高考名词这样考.docx

高考名词这样考甘肃省临泽一中 连世华 吴媛 734200一、考查名词词义辨析。对名词词义辨析的考查近年来呈上升趋势，主要考查在语境中辨识名词词义的能力，常出现在单项选择和完形填空中。备考的关键是准确记忆名词词义。同时，也要注意常见的近义词和形近词辨析。例1.Carbon dioxide, which makes a _ between us and the sun, prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily, so the earth is becoming warmer.（2013湖北）A. difference B. comparison C. connection D. barrier解析：考查名词辨析。根据后边的prevents heat from“阻止热量轻易的从大气层中散发出去”，可知“二氧化碳是太阳和我们之间的一个屏障”。故选D。例2. The accident caused some_ to my car, but its nothing serious. （2013辽宁）A. harm B. injury C. ruin D. damage解析：考查名词辨析。名词harm表示伤害，通常构成短语“do harm to”；injury表示受伤，指对人的伤害；ruin指毁坏，损毁，不可修复；damage表示损坏，可以修复。根据句意“its nothing serious”可知，答案选D。几组常考的名词辨析：1. incident指小事件；accident指不幸的事故；event指大的事件 2. travel泛指一般意义的旅行，是不可数名词；trip常指短期的往返的旅途；journey常指长途单程的陆地旅途；voyage指海上航行3. sound自然界各种各样的声音；voice人的嗓音；noise噪音4. sight 目光，视力，视野，景象，可供参观或游览的地方，尤指历史名胜；view 从某一特定点看到的东西、景物，尤指自然风景；scene 场面、场景、情景；scenery 不可数名词，自然风光5. reward 报酬，酬金，回报；award 因工作出色获得的奖品，奖金，奖励；prize比赛获奖6. cause 造成某一事实或现象的原因、起因，常和of搭配；reason 某一看法或行为的理由，常和for搭配；excuse 借口，理由7. 表方式、方法：approach和to搭配，way后可以加of doing，to do或that从句，manner和means后加of （doing）；表以某种方式：in this way；with this method；by this means二、考查名词的固定搭配。主要考查名词与动词或介词构成的固定搭配，需要考生准确的记忆。例3. While she was in Paris, she developed a for fine art. （2013天津）.A. way B. relation C. taste D. habit解析：考查名词辨析。短语a taste for“对的一种爱好”。句意为：她在巴黎的时候，她对艺术产生了兴趣。故选C。常考名词的固定搭配：Make a diffence 有意义，有区别，有影响；make room for 为腾地方；make use of 利用；make progress 取得进步；have/gain access to 有或得到的机会、权利；gain/have an advantage over 胜过，优于；the point of 的意义；have a knowlege/grasp/command of 熟悉，掌握；out of date/reach/shape/order/balance过期/够不着/变形/混乱/失衡；beyond reach/repair/control/description/imagination够不着/修不好/失控/难以言表/难以想象；a matter of 的事情等尤其要注意和介词to搭配的名词：answer, key, visit, apology,introduction，attention, contributions等三、考查可数名词与不可数名词的辨识。在短文改错中和单项选择中，常考査可数名词和不可数名词的辨识，如果是不可数名词，前面常不加冠词，作主语时谓语动词用单数；如果是可数名词，还要判断是单数还是复数，从而来判断冠词是否用对，用单数谓语还是复数谓语。例4. I remember my grandfather very much. He was tall, with broad shoulder and a beard that turned from black toward gray over the years.（2013新课标I卷短文改错）解析：考查名词单复数。shoulder有两边，故改为复数形式shoulders。例5. Carl is studying _ food science at college and hopes to open up _ meat processing factory of his own one day.（2012安徽）A. /；a B. /；the C. the；a D. the；the解析：考查冠词，辨识可数与不可数名词。第一空science为不可数名词，故前面不加冠词；第二空表示“一个肉品加工厂”，factory为可数名词，故选A。1. 常考不可数名词：information 信息，advice 建议，progress 进步，luggage/baggage 行李，fun 乐趣2. 有些名词有时用作可数，有时用作不可数，要根据语境仔细判断。如：orange 橘汁，oranges 橘子；glass 玻璃，glasses 眼镜，玻璃杯；paper 纸，papers 文件，试卷；room空间，rooms 房间；work工作，works工厂，作品；time时间，times时代，次数；good好处，goods货物；exercise锻炼，exercises练习题；fish鱼肉，fishes几种鱼；chicken鸡肉，chickens小鸡三、结合不定冠词，考査物质名词和抽象名词的具体化。物质名词和抽象名词常用作不可数名词，但在一定的语境中，某些物质名词可以表示“一阵”、“一场”、“一份”等含义，某些抽象名词可以表示“一个样的人或物”，都转化为可数名词。例6. Being able to afford _ drink would be _ comfort in those tough times. (2012山东卷).A. the; the B. a; a C. a; 不填 D. 不填；a 解析：drink（饮料）和comfort（安慰）都是不可数名词，在本句中分别表示“一杯饮料”、“一种慰藉”，转化为可数名词，故选B。句意为：在那些难熬的时光中，能买得起一杯饮料是一种莫大的慰藉。常考点：a rain/wind/coffee/beer 一场雨/一阵风/一杯咖啡/啤酒；a success/failure/pleasure/ enjoyment/surprise/pity/ danger/an honor 一件成功/失败的事或一个成功/失败的人/一种乐趣/一种享受/一个惊喜/一件憾事/一个危险/一件带来荣誉的事或一个带来荣誉的人四、结合主谓一致，考查集体名词的单复数。集体名词有些表示复数概念，有些表示单数概念，还有些要根据语境判断是单数还是复数。例7. The population of Jiangsu _ to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million.A. has grown B. have grown C. grew D. are growing解析：考查主谓一致和时态。句子的主语为集体名词population, 表示全部人口为单数，表示部分人口为复数，此处表江苏的全部人口，为单数，故排除B、D；从第二个句子可以判断为现在的时态，选A。常考集体名词有：1. 表复数概念的集体名词：people人们，人民；police警察；cattle牛2. 表单数概念的集体名词：machinery 机器，furniture家具，mankind人类，jewellery珠宝3. 表单位作单数，表个体或成员作复数的集体名词：class，crowd(人群，群众)，family，government，committee(委员会)，crew(全体船员)，team，group，public，audience(观众,听众)，staff（全体职员）等五、考查名词的熟词新义。熟词新义是拓展词汇的有效手段，也是高考考查的热点之一，在单选、完形、阅读中均有可能出现。因此，在平时的学习和复习备考中，要注意积累。例8. Your as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn. (2012浙江卷)A. operationB. growthC. performance D. character解析：考查名词辨析。operation 手术，growth增长，performance 表演，可引申为“表现，character人物，角色。句意应该为：作为一个学生，你的学习表现会很棒的，如果你能够养成对所学的东西进行反思的习惯的话。故为C，考查其引申义。常考名词的熟词新义：fan 迷，粉丝；spring 泉水，弹簧；egg卵；can罐头；break间隔休息；table表格；interest利益；iron熨斗；lift电梯；matter物质；must必须做的事情；second秒；word消息，情报；world界；air神态；arms武器；ball舞会；case案例，病例；cause事业；course过程，课程；foot英尺；post岗位；ring戒指；way领域，场合；field领域；offer报价；strength强项，长处六、考查名词所有格。名词所有格表示所属关系，常用-s表示有生命的事物或者时间、地点、机构、距离等名词的所有格，常用of短语表示无生命事物的名词所有格，of+名词+s构成双重属格。除了掌握所有格的构成方式外，还应根据问题情境判断是单数名词所有格，还是复数名词所有格。例9. The _ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _ car. （2009江西）A. girls; Toms B. girls; Toms C. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms K5u解析：考查名词所有格。根据题干后半部分的them可知对应复数girls，故选C。总之，名词在高考中无处不在，不仅要牢记其含义、引申义及固定搭配，还要结合冠词和主谓一致，牢固掌握名词的其他用法，结合语境，方可在高考中做到胸有成竹、游刃有余。牛刀小试：1. Youd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future .ApurposeBreferenceCprogressDmemory2. An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered _ a long lost antique Greek vase.A. at random B. by chance C. in turn D. on occasion3. With inspiration from other food cultures, American food culture can take a for the better. A. share B. chance C. turn D. lead4. Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with _.A. curiosityB. satisfactionC. envyD. patience5. As the worlds population continues to grow, the _ of food becomes more and more of a concern.A. worth B. supply C. package D. list6. India attained independence in 1947, after long struggle.A. 不填;aB. the; aC. an;不填D. an; the7. The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great _ in this city.A. quality B. progress C. production D. demand8. Can I help you with it? I appreciate your _, but I can manage it myself. A. advice B. question C. offer D. idea9. It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any _.A. symptom B. similarity C. sample D. shadow10. The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct _ in applying for a visa. A. pattern B. procedure C. program D. perspective11. All the scientific evidence_that incre