Modelling With Autocad xx英文原版工程技术教材教程教案

Modelling With Autocad xx英文原版工程技术教材教程教案 Modelling with AutoCADxxmodelling with AutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page iOthertitles fromBob McFarlaneBeginning AutoCADISBN0340585714Progressing with AutoCADISBN0340601736Introducing3D AutoCADISBN0340614560Solid Modelling with AutoCADISBN0340632046Assignments inAutoCADISBN0340691816Starting with AutoCAD LTISBN0340625430Advancing withAutoCAD LTISBN03406457923D Draughtingusing AutoCADISBN0340677821Beginning AutoCAD R13for WindowsISBN0340645725Advancing withAutoCAD R13for WindowsISBN0340691875Modelling withAutoCAD R13for WindowsISBN0340692510Using AutoLISPwithAutoCADISBN03407xx6BeginningAutoCAD R14for WindowsNT andWindows95ISBN03407xx4Advancing withAutoCADR14for WindowsNT andWindows95ISBN0340740531Modelling withAutoCADR14for WindowsNT andWindows95ISBN0340731613An Introduction to AEC5 1withAutoCADR14ISBN0340741856modelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page iiModelling withAutoCADxxBob McFarlaneMSc BSc ARCSTCEng FIED RCADDesMIMechE MIEE MIMgt MBCS MCSDCurriculum ManagerCAD andNew Media Motherwell College Autodesk EducationalDeveloperOXFORDAMSTERDAMBOSTONLONDONNEW YORKPARISSANDIEGOSAN FRANCISCOSINGAPORESYDNEYTOKYOmodelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page iiiButterworth Heinemann Animprint ofElsevier ScienceLinacre House Jordan Hill Oxford OX28DP225Wildwood Avenue Woburn MA01801 2041First publishedxxCopyright xx R McFarlane All rightsreservedThe right of BobMcFarlane tobe identifiedas theauthor of this workhas beenasserted in aordance with the Copyright Designs andPatents Act1988 No part ofthis publication maybe reproducedin anymaterial form including photocopyingor storingin anymedium byelectronic meansand whetheror nottransiently orincidentally to some otheruse ofthis publication without thewritten permissionof the copyright holderexcept in aordance with the provisionsof theCopyright Designs andPatents Act1988or underthe termsof alicence issuedby theCopyright LicensingAgency Ltd 90Tottenham CourtRoad London England W1T4LP Applications for thecopyrightholder s writtenpermission toreproduce anypart ofthispublicationshould beaddressed to the publisherBritishLibrary Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from theBritish LibraryLibraryof CongressCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbook isavailablefrom the Libraryof CongressISBN0750656115Produced andtypeset byGray Publishing Tunbridge Wells KentPrinted andbound inGreat Britainby BathPress AvonFor informationon allButterworth Heinemannpublications visitour websiteat bh modelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page ivContentsPrefaceviiChapter1The3D standard sheet1Chapter2Extruded3D models5Chapter3The UCS and3D coordinates14Chapter4Creating a3D wire frame model24Chapter5The UCS32Chapter6The modifymands with3D models44Chapter7Dimensioning in3D47Chapter8Hatching in3D52Chapter9Tiled viewports56Chapter103D views Viewpoint 64Chapter11Model space and paper spaceanduntiled viewports83Chapter12New3D multipleviewport standard sheet91Chapter13Surface modelling100Chapter143DFACE andPFACE110Chapter153DMESH110Chapter16Ruled surface113Chapter17Tabulated surface121Chapter18Revolved surface123Chapter19Edge surface127Chapter203D polyline133Chapter213D objects136Chapter223D geometrymands139Chapter23Blocks andWblocks in3D151Chapter24Dynamic viewing161modelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page vChapter25Viewport specificlayers169Chapter26Shading and3D orbit173Chapter27Introductiontosolid modelling179Chapter28The basicsolid primitives184Chapter29The sweptsolid primitives196Chapter30Boolean operationsand positesolids205Chapter31Composite model1 a machinesupport209Chapter32Composite model2 a backingplate214Chapter33Composite model3 a flangeand pipe219Chapter34The edgeprimitives222Chapter35Solids editing228Chapter36Regions235Chapter37Inquiring intosolids241Chapter38Slicing andsectioning solid models247Chapter39Profiles andtrue shapes255Chapter40Dimensioning inmodel andpaper space262Chapter41A detaileddrawing267Chapter42Blocks wblocks andexternal references273Chapter43The setupmands286Chapter44The finalposite295Chapter45Rendering302Chapter46Publishing to the web312Chapter47Students models316Activities323Index335viModelling withAutoCADxxmodelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page viPrefaceThisbook is intended for the AutoCADxxuser whowants tolearn aboutmodelling My aimis todemonstrate howthe usercan create3D wire frame models surface modelsand solid modelswith practicalexercises backedup byuser activities The concept ofhow multipleviewports can be used to enhancedrawing productivitywill alsobediscussed indetail The userwill alsobe introducedto rendering The bookwill providean invaluableaid to a widevariety ofusers ranging from thecapable to the petent The bookwill assiststudents on any nationalcourse whichrequires3D draughtingandsolidmodelling e g City andGuilds BTEC andSQA aswellas studentsat higherinstitutions Users inindustry willfind thebook usefulas areferenceand an inspiration The bookwill alsoprove usefultotheDesign Technologydepartments inschools whoare nowbeing moreinvolved inputer aideddesign Reader requirementsThe following arethe requirementsI considerimportant forusing thebook a the abilityto drawwithAutoCADxxb the abilityto useicons and toolbarsc an understandingof howto usedialogue boxesd the abilityto openand savedrawings toa named foldere a knowledgeof model paperspacewould bean advantage although thisis notessentialUsing the bookThebookisessentially aself teaching packagewith the reader workinginteractivelythrough exercisesusing informationsupplied The variousprompts andresponses willbelisted inorder andicons anddialogue boxeswill be included whereappropriate Thefollowingpoints areimportant a All drawingwork should be savedtoanamed folder The foldername is at yourdiscretionbut Iwill refer to itas MODRxx e g open drawingMODRxx MODEL1or similarb Icons will be displayedthe firsttime isusedc Menu barselection will be inbold type e g Draw Surfaces 3D Faced Keyboard entrywill alsobe inbold type e g VPOINT UCS etce Prompts will beintypewrite type e g First cornerf The symbolwill requirethe user to pressthe return enter key NoteAll theexercises and activities havebeen pletedusing AutoCADxx I havetriedto correctany errorsin the drawings andtext but if any errorshould our I apologiseforthem andhope theydo notspoil yourlearning experience Modelling isan intriguingtopicand shouldgive yousatisfaction andenjoyment Any mentsyou have about howto improvethe materialin thebook wouldbe greatlyappreciated modelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page viiToCIARA our beautifulgrand daughtermodelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page viiiThe3D standardsheetToassist uswith the models which will becreated a standardsheet prototype drawing will bemade withlayers a text style dimension stylesetc This standardsheet will besaved asboth a drawing file and a template file It will be modified added toas thechaptersprogress 1Start AutoCADxxand promptStartup dialogue boxrespondpick Use a WizardpromptStartup Usea Wizard dialogue boxrespondpickAdvanced Setupthen OKpromptAdvancedSetup dialogue boxrespondselect the following tothe varioussteps a Step1Units Decimal Precision0 00 Next b Step2Angle Decimal Degrees Precision0 0 Next c Step3Angle Measure East 0 Next d Step4Angle Direction Counter Clockwise Next e Step5Area Width420and Length297 i e A3 thenpick Finishandablank screenwill be displayed2LayersMenu bar with Format Layer and make the following newlayers namecolourliypeMODELREDcontinuousTEXTGREENcontinuousDIMMAGENTAcontinuousOBJECTSBLUEcontinuousSECTnumber 96continuous0whitecontinuousNB other layerswill be added asrequired 3Text styleMenu bar with Format Text Style andmakea newtextstyle Name ST1Font romans shxHeight 0 Width factor 1 Oblique angle 0Apply thenClose thendialogue box4UnitsMenu bar with Format Units and Units Decimal with Precision 0 00Angle Decimal DegreeswithPrecision 0 0Drawing unitsfor DesignCenterblocks MillimetersChapter1modelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page15LimitsMenu barwithFormat Drawing Limitsand promptSpecify lowerleft cornerand enter 0 0promptSpecify upperright cornerand enter 420 2976Drafting SettingsMenu barwith Tools Drafting Settingsand use the tabsto set a Snap 5and grid 10 not generallyused in3Db Polar Tracking offc Object Snap off and all modes clearObject SnapTracking off7Dimension styleMenu barwithDimension Styleand promptDimension Style Manager dialogue boxrespondpick NewpromptCreateNew Dimension Style dialogue boxrespond1 New StyleName 3DSTD2 Start With ISO 25 or similar 3 Use for All dimensions4 pick ContinuepromptNewDimension Style 3DSTD dialogueboxrespondpick Linesand Arrowstab and alter 1 Dimension Linesa Baseline spacing 102 Extension Linesa Extend beyonddim lines 2 5b Offset fromorigin 2 53 Arrowheadsa both ClosedFilledb Leader Closed Filledc Arrow size 4d Center Markfor Circles Nohenpick Texttab and alter 1 Text Appearancea Text Style ST1b Text Height 52 Text Placementa Vertical Aboveb Horizontal Centredc Offset fromdim line 1 53 Text Alignmenta ISO StandardthenpickFit tab andalter 1 Fit Optionsa Either thetext orthe arrowsactive black dot 2 Text Placementa Beside thedimension lineactive3 Scale forDimension Featuresa Use overallscale of 14 Fine tuning both inactive i e blank2Modelling withAutoCADxxmodelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page2thenpick PrimaryUnits tabandalter 1 Linear Dimensionsa Unit Format Decimalb Precision 0 00c Decimal separator Periodd Round off 02 Measurement Scalea Scale factor 13 Zero Suppressiona Trailing active i e tick4 Angular Dimensionsa Units Format Decimal Degreesb Precision 0 0c Zero Suppression Trailing activethenpickAlternate Unitstaband 1 Display alternateunits not activethenpickTolerances taband 1 Tolerance Format1Method Nohenpick OKfrom NewDimensionStyledialogue boxpromptDimensionStyleManagerdialogue boxwith1 3DSTD addedto styleslist2 preview of3DSTD styledisplayed3 description of3DSTD givenrespond1 pick3DSTD and it beeshighlighted2 pick SetCurrent3 AutoCAD alertperhaps just pick OK4 pick Close8Make layer0current andmenu barwith Draw Rectangle and promptSpecify firstcorner pointand enter 0 0promptSpecify othercorner pointand enter 420 2909This rectanglewill save as a reference base for ourmodels10Menu barwith View Zoom All andpan to suit11Make layer MODEL current12Set variablesto yourown requirements e g GRIPS PICKFIRST etc While Igenerallywork with these off there will be oasionswhen theywill betoggled on13Menu barwith File Save Asand promptSave DrawingAs dialogueboxrespond1 scroll and pick namedfolder MODRxx 2 enter File name 3DSTDA33 file type AutoCAD2000Drawing dwg 4 pick SaveThe3D standardsheet3modelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page314Menu barwith File Save Asand promptSave DrawingAs dialogueboxrespond1 scroll atFiles oftype2 pick AutoCADDrawing TemplateFile dwt 3 scroll andpick namedfolder4 enter Filename as 3DSTDA35 pick SavepromptTemplateDescription dialogueboxrespond1 Enter This ismy3D standardsheet2 pick OK15The createdstandardsheet has been saved as adrawing fileandatemplate file bothwith thename3DSTDA3 Both havebeen savedtotheMODRxxnamedfolder orthe nameyou havegiven thefolder tosave allmodelling work 16Notea we couldhave savedthe template file tothe AutoCADTemplate file you stillcan ifyouwantb saving the standardsheetas atemplate willstop the user inadvertently over writingthe basic3DSTD standarddrawing sheetc all models will becreated from the3DSTDA3template filed all pleted modelswill be savedas drawingsto your named foldere thestandardsheethas beensavedas adrawingfileas backupWeare nowready toproceed withcreating3D andsolidmodels 4Modelling withAutoCADxxmodelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page4Extruded3D modelsAn extruded model is createdby extrudinga shape upwards ordownwards fromahorizontal plane called theELEVATION plane The actualextruded height or depth is calledthe THICKNESSand can be positiveor negativerelative tothe setelevationplane This extrudedthickness isalways perpendiculartothe elevation plane Theextrusion isin the Z directionof the UCS icon more on the UCSlater The basicextrudedterminology is displayed inFig 2 1 Note Extruded modelswere oneof the first ever3D displayswith aCAD system Theterm3D model is notquite correct a moreaurate descriptionbeing21 2D model Chapter2Figure2 1Basic extrudedterminology modelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page5Example1The exampleis given as aseries ofuser enteredsteps these stepsalso beingdisplayedin Fig 2 2 The exercisewill introducethe userto someof the basic3D mandsandconcepts To getstarted 1Open your3DSTDA3template fileand displaytoolbars tosuit e g Draw Modify andObject Snap 2Layer MODELshould becurrent Step1 the firstelevation1 At themand lineenter ELEVand promptSpecify new default elevationand enter 0promptSpecify newdefault thicknessand enter 502 Nothing appearsto havehappened 3 Select theLINE icon and draw Start point 40 40Next point 100 0Next point 100 90Next point 100 0Next point C the closeoption4 A red square will be displayed 6Modelling withAutoCADxxFigure2 2Extruded example1 modelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page6Step2 the secondelevation1 At themand lineenter ELEVand promptSpecify newdefault elevationand enter 50promptSpecify newdefault thicknessand enter 302 Select theCIRCLE iconand a centre point enter90 90b radius enter403 At themand lineenter CHANGEand promptSelect objectsrespondpick the circle then right clickpromptSpecify changepoint or Properties enterP the propertiesoptionpromptEnter propertyto change Color Elev Layer Ltype etcenterC the coloroptionpromptEnter newcolorentergreenpromptEnter propertyto changerespondright click andpick Enter4 The addedcircle will be displayed with agreen colourStep3 the thirdelevation1 With theELEV mand a set thedefault elevation to80b set thedefault thickness to102 With theLINE icon draw Start point 70 70Next point 110 70Next point 90 120Next point C3 With the CHANGE mand change thecolour of the threelines toblue using thesameprocedure aswas usedpreviously 4 We nowhaveablue triangleinside agreen circleinside ared square and appeartohave atraditional2D plantype drawing 5 Each of the threeshapes hasbeen createdona different defaultelevation plane a square elevation0b circle elevation50c triangle elevation80Step4 viewing the model in3DTo see the modelin3D the3D Viewpointmand is required so 1 From themenu barselect View 3D Views SE Isometric2 The model will be displayed in3D The black drawing border is alsodisplayed in3Dand actsas a base forthe model 3 The orientationof the model issuch thatit isdifficult toknow ifyou arelooking downon it or lookingup atit This ismon with3D modellingand iscalledAMBIGUITY Another mand isrequiredto remove this ambiguity 4 At thisstage saveyour modelwith File Save Asand ensure a File typeis AutoCAD2000Drawing dwg b Save in MODRxx yournamedfolderc Filename EXT 1 the drawingname5 This savesthedrawingas C MODRxx EXT 1 dwg the pathnameExtruded3D models7modelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page7Step5 the hidemand1 From themenu barselect View Hide and the modelwill bedisplayed with hiddenline removal It is now easierto visualise 2 From the screen displayit isobvious that themodel is beingviewed fromabove butit ispossible toview fromdifferent angles 3 Menu barwith View Regen to restore the original modelStep6 another viewpoint1 At themand lineenter VPOINTand promptSpecify aview point or Rotate enterR the rotateoptionpromptEnter anglein XYplane fromX axis and enter 315promptEnter anglein XYplane andenter 102 The modelwill bedisplayed froma differentviewpoint withouthidden line removal3 At themand lineenter HIDE4 The modelwill bedisplayed withhidden lineremoval and is beingviewed from below5 At themand lineenter REGENto restore the originalStep7 the shademand1 Restore the original3D viewwiththemenu barsequence View 3D Views SEIsometric2 Menu barwith View Shade Flat Shadedand themodelwill bedisplayed in colour This is the resultof thechange mandafter thevarious objectshad beendrawn 3 Note the icon more onthis later4 Menu barwith View Shade Gouraud Shadedand note the effecton themodel Can youobserve anydifference betweenthe flatshading and the Gouraudshading Look at the cylinder partof themodel5 Investigate theother SHADEoptions available6 Restore themodel to its originaldisplay with View Shade 2D Wireframeand notethe icon Task1With theERASE mandpick anyline of the base andaplete side is erasedbecauseit isan extrusion2Undo theerase effectwith U3Using theerase mandpick any point on the top circle and theplete cylinder willbeerased 4Undo thiserase effect 5This pletesour firstextrusion exercise 6Note Although Fig 2 2displays severaldifferent viewpointsof themodel on one sheet thisconcept willnot bediscussed untila later chapter At presentyou willonly display asingle viewpointof themodel 8Modelling withAutoCADxxmodelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page8Example2This examplewill useadifferentmethod ofchanging thecolour of themodelobjects the Propertiestoolbar so 1Open your3DSTDA3template file layerMODELcurrent andrefertoFig 2 32At themand lineenter PICKFIRSTand promptEnter newvalue forPICKFIRSTenter1andpickfirst box attached to cursorcross hairsExtruded3D models9Figure2 3Extruded example2 modelling withAutoCAD qxd17 06 xx15 37Page9Step1 the base1 With ELEVat themand line set thenewdefaultelevation to0and thenewdefault thickness to302 With thepolyline icon from theDraw toolbar draw a0width polyline Start point50 50Next point 100 0Next point 0 100Next point 100 0Next pointC3 Menu barwith Modify Fillet and promptSelect firstobject or Polyline Radius Trim enterR the radiusoptionpromptSpecify filletradiusenter20promptSelect firstobject Polyline Radius Trim enterP polyline optionpromptSelect2D polylinerespondpickany pointon thepolyline4 The redpolyline willbe filletedat thefour cornersStep2 thefirstpillar1 Set theelevation to30and the thickness to1002 With theLINE mand draw a20unit squarethe lowerleft cornerbeing at thepoint65 653 Using thepickbox on the curso