独立主格与悬垂分词

独立主格结构独立主格结构 英语中 独立主格结构的形式是 名词或代词跟形容词 副词 介词短语 非谓语动词连 在一起 构成独立主格结构 1 名词 代词 不定式 如 A house to be built we must save every cent 由于要建一座房子 我们必须节省每一分钱 Now here is Li Lei Wei Fang to come tomorrow 现在李蕾来了 魏方明天到 2 名词 代词 ing 分词 如 The bus coming here soon we should get everything ready 汽车很快就要来了 我们应该把一 切事情准备好 Mother being ill Li Lei was very worried 母亲病了 李蕾非常焦急 3 名词 代词 动词的过去分词 如 His cup broken he used his bowl instead 茶杯破了 他就用碗来代替 4 名词 代词 形容词 如 The ground muddy we should be careful 地面泞泥 我们应该小心 5 名词 代词 副词 如 The class over we all went out to play 下课后 我们都出去玩 6 名词 代词 介词短语 如 from Glasses in his hand he asked where his glasses were 手里拿着眼镜 他问他的眼镜哪去了 二 二 独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构的句法功能 独立主格结构在句子中作状语 表示时间 原因 条件和伴随等情况 1 作时间状语 School over the students went home 放学后 学生们都回家了 The ceremony ended the games began 仪式结束后 比赛开始了 2 作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow we ll go boating 如果明天天气好的话 我们就去划船 Li Lei coming it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong 如果李蕾来的话 就没有必要叫吴东了 3 作原因状语 The meeting being put off we needn t hurry 由于会议推迟了 我们就没有必要匆忙了 Mr Li being ill Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead 李老师病了 杨老师将代他来给我 们上这堂课 4 作伴随状语 Mr Li comes here a book in his hand 李先生手里拿着书过来了 A smile on her face she asked what she could do for us 她面带微笑问道我们要什么 英语的独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间 原因 条件或伴随情况等 在许 多情况下相当于一个状语从句或并列句 1 用作时间状语用作时间状语 The work done After the work had been done we went home 工作完成后 我们 就回家了 2 用作条件状语用作条件状语 Weather permitting If weather permits they will go on an outing to the beach tom orrow 如果天气允许的话 他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游 3 用作原因状语用作原因状语 An important lecture to be given tomorrow As an important lecture will be given t omorrow the professor has to stay up late into the night 因为明天要发表一个重要的演 讲 教授不得不熬夜到很晚 4 用作伴随状语用作伴随状语 He was lying on the grass his hands crossed under his head and his hands were c rossed under his head 他躺在草地上 两手交叉枕在脑后 5 表示补充说明表示补充说明 A hunter came in his face red with cold and his face was red with cold 一个猎 人走了进来 他的脸冻得通红 We redoubled our efforts each man working like two 我们加倍努力 一个人干两个 人的活 注 注 独立主格结构表示时间 条件或原因时 相当于一个状语从句 一般放在句首 表示原因时还可放在句末 表伴随状况或补充说明时 相当于一个并列句 通常放于句末 独力主格结构 the absolute structure 的定义 由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构 用 于修饰整个句子 而不是一个词或词组 独立主格结构中的名词或 代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系 这种结构与 主句不发生句法上的联系 独立主格结构的位置相当灵活 可置于 主句前 主句末或主句中 常由逗号将其与主句分开 需特别注意 的是 独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词 在分词作状语时 其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致 如果 不一致的话 分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语 名词或代词 构 成分词的独立结构 即独立主格结构 或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构 也有人把它视作固定表达 独立主格结构多用于书面语 尤其是描述性语言中 在口语和非 正式文体中 一般用从句或两个句子来代替 独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式 对于分词来 讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致 而独立主格则在很大程 度上克服了这一局限性 1 主要特征 1 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构 分词与主语间是主谓关系 基本形式为 主语 现在分词或过去分词 如 his heart bleeding the baby crying the project completed The school being over the street was full of the students When the school was over the street was full of the students 2 切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构 比较 my mind wandering 独立主格 My mind was wandering 主谓结构 3 独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致 如 With His mouth filled with water he couldn t utter a word 独立主格 对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致 Filling his mouth with water he couldn t utter a word 2 在句子中的作用 独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间 条件 原因 伴随状态等 如 The film being over we had a stroll on the nearby street 时间 Weather permitting I will go fishing with my family 条件 Time pressing they had to work overtime 原因 The leaves rustling in the breeze I roamed on the country road 伴随 例题 1 modern offices becoming more mechanized designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer less severe interiors A If B But C With D Once 答案 C 解释 句中主干完整 主语是 designers 谓语是 are attempting 之后是不定式构成的宾语 空白后 becoming 采取分词形式 modern offices 是 becoming 的逻辑主语 因此可确定需填入的词 会与原句构成独立主格结构 而不是从句 A B D 可一次性排除 其实此句除去空白处 已是完整的句子 类似句子如 The man entered the room his hair flying in the air 注意 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由 with 引导 如本例 题 悬垂结构 Dangling Element 的定义 一般在一个句子中 修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个 词或短语 如果它不修饰句中的任何成分 而处于悬 浮状态 这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构 Dangling Element Climbing up the tower the whole city came into our view 悬垂结构 的理解 分词短语在句子中作状语时 其逻辑主语 亦称隐 含主语 通常应是整个句子的主语 如果不是 而且 其本身也不带自己的主语 如在独立主格结构中 就 被认为是一个语言失误 这个分词就叫做 悬垂分词 dangling participle 或 无依附分词 unattached participle 例如 1 Getting down from the bus my ankle was sprained 2 Driving to Chicago that night a sudden thought struck me 由 悬垂结构 造成的错误 1 悬垂分词 误 Being Sunday they went for a picnic 正 It being Sunday they went for a picnic 正 As it was Sunday they went for a picnic 2 悬垂不定式 误 To swim properly a course of instruction was necessary 正 To swim properly one needs a course of instruction 3 悬垂简式从句 误 When a middle school student his parents were very strict with him 正 When he was a middle school student his parents were very strict with him 可接受的悬垂分词 Having been deserted by his guide there seemed little hope that the explorer would find his way through the jungle Leaving the cinema it seemed to him that the film had been exceptionally bad When driving carelessly it is easy to have an accide