used in question, such as: Is there some news for me? Is somebody waiting for me? And in affirmative sentences in which there are if clauses, putative should-clauses, and comparative clauses, non-assertive words can be used, such as: If anyone calls me, it must be John. Its odd that he should say anything like that. He is better than anyone else in this class.华夏大地教育网2 BCG?)X,Kgk9?g3U023. List the major types of postponement.华夏大地教育网9/BZW IPostponement is generally realized by active-to-passive transformation, by extra position of a clause element, by discontinuity of adjacent elements.华夏大地教育网:o%e;xp(PM7RT-n8?x(A,os,TH024. Provide example to illustrate reference as realized by pronouns, demonstratives and comparison.?Ppwe?01 Reference by pronouns: Look at the man, I think hes the person wanted by the police.华夏大地教育网%:y!tqQ2Reference by demonstratives: They finally arrived at an agreement to stop fire. That agreement saved by the country from war.华夏大地教育网h#A#1Xq;Ng3 Reference by comparison: John is both stupid and lazy. His brother is no better.FBG5i6d+Vi&O0R2kj SwX,T#w025. Provide examples to illustrate nominal, verbal and clausal substitution.7rH+VgmZ?01 Nominal substitution: I know I need a good car, but I cant afford one.华夏大地教育网G tYsF2?p2 Verbal substitution: - Have you finished all the essays?w#u-wu3_!T8YKe!K0-I have done one.华夏大地教育网V5TbD 2w&rr3 Clausal substitution: -Is he the right person for the job?华夏大地教育网qS&T3a&M- I suppose so.华夏大地教育网#xd-:Wu+0W*PJWL2B9z v8P0#xYM7yc_Fs)a026. Whats the major function of preposition? And list the two types of preposition.,p(yB$x0The major function of preposition is connect words of nouns verbs and adjectives to other part of the sentence. We divide preposition into two types: simple preposition and complex preposition.-T9g&ngT tW0华夏大地教育网X2b$C27.