外文翻译 - 土地登记和记录的自动化数字化归档

0外文原文AutomatedDigitalArchiveforLandRegistrationandRecordsAbstract-LandmanagementisanimportantissueforBangladesh,wherethelandregistrationprocessisamajorbarriertotheeconomicgrowthofthecountry.TechnologyandITcangreatlyfacilitatethecreationofaproperlandmanagementsystem.Thispaperfocusesonvariousissuesandproblemsrelatedtothecurrentsystemoflandmanagement.ItoffersanalternativemanagementsystemusingITfeaturesandshowsacomparisonbetweentheexistingsystemandtheproposedsystem.ItisshownthatadigitizedlandmanagementsysteminBangladeshcanbringpositiveoutcomesintheentireprocessbyminimizinghassle,expenditure,time,andstaffdishonesty.IndexTerms-Land,Records,Bangladesh,AutomatedI.INTRODUCTIONLanddominatesthelifeofalmosteverypersoninBangladesh,particularlyinruralareas.Aproperrecordingoflandrights,alongwiththeneedforasoundlandmanagementsystemisimportantforalargelyagrarianeconomyunderheavypopulationpressure.Theexistinglandmanagementsystemisveryineffectiveandcumbersomeatbest.Thegovernmentalsystemoflandtradingisverytimeconsumingandproblematic.Takingtheadvantageofthisintricatesystem,asectionofpersonnelaregrabbingthepropertiesoftheweak.Asaresult,thenumberoflawsuits,illegalpossessions,strife,scuffles,andothercrimesareincreasingdaybyday.Thepresentsuperannuatedlandmanagementsystemisresponsibletoagreatextentforthedeterioratinglawandordersituationofthecountry.II.PRESENTSYSTEMThedirectorateofLandRecordsandSurveys(DLRS)isentrustedwiththeresponsibilityofcarryingoutcadastralsurveysandpreparationandmaintenanceofRecordOfRights(ROR)inrespectofeveryparceloflandinthecountry.Withthepassageoftime,theorganizationalstructureoftheDirectoratechangedconsiderablytomeetnew1requirements.Therearetwopartsinthepreparationoftherecordofrights.Thefirstpartistodrawarevisedmouzamapshowingchangesinlocation,areaandcharacteristicsofland.ThesecondpartistopreparetheKhatian(cadastre)includingtheownership,areaandcharacterofland.Thesetwopartstogetherarecalledrecordofrights.Thephasesfollowedinthesurveyandpreparationofrecordofrightsaretraversesurvey,plottoplotsurvey,Kistwar(demarcationofboundary),Khanapuri(preliminaryrecordwriting),Bujharat(localexplanation),attestation,draftpublication,hearingofobjections,appeal,finalJunch(checking),printingandpublicationofKhatian.A.LandSaleRegistrationOnefundamentalaspectoflandregistrationinBangladeshisthatitismerelytherecordofanisolatedtransaction.Itonlyshowsthataparticulartransactiontookplacebutitdoesnotestablishwhetherthepartiesarelegallyentitledtoenterintosuchatransaction.Inotherwordsregistrationtakesplacewithoutanycriticalexaminationofrelevantrecords.ThiskindofregistrationofdeedsinBangladeshhasbeeninforcesincetheRegistrationActof1908.Theamountoftaxleviedontheimmovablepropertytransferredis10percentofthetotalvalueoftheproperty.Whenthebuyerandthesellerofaparceloflandcometoanagreementonthetransferofland,adeedispreparedonthestampofrequiredvaluewiththehelpofadeedwriter,andthenitispresentedbeforetheSub-Registrarforregisteringitandforputtingtheofficialsealonit.BoththebuyerandthesellerhavetoappearbeforetheSub-Registrarwhotakescognizanceofthelandtransferandputshissignaturewiththeofficialseal.Theregistereddeediscopiedintherelevantvolume.Ittakesabout9-12monthstogettheregistereddeed.Thedeedpreparedbythedeedwritescontainsalotofunnecessarywordsandsentence,whichcouldbeavoided.AtpresentthelandrecordskeptintheTehsilofficearenotcheckedtofindoutwhethertheselleristherealownerofthelandornot,orifanyotherpersonshavegotanyinterestintheplotoflandinquestion.Thereareinstancesoffalseregistrationinbothurbanandruralareas.Theincidenceoffalseregistrationismuchhigherinurbanareas.Aplotoflandmaybesoldtodifferentpeopleleadingtodecades-longLitigation.B.LandMutationProcess2Therearetwowaysamutationprocesscanstart,namelyMutationaccordingtolandtransfer(LT)MutationinresponsetoapplicationWhenevertheownershipofanylandischangedbecauseofasaleorinanyotherwayandthischangeofownershipisregistered,theSub-Register,undertheTransferofPropertyActandRegistrationActisrequiredtosendalandtransfernoticetotheThanaLandOffice.OnreceiptoftheLTnoticetheAC(Land)startsacaseforupdatingtherecordofrights.Theupdatingofrecordofrightsisalsodoneduringthesettlementoperation.Whenthereisnosettlementoperation,thisisdonebytheAC(Land)/ThanaRevenueOfficerundersection143oftheEastBengalStateAcquisitionandTendencyAct,1950onreceiptofanapplicationfromthetenants.Incaseofmutationthroughinheritance,aftergettinginformationofdeathoftenant,theTehsildarmaysendanoticetotheincumbent.Theparty/incumbentmayalsoapplyformutationindicatingtheirshareaccordingtothelawofinheritance(generallythesuccessor-in-interestappliesformutationofholdings).InBangladesh,mutationduetothebothinheritanceandsalearecommon.In1994,themonthlyaveragenumberofmutationcasesfiledinPartI(mutationduetoinheritance)was23,893andinPartIItypesofmutationwas46,828.Inthesameyear,themonthlyaveragenumberofmutationcasesdisposedofinPartIIandPartIwere21,496and16,778respectively,andoverallaveragemonthlydisposalineachmonthwas8,554andthecumulativefigureswereincreasingeveryyear.III.PROPOSEDSYSTEMTheproposedITimplementedlandmanagementsystemwillbeespeciallybeneficialformakinginitiativesinEgovernanceasthesamedataandrecordscanthenbesharedacrossanumberofgovernmentdepartments.Thiswillnotonlyresultinreductionofcostsforlandrecordaccessbutalsofacilitateeasierinformationdistributionanddissemination.Thesoftwaretobeimplementedwillprovideallthegraphicaldisplay,queryandeditcapabilitiesofanyconventionalGISsoftwareandalsohasarobustmoduleforDataEntryandDataMaintenance.Thenoteworthyaspectsofthesoftwarewillbethesecurityfeatures,which,willbeconceptualizedtocatertotheveryhighsecurityneedsoflandrecordsTransactions.3A.DetailedMappingInformationontheareaandlocationoflandcanbecollectedthroughfourdifferentapproaches:i)GroundSurvey,ii)Aerial/SatellitePhotography,iii)GPSbaseddatacollectionsystemandiv)Existinginformationoflandsinthelandoffices.Bangladeshiswellsuitedforcadastralmappingbyverticalairphotographictechniques.Itsprimaryadvantageisitsflatnessandairvisibilityofplotboundaries.Ascaleof1:12,000willbesufficientenoughinmostareas.Themainstepsinaerialsurveywillconsistof:i)takingofphotographs,ii)rectification(1:12,000scale),iii)correctioninsite,iv)providingasurveynumber,v)areacalculation,vi)preparationofdraftKhasra,vii)preparationofmapwithinternaldetails,viii)publicreviewofdraftKhasraandmapix)andthefinalpublication.Usingaerialphotographymethodswillhavethreemainadvantages:First,contrarytotheprevailingnotionsitwillbelesscostlyandwillhavelessman-managementproblemstodealwith.Second,itwillcutdownthetimetakenforconventionalcadastralsettlementoperationsofabouttenyearsbyatleastthreeyears.Andfinallyitwillitwillyieldmuchmoreaccurateresults.However,thismethodwillrequiresubstantialinitialinvestmentintermsofpurchaseofequipmentandaircraftandtrainingofofficials.B.CreatingEffectiveDatabaseIntheexistingprocedure,thelandrecordsstoredintheTehsilofficearenotcheckedto4findoutwhethertheselleristherealownerofthelandornot.Retrievalofanyinformationisverydifficultwhichraisesaquestiontothepurposethevolumesofregisterswillserve.Computerizationofregistrationrecordswouldthereforemakethejobmuchsimplerandfacilitateeasyretrievalofregistrationrecords.Thenewsystemwillhandleallthemanualactivitiesoflandrecordsandtaxusingcomputerizeddatabasesystem.Itwillhavedatabasewithasimplerformatwiththenecessaryinformationfortheconveyanceoftheproperty.Thedatabasewillcontaininformationsuchasnamesandoccupationsofbothbuyerandseller,withtheirpresentandpermanentaddresses,theparticularsoftheland(lotnumber,JLnumber,nameofmouza),themodebywhichthesellerbecametheowneroftheplot(i.e.purchase,inheritance,etc.),theclassificationofland,areaofland,boundarydemarcating,thevalueatwhichthelandisbeingtransferred,taxetc.Incaseofpropertyinheritancethebuyerfieldwillbereplacedbypresentownerandthesellerfieldwillbereplacedbypreviousowner.Theeffectivenessobjectivenessofthedatabasewillinclude:i)Ensuringthatthestoreddatacanbeusedforavarietyofapplicationslike:recordkeeping,landregistration,mutation,propertytaxandcapitalgaincollectionandresolvingdispute.ii)Maintainingdatathatarebothaccurateandconsistentandavoidingdataredundancy.iii)Ensuringpurposefulinformationretrievalsystemsothatallthedatarequiredforcurrentandfutureapplicationswillbereadilyavailable.iv)Ensuringefficientupgradingsystemetc.C.DatabaseOrganization(LogicalandPhysicalViews)Thedatabaseistobesharedbymanyusers.Usersatdifferentlevelswillhavedifferentuserschema.Examiningtherequiredviewsanoveralllogicalmodelofthedatabasewillbedeveloped.Finallythelogicalmodelofthedatabasewillbetransformedintoacorrespondingphysicaldatabasedesign.Thephysicaldesignwillinvolvefundamentalinformationonhowdatawillbestoredandrelatedaswellashowtheywillbeaccessed.Thefigurebellowshowshowtheuserreportsanduserschemawillberelatedtothelogicalmodelandphysicaldesign.D.FeaturesoftheProposedSystemTheLandInformationManagementSystemssoftwarewillbeanintegratedsystem5whereintheuserwillbeprovidedwiththefacilitytonavigateandperformalloperationsfromDataEntrytoDataValidationtoRecordsDisplaythroughonesingleInterface.ThemainmodulesavailableintheLIMSwillbeasfollows:DataEntryModule:TheDataEntryModulewillhaveinterfacestoenterdataoftheregistersthataremaintainedforrevenuepurposes.Facilitytoviewandtakeprintsforeachandeveryregisterwillbeprovidedalongwiththeoptiontoviewandlistthecontentsoftheregisters.SecurityModuleConsideringtheconfidentialandsensitivenatureofthelandrecords,theissueofsecurityistobegiventhehighestprioritywhiledesigningthesoftware.TheimportantfeaturesoftheSecuritySetupwillbe:Restricteduseraccesstorecordswhereinonlyauthorizedlandfunctionarieshavepermissiontoeditrecordsinthedatabase.*Digitalsignatureforauthentication;Allrelevantemployeeswillhavetheoptiontoencrypttheirdigitalsignaturesinthedocumentthattheywillhandle.*Aseparatemodulefortrackingeachandeverytransactionthattakesplaceinthedatabasealongwiththenameoftheuserresponsibleforsuchaction.*Backupfacilitytohelpinregenerationofpastrecordsincaseofaccidentalordeliberatedeletion.Thesecurityofthesoftwarealongwiththeentiresystemwillbemaintainedatthreeseparatelevels:LogicalLevel:Thesystemwillpermittheuserwithcorrectpasswordsorauthorizationcodestoenterthesystemoraparticularpartofthedatabase.Therewillbeatleastthreedifferentlevelofsecurityaccess:1)Level1:Employedpersonnelatthesupremelevelwillbeallowedtoviewallthestoredlandrecords.Theywillbeallowedtoadddeleteandeditlandrecordsrelatedtobuying,sellingandmutationofland.Theywillalsobeallowedtoviewthetaxationrecordsonacertainpieceofland.2)Level2:Employeesatthesecondlevelwillbeallowedtoview,addandedittheexistingdata,i.e.theywillbeabletostorelandsellandmutationrecords.However,todeleteany6landrecordfromthedatabase,theywillrequirespecialpermissionsortheywillhavetohandoverthewordtothelevel1user.3)Level3:Thedatabasewillhavealimitedportionoftheeachentryas“readonlytoall”.Anyoneinterestedtoviewthebuyingandsellingrecordsonanypieceoflandwillbeabletodosobypayingcertaingovernmentfees.7外文翻译土地登记和记录的自动化数字化归档摘要-土地管理是孟加拉国的一个重要问题，是土地登记过程对一国经济增长的主要障碍。而技术可以大大促进土地管理制度合理的创新。本文对当前土地管理系统相关的各种问题进行了分析。它提供了一种替代管理系统的功能，以及进行现有的系统和该系统的比较。结果表明，对于孟加拉国当前使用的数字化土地管理系统可以使其有积极的结果，在整个过程中最大限度地减少问题，费用，时间，和员工的不诚实。关键字-土地，记录，孟加拉国，自动化一、引言土地在孟加拉国每个人的生活中几乎占主导地位，特别是在农村地区。一个适当的土地记录的系统急需出现，随着土地管理制度的需要的不断增大，是沉重的人口压力下的主要措施。现行土地管理制度是非常无效的和繁琐的，也不是最好的。土地交易在政府体制中是非常耗时的和有问题的。利用这种复杂的系统，一部分人员抓弱者的把柄，这样的结果就是，诉讼案件的数量，非法财物，冲突，和其他犯罪的逐日增加。目前废弃的土地管理系统在很大程度上反映这个国家的治安状况的不断恶化。二、目前的系统土地记录和调查局（DLRs）委托开展的地籍调查和记录的设备制备及其维修责任（ROR）在该国的每一块地受到尊重。随着时间的推移，董事会的组织结构发生了很大变化，用以满足新的要求。对于人权记录的制备有两个部分：第一部分是画一个修订地图以显示位置的变化、土地面积和特性。第二部分是准备地籍信息包括所有权，土地面积和特征。这两个部分一起被称为记录的权利。这个阶段之后，记录的权利制备调包括划线测量，地块的调查，划分边界，初步记录，当地的解释，认证，草案发布，听到异议，上诉，最终检查，印刷出版。A.买卖土地登记在孟加拉的土地登记的一个基本的方面是，它仅仅是一个孤立的交易记录。那只能说明一个特定的交易发生，但不能确定是否当事人依法享有并完成这样一个交易。换句话说，登记却并没有发生任何关键性的相关记录。这种契约登记在孟加拉国已自1908年登记法颁布就已经生效。税法对不动产转让征收的税费金额为房产价值的百分之十。当买方和卖方的一块土地来完成土地转让协议，契约上随着契约撰写者的帮助所需而进行准备，然后提出注册登记和加盖公章。无论是买方和卖方必须出现在子登记上，负责土地转让的人要进行认定和进行签字，加盖公章。注册契约、凭据应当进行相应的复制存档。它需要大约9-12个月获得注册契据。用行动写制备的行为包含了很多不必要的词语和句子，但这是可以避免的。目前土地记录保存在地区，并不检查所以无法发现卖方是否是土地真正的所有者，或任何其他的问题出现在这个土地契约中。在城市和农村地区常常有虚假注册的实例。虚长达几十年长的诉讼。B.土地变更过程有两种方法，一种变更的过程就可以开始，即根据土地转让（LT）针对土地应用8每当任何土地所有权有变化时，因出售或以任何其他方式，这种所有权变更登记，分登记，物权行为与登记行为下的转移必须向一地的办公室发出土地出让公告。对LT接收通知的方式开始于一种用于更新记录的情况下记录的权利。权利的更新也是在结算操作期间完成。当没有结算操作，这是由土地税务官员在东孟加拉颁布的的状态采集和趋势法143条款下，从1950年开始对从租户接到申请进行等级变更。在这种变更是通过继承得到的情况下，承租人死亡的信息后，可能会对现任上级发送一个通知。现任也可申请变更表明其份额，这是根据继承法（一般在利益继承人申请变更控股）。在孟加拉国，由于遗传变更是常见的转让方式。在1994年平均每月变更的案件排在第一位（由于继承遗产而变更的）为23893，排在第二位的变更为46828例。在同一年，在每月平均变更的统计下，排在第一位的和第二位的为21496和16778，而每月整体平均处理水平为每个月8554，累积数字也是逐年增加。三、提出的系统现在所提出的要实现的土地管理系统将使该项目在电子政务方面为相同的数据和记录可以在多个政府部门共享，这样的处理方式特别有益。这不仅会导致土地记录访问成本的降低，而且使信息的发布和传播更加方便。该软件将提供所需要的图形显示，具有查询和编辑任何传统的GIS软件的能力，还具有强大的数据录入和数据维护模块。该软件值得注意的方面是安全的特点。它的理念，将满足非常高的安全需求，实现土地记录的变更。A.详细的映射在面积和位置的土地信息可以通过四种不同的方法收集：1.地面调查，2.航空/卫星摄影，3.GPS为基础的数据采集系统4.现有信息的土地在土地办公室。孟加拉国是适合地籍测绘垂直空中摄影技术的的地方。它的主要优势在于它的平整度和小区边界空气能见度。一个规模1:12000将大部分地区是足够的。在航空测量的主要步骤包括：1.拍照，2.整流（1:12000比例），3.在现场校正，4.提供了一个调查数，5.面积计算，6