《国际经贸高级英语》PPT课件.ppt

吴夏艳english wxy2012 公邮 jingmaoyingyu2012 密码 jingmaoyingyu 经贸英语 教材 国际经贸高级英语精读 罗汉主编 复旦大学出版社 2011 6PPT来源 罗汉 刘汉华推荐网站 华尔街日报 大纲 学习内容 单词 短语 专有名词和经济学术语 阅读 翻译 短语 句子和段落的英译中和中译英 写作 课本结构 20单元 课文选自美 英等国出版的最新经济学专著和刊物原文素材 课文后有新单词 短语 专有名词和经济学术语的注解 短语 句子和段落的中译英练习 学术英语写作练习以及补充阅读材料 选学 课堂形式 1 介绍基础的英文词汇 课本外 2 课文学习 3 练习 或者课堂作业 Pre work 经济学Economics金融学Finance国际贸易 InternationalTrade宏观经济学 Macroeconomics微观经济学 Microeconomics UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth TEXTStartingaslow incomeeconomiesinthe1960s afeweconomiesinEastAsiamanaged inafewdecades tobridgeallornearlyalloftheincomegapthatseparatedthemfromthehigh incomeeconomiesoftheOrganisationforEconomicCo operationandDevelopment OECD Meanwhilemanyotherdevelopingeconomiesstagnated UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth Whatmadethedifference Onewaytogrowisbydevelopinghithertounexploitedland Anotheristoaccumulatephysicalcapital roads factories telephonenetworks Athirdistoexpandthelaborforceandincreaseitseducationandtraining ButHongKong China andSingaporehadalmostnoland Theydidinvestheavilyinphysicalcapitalandineducatingtheirpopulations butsodidmanyothereconomies Duringthe1960sthroughthe1980stheSovietUnionaccumulatedmorecapitalasashareofitsgrossdomesticproduct GDP thandidHongKong China theRepublicofKorea Singapore orTaiwan China Anditincreasedtheeducationofitspopulationinnotrivialmeasure YettheSovietsgeneratedfarsmallerincreasesinlivingstandardsduringthatperiodthandidthesefourEastAsianeconomies UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth PerhapsthedifferencewasthattheEastAsianeconomiesdidnotbuild work andgrowhardersomuchastheybuilt worked andgrewsmarter Couldknowledge then havebeenbehindEastAsia ssurge Ifso theimplicationsareenormous forthatwouldmeanthatknowledgeisthekeytodevelopment thatknowledgeisdevelopment UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth HowimportantwasknowledgeforEastAsia sgrowthspurt Thisturnedoutnottobeaneasyquestiontoanswer Themanyvarietiesofknowledgecombinewithitslimitedmarketabilitytopresentaformidablechallengetoanyoneseekingtoevaluatetheeffectofknowledgeoneconomicgrowth UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth How afterall doesoneputapricetagonandaddupthevarioustypesofknowledge Whatcommondenominatorletsussumtheknowledgethatfirmsuseintheirproductionprocesses theknowledgethatpolicymakinginstitutionsusetoformulate monitor andevaluatepolicies theknowledgethatpeopleuseintheireconomictransactionsandsocialinteractions Whatisthecontributionofbooksandjournals ofR Dspending ofthestockofinformationandcommunicationsequipment ofthelearningandknow howofscientists engineers andstudents Compoundingthedifficultyisthefactthatmanytypesofknowledgeareaccumulatedandexchangedalmostexclusivelywithinnetworks traditionalgroups andprofessionalassociations Thatmakesitvirtuallyimpossibletoputavalueonsuchknowledge UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth Reflectingthesedifficultiesinquantifyingknowledge effortstoevaluatetheaggregateimpactofknowledgeongrowthhaveoftenproceededindirectly bypostulatingthatknowledgeexplainsthepartofgrowththatcannotbeexplainedbytheaccumulationoftangibleandidentifiablefactors suchaslabororcapital Thegrowthnotaccountedforbythesefactorsofproduction theresidualinthecalculation isattributedtogrowthintheirproductivity thatis usingtheotherfactorssmarter throughknowledge ThisresidualissometimescalledtheSolowresidual aftertheeconomistRobertM Solow whospearheadedtheapproachinthe1950s andwhatitpurportstomeasureisconventionallycalledtotalfactorproductivity TFP growth UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth SomealsocalltheSolowresidualameasureofourignorance becauseitrepresentswhatwecannotaccountfor Indeed wemustbecarefulnottoattributeallofTFPgrowthtoknowledge fortheremaybeotherfactorslurkingintheSolowresidual Manyotherthingsdocontributetogrowth institutionsareanexample butarenotreflectedinthecontributionsofthemoremeasurablefactors Theireffectis sofar inextricablywovenintoTFPgrowth UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth InearlyTFPanalyses physicalcapitalwasmodeledastheonlycountry specificfactorthatcouldbeaccumulatedtobetterpeople slives Technicalprogressandotherintangiblefactorsweresaidtobeuniversal equallyavailabletoallpeopleinallcountries andthuscouldnotexplaingrowthdifferencesbetweencountries TheircontributionstogrowthwerelumpedwiththeTFPgrowthnumbers Althoughthisassumptionwasconvenient itquicklybecameobviousthatphysicalcapitalwasnottheonlyfactorwhoseaccumulationdroveeconomicgrowth Astudythatanalyzedvariationsingrowthratesacrossalargenumberofcountriesshowedthattheaccumulationofphysicalcapitalexplainedlessthan30percentofthosevariations Therest 70percentormore wasattributeddirectlyorindirectlytotheintangiblefactorsthatmakeupTFPgrowth Table1 1 UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth Laterattemptsintroducedhumancapitaltobetterexplainthecausesofeconomicgrowth Ahigherlevelofeducationinthepopulationmeansthatmorepeoplecanlearntousebettertechnology Educationwassurelyakeyingredientinthesuccessoffourofthefastest growingEastAsianeconomies HongKong China theRepublicofKorea Singapore andTaiwan China Beforetheirtransformationfromdevelopingintoindustrializingeconomies theirschoolenrollmentrateshadbeenmuchhigherthanthoseofotherdevelopingcountries Table1 2 UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth Theyhadalsoemphasizedadvancedscientificandtechnicalstudies asmeasuredbytheirhigherratiosofstudentsintechnicalfieldsthaninevensomeindustrialcountries thusenhancingtheircapacitytoimportsophisticatedtechnologies Moreover theimportanceofeducationforeconomicgrowthhadlongbeenrecognizedandestablishedempirically Onestudyhadfoundthatgrowthinyearsofschoolingexplainedabout25percentoftheincreaseinGDPpercapitaintheUnitedStatesbetween1929and1982 UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth Addingeducationreducedthepartofgrowththatcouldnotbeexplained thusshrinkingthehaystackinwhichTFPgrowth andknowledge remainedhidden Someanalystsevenconcluded perhapstooquickly thatphysicalandhumancapital properlyaccountedfor explainedallorvirtuallyalloftheEastAsianeconomies rapidgrowth leavingknowledgeasaseparatefactoroutofthepicture Box1 2 OnereasontheseanalystscameupwithlowvaluesforTFPgrowthisthattheyincorporatedimprovementsinlaborandequipmentintotheirmeasurementoffactoraccumulation SoeventheirevidenceoflowTFPgrowthinEastAsiadoesnotrefutetheimportanceofclosingknowledgegaps Indeed itshowsthatthefast growingEastAsianeconomieshadasuccessfulstrategytocloseknowledgegaps byinvestingintheknowledgeembodiedinphysicalcapital andbyinvestinginpeopleandinstitutionstoenhancethecapabilitytoabsorbanduseknowledge UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth LookingbeyondEastAsia othergrowthaccountingstudieshaveexaminedlargersamplesofcountries Evenwhenhumancapitalisaccountedfor theunexplainedpartofgrowthremainshigh Onesuchstudy of98countrieswithanunweightedaveragegrowthrateofoutputperworkerof2 24percent foundthat34percent 0 76percentagepoint ofthatgrowthcamefromphysicalcapitalaccumulation 20percent 0 45percentagepoint fromhumancapitalaccumulation andasmuchas46percent justover1percentagepoint fromTFPgrowth Evenmoreremainstobeexplainedinvariationsingrowthratesacrosscountries UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth Thesamestudyfoundthecombinedroleofhumanandphysicalcapitaltobeaslowas9percent leavingtheTFPresidualatastaggering91percent Totakeanotherexample KoreaandGhanahadsimilarlylowincomespercapitainthe1950s butby1991Korea sincomepercapitawasmorethanseventimesGhana s Muchofthatgapremainsunexplainedevenwhenhumancapitalistakenintoaccount Figure1 2 UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth Alltheseresultsaresubjecttomeasurementproblems Forexample themeasuredstockofhumancapitalmayoverstatetheactualquantityusedinproducinggoodsandservices Highratesofschoolenrollmentorattainment yearscompleted maynottranslateintohigherratesofeconomicgrowthifthequalityofeducationispoor orifeducatedpeoplearenotemployedattheirpotentialbecauseofdistortionsinthelabormarket UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth Moreover itisnowevidentthateducationwithoutopennesstoinnovationandknowledgewillnotleadtoeconomicdevelopment ThepeopleoftheformerSovietUnion likethepeopleoftheOECDcountriesandEastAsia werehighlyeducated withnearly100percentliteracy Andforaneducatedpopulationitispossible throughforeigndirectinvestmentandothermeans toacquireanduseinformationaboutthelatestproductionandmanagementinnovationsinothercountries ButtheSovietUnionplacedsevererestrictionsonforeigninvestment foreigncollaboration andinnovation Itsworkforcedidnotadaptandchangeasnewinformationbecameavailableelsewhereintheworld andconsequentlyitseconomysufferedadecline excerptedfromWorldDevelopmentReport1998 1999 七大洲四大洋 AsiaNorthAmericaSouthAmericaEuropeAfricaOceaniaAntarctica thePacificOceantheAtlanticOceantheArcticOceantheIndianOcean OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo operationandDevelopment经济合作与发展组织 简称经合组织 是由30多个市场经济国家组成的政府间国际经济组织 成立于1961年 目前成员国总数34个 总部设在巴黎 目前经合组织共有34个成员国 它们是 澳大利亚 奥地利 比利时 加拿大 捷克 丹麦 芬兰 法国 德国 希腊 匈牙利 冰岛 爱尔兰 意大利 日本 韩国 卢森堡 墨西哥 荷兰 新西兰 挪威 波兰 葡萄牙 斯洛伐克 西班牙 瑞典 瑞士 土耳其 英国 美国 智利 爱沙尼亚 以色列 斯洛文尼亚 1 亚洲四小龙 韩国 theRepublicofKorea新加坡 Singapore中国香港 HongKong China 中国台湾 Taiwan China 从20世纪60年代开始 推行出口导向型战略 重点发展劳动密集型的加工产业 在短时间内实现了经济的腾飞 所谓 东亚模式 引起全世界关注 中银大厦 香港 首尔63大厦 韩国 鱼尾狮像 新加坡 台北101大楼 台湾 实物资本 两类资本 实物资本 PhysicalCapital 人力资本 HumanCapital 实物资本 是指长期存在的生产物资形式 如机器 设备 厂房 建筑物 交通运输设施等 在传统的产业经济中 物质资本占据主导地位 但随着经济的发展 知识经济的到来 人力资本不论是在数量上还是收益上都远远超过了物质资本 从而取代了在经济发展中物质资本所一度占据的主导地位 RobertSolow 罗伯特 索洛RobertMertonSolow 1924年8月23日 美国经济学家 以其新古典经济增长理论著称 并在1961年被授予美国经济学会授予青年经济学家的克拉克奖章和1987年诺贝尔经济学奖 UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth EXERCISES TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish usingthewordsorphrasesinthetext 1 对经济增长必不可少的实物资本的积累 theaccumulationofphysicalcapitalindispensabletoeconomicgrowth 2 引进国外的先进设备和技术诀窍 toimportadvancedequipmentandknow howfromabroad 3 占世界技术贸易总量90 的许可证贸易 licensetradeaccountingfor90percentofthetotalvolumeoftheworld stradeoftechnology UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth 4 经济发展中所反映出来的人力资本的匮乏 5 高科技对产业调整的重大影响 thegreatimpactofhightechnologyontheadjustmentofindustries 6 推动经济增长的关键因素 keyfactorsdrivingeconomicgrowth 7 从一个农业国向工业国的转型 thetransformationfromanagriculturalnationintoanindustrialone lackofhumancapitalreflectedineconomicdevelopment UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth 8 构成全要素生产率增长的有形和无形要素 9 隐藏在技术进步之后的教育系统的改善 theimprovementofeducationalsystemslurkingintechnologicalprogress 10 该产业中资本与劳动力的比率 theratioofcapitaltolabourinthisindustry 11 增加劳动力数量并提高其教育培训程度 toexpandthelabourforceandincreaseitseducationandtraining thetangibleandintangiblefactorsmakingupthetotalfactorproductivitygrowth UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth 12 研发部门在跨国公司经营中的作用 13 一份对多国技术进步情况进行分析的报告 astudyreportanalyzingvariationsintechnicalprogressacrossalargenumberofcountries 14 把计量和模型结合引入经济分析 toincorporatequantityandmodelsintoeconomicanalysis 15 发达国家和发展中国家在收入上的巨大差距 greatgapinincomesbetweendevelopedanddevelopingnations theroleoftheR Ddepartmentintheoperationsofmultinationalcorporations UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish 1 不少经济学家认为 像香港 新加坡这样土地稀少的地区 其经济的快速发展应该主要归功于教育程度的提高 在此基础上 经济学家们得出了结论 知识是这些国家或地区经济发展的主要因素 attributeto Manyeconomistsattributedtherapideconomicgrowthrateofsomeland desiringareas suchasHongKongandSingapore totheenhancementofeducationallevelsoftheirpopulations Basedonthis theydrewtheirconclusionthatknowledgeisthekeytotheireconomicdevelopment UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth 2 60年代 日本在从发达国家大量引进尖端技术和技术诀窍的基础上 进行了大规模的经济扩张活动 使日本的经济在短短的20年间迅速赶上了世界先进水平 know how Inthe1960s onthebasisofimportingmuchsophisticatedtechnologyandknow howfromdevelopedcountries Japanexpandeditseconomyonalargescale enablingitseconomytokeepupwiththemostadvancedleveloftheworldinashortperiodof20years UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth 3 新经济理论的发展给统计学提出了许多课题 例如 高就学率并不意味着经济的高增长率 如果教育质量很差 或受过教育的人们在一个扭曲的劳动力市场上不能人尽其用的话 beemployedatone spotential translateinto Thedevelopmentofneweconomictheorieshasraisedmanysubjectstostatistics Forexample highratesofschoolenrollmentmaynottranslateintohighratesofeconomicgrowthifthequalityofeducationispoor orifeducatedpeoplearenotemployedattheirpotentialbecauseofdistortionsinthelabormarket UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth 4 1994年 在经过长期研究之后 著名经济学家克鲁格曼发表了一份对多国技术进步情况调查的报告 他指出 亚洲的经济不是建立在技术进步的基础上 所以含有很多泡沫 3年后爆发的东南亚经济危机证实了他的猜想 variationsintechnicalprogress In1994 afteralongperiodofresearch thefamouseconomistKrugmanpresentedastudyreportanalyzingvariationsintechnicalprogressacrossalargenumberofcountries HesaidinthereportthattheeconomicdevelopmentofAsiawasnotbasedontheprogressoftechnology sotheeconomycontainedmuchfoam Threeyearslater thesuddenbreak outofSoutheastAsianeconomiccrisisverifiedhisassumption UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomicGrowth 5 由于科学技术在一定程度上是无形的 所以 到目前为止 人们还未想出确定其价值大小的理想方法 putavalueon Peoplehavenothithertocomeupwithanidealmethodtoputavalueonscienceandtechnology foritisintangibletosomedegree UnitOneKnowledgeandEconomic