文献翻译——单片机火灾报警器

第1页外文文献资料SCMfirealarmMicrocontrollerandsmokesensorsmokealarmsarethetwocoresystems.SCMislikeabridgetolinkthesensorandalarmcircuitdevices.Inrecentyears,SCMhasbeenappliedtoallaspectsofthegradualdeepeningofthevariousdepartmentsofindustrialandagriculturalproductionandpeopleslives.Varioustypesofsingle-chipbasedontheneedsofsocietywhilealsodeveloped.SCMisadevice-levelcomputersystems,itisactuallyamicrocontrollerormicroprocessor.Becauseofitsfull-featured,smallsize,lowcost,soitcanbeappliedtoallelectronicsystems.Similarly,itcanalsobewidelyusedinalarmtechnology,makingallkindsofalarmfunctionmoreperfect,greatlyimprovedreliability,tomeettheneedsofsocialdevelopment.ThesensorastheITsystemsensesdevices,ifthereisnosensefeeltheinformation,orsensesslow,itisdifficulttoformahigh-precision,high-speedcontrolsystem.Americaoncethe1980scalledsensingtechnologyera,Japanhasevensensingtechnologyasthefirstofthetentechnologies.Therefore,thealarmfunctionaccordingtoneed,selecttheappropriate,accurate,economicalsmokesensorandmicrocontrollerchipiscritical.InthispaperthemaindesignisselectedSTC89C52microcontrollerandMQ-2semiconductorgassensorsmokeasthecoredevice.Currently,themodernbuildingwillhavedifferentfunctionsselectivelyinstallsmokealarmsystem.Becauseautomaticsmokealarmsystemisthenervoussystemofthebuilding,itcanfeeltoreceivetheearlysignsoffireandtimelyalarmtoalertandinformusersandneighboringresidents.Itslikeaonecompetentwatchman,tolive,ortorestinthefamilybusypeoplewithgreatsenseofsecurity.Intheearlystagesoffire,accuratelyandquicklydetectthefirealarm,promptlyorganizedforrapidevacuation,activelyandeffectivelycontrolthespreadoffire,rapidfireandreducefirelossesonresidentialpopulationhasimportantsignificance.Thetraditionalelectronsafealarmsystemmainlyisthroughthesensorautomaticdetection,producesthealarm,sendsoutthealarmfromthesceneor第2页reportstothepolicethroughthespecialelectriccableneardistance,thuscausespeoplesvigilance.Throughmanyyearsresearchandthedevelopment,thepresentalarmapparatusmaysayistheclassismultitudinous.Asaresultofthealarmapparatusrapiddevelopmentandthesocialeachdomainanxiousneed,cantheapplicationdomainbemoreandmoremany,speciallyisrapidlydevelopsinthecivildomain.Inrecentyears,theinfraredalarmapparatusalreadybecamereportstothepoliceadomainhotspot,becauseitusedwasnottheobviouslyinfraredacquisition,thereforehadthehidingtobegood,characteristicandsoonsecurity.Theinfraredsensorisdifferentaccordingtothemechanismmaydivideintothelightsurveyandthehotsurvey.Thelightacquisitionsensorisusesthephotoneffecttheinfraredacquisitionaid.Thiskindofsensorspeedofresponsequick,thesensitivityhigh,theexaminationcharacteristicisgood,butneedstocool,usesnotconveniently.Moreoverthecomponentexaminationsensitivityandtheinfraredwavelengthconcern.Thehotacquisitionsensorisuseshotlyreleasestheelectricityeffecttheinfraredacquisitionaid.Afterreceivesthegoaltheinfraredradiationtemperatureincrement,thetemperatureelevatescausesthesensorinteriorcertainphysicalquantitieschanges,throughexaminationphysicalquantitychangedefiniteinfraredemission.Thiskindofsensorworksundertheroomtemperaturecondition,examinationsensitivityalsoveryhigh,speedofresponsealsoveryquick,moreoverhasnothingtodowithwiththeinfraredemissionwavelength,maysurveythepoweronlytoreceivethebackgroundradiationthelimit,theapplicationisveryconvenient.Thisarticledesignsisthepassiveformhotlyreleasestheelectricityinfraredacquisitionaid.Inthearticlemainlyelaboratedhashotlyreleasedtheelectricitytheprinciple,hotlyreleasescontentandsoonmanyalarmcircuitwhichtheelectricdetectorthecharacteristic,theBISS0001signalprocessor,555timerscomposed.Finallydesignedcompleteshashotlyreleasedtheelectricityinfrareddetectionalarmapparatusthehardwareelectriccircuit.Withthemodernfamilyuseoffire,electricityconsumptionincreases,thefrequencyofhomefiresisgettinghigherandhigher.Thefamilyoffire,itiseasytofightdoesnotoccurpromptly,thelackoffire-fightingequipmentandthepresenceofpanic-strickenpeople,toescapeunfavorablefactors,suchasretardation,whicheventuallyledtoasignificantlossoflifeandproperty.Explore第3页thecharacteristicsofthefamilyoffireandfirepreventionmeasures.Forthepreventionofdomesticfires,reducingthefirelosseshavepracticalsignificance.Inthemodernurbanfamily,becauseoflotofpeopledonotunderstandcommonsensehomesecuritycausedbyfire,sothatthehappyfamilyGoogleruinedblinkofaneye,andsomeleadtodestruction,buttheeventofhouseholdfires,improperdisposal,alarmdelayiscausedsothatpeopleshouldgettoknowmoreaboutthemaincausesofhouseholdfires,mastertopreventthefireofknowledgeandincaseoffiretoprotecthisorherownway,timelyeliminationofTheUnitedKingdomeachyearmorethan50000familiesofseriousfires,mostofthemfirecasualtiesandsignificantlossofhouseholdassets,andsomeresultintheneighbors,moreheavyfirelosses.Investigatethecausesoffireintime,thevastmajorityofhomefireshappenpartiessaidthatthefirealwaysfeelthatthingsareotherpeoplewiththeirownfaraway,didnotthinkthiswillhappeneveninthetopofhishead.Homefiresarethemainreasonfornegligentnottotaketimelypreventivemeasures.Insomeofourlargeandmedium-sizedcities,almosteverydayfamilyfires,firepreventionissoeachfamilymustalwayspayattentionto.Ifyourhomebasedontheactualsituationinadvancetotakesimplefirepreventionmeasures,anumberoftragediesareentirelyavoidable.Automaticfirealarmsystemisinordertoinformtheearlydetectionoffire,andtakeeffectivemeasurestocontrolandfightfires,andsetinabuildingorotherplaceofanautomaticfirefacilities,isthatpeoplewithapowerfultooltofightthefire.Firealarmsystem,firedetectorsgenerally,regionalcentralizedalarmalarmandcomposition;alsoberequiredundertheprojectwithvariousfire-fightingfacilitiesandcommunicationdeviceslinkedtoformacentralcontrolsystem.Fromautomaticalarm,automaticfirefighting,evacuationguidance,systemprocessshowsthat,fireupacompletefilemanagement,firecontrolsystem.Firedetectorsarefiredetectiondevices,asinthestageoffirewillproducesmokewithhightemperatureflamecells.Thesmoke,heatandlightintoelectricalsignalsthroughthedetectoralarmorautomaticfireextinguishingsystemtostartfightingthefireintime.Areawherethefloorofalarmdetectorcansendthesignalintosoundandlightalarm,andfireonthescreenshowingtheroomnumber;while第4页alsomonitoringtheconcentrationofcertainfloorsofalarm(ifthemonitorislocatedinthebuildingfireControlCenter)outputsignalorcontrolautomaticfireextinguishingsystem.Concentrationofalarmsignalisreceivedbywayofsoundandlightshow,andthescreenalsoshowsthespecificfirefloorandroomnumber,theplanestoppedtakingthefirstalarmclocktorecordthetiming,useofthemachine-specificphones,butalsoquicklytothefirealarmtogivedirectionsand.Inaddition,youcancontrolthefireextinguishingsystemorsignaltransmissiontothefirecontrolroom.Automaticfirealarmsystemisbythetriggerdevices,firealarm,firealarmdevicesandotherauxiliaryfunctionsofthedevicewiththecompositionofabuttonfirealarmsystemfirealarmsystem.Itcanfireearlystagesofburningsmoke,heatandlightradiationandotherphysicalquantities,bytemperature.Photographicandothersmokeandfiredetectorsintoelectricalsignals,transmittedtothefirealarmcontroller,andalsoshowsthesiteofthefire,thefirerecordofthetime.Generalfirealarmsystemandautomaticsprinklersystem,firehydrantsystems,smokecontrolsystems,ventilationsystems,airconditioningsystem,firedoors,fireshutter,smokescreenandotherrelatedequipmentinteraction,automaticallyormanuallyissuecommandstostartthecorrespondingdevice.Inordertoensurethesafetyofthehomeenvironment,theneedforavarietyofflammablegases,toxicgasesweredetected.However,duetothevarietyoftypesofsmoke,asmokesensorcannotdetectthetypeofallthegas,usuallyonlyoneortwospecificdetectionofcertainpropertiesofthesmoke.Forexampleoxidesemiconductorsensorsaredetectingallkindsofsmokereducingsmog,suchasCO,H2,C2H5OH,CH3OHandsoon.Solidelectrolytesensorsareusedtodetectinorganicsmokefumes,suchasO2,CO2,H2,Cl2,SO2,etc.Therefore,smokesensorscurrentlyused,therearemany,theirdetectionprincipleisalsodifferent,thefollowingaresomecommonsmokesensorsareintroduced.(a)semiconductorsmokesensor(semiconductorgassensor)Smokesensorcomprisesasemiconductoroxidesemiconductorceramicmaterialusedasthesensitivebodyproducedsmokesensor,andasinglecrystalsemiconductordevicefabricationwithasmokesensor.Thesemiconductorgassensoristheuseofsmokeintheoxidationandreductionreactionsofthesemiconductorsurfaceresultsinachangeintheresistanceofthesensitiveelement第5页made.Accordingtothemechanismofclassificationofsensitivesemiconductorsmokesensorscanbedividedintoresistiveandnon-resistive.Whenthesemiconductorexposedtothegas,theresistancevalueofthesemiconductorwillchangetomeasureorcontroltheparametersofgassensorsusechangestheoutputresistanceofthistypeofsensorcalledresistivesemiconductorgassensor;whentheMOSFETwhenexposedtothegaspipe,FETvoltagewillvarywithdifferentambientgaseousstate,madeuseofthisprincipleisknownasanon-resistivesensorsemiconductorgassensor.Since1962,themetaloxidesemiconductorsensorsmokecomeout,becauseofitshighsensitivity,fastresponse,theoutputsignalstrength,durability,simplestructure,smallsize,easymaintenance,lowpriceandmanyotheradvantages,hasbeenwidelyused.Butitsbiggestdrawbackisthepoorselectivity.Thesensorhasbecomeoneoftheworldslargestoutput,themostwidelyusedsmokesensor.(b)contactingcombustionsensorWhenflammablefumesexposuretothissubstanceiscoveredbythesensorsurfacecatalyticoxidationandcombustionoccurs.Sensingelementforcatalyticcombustiontypegassensoristypicallyaplatinumwire(raremetalcatalystlayermaybecoatedwithplatinum,palladium,etc.),throughtheuseofaplatinumwirewithacurrent,tomaintainahightemperatureof300400,andatthistimeifcontactwithflammablegas,flammablegaswillbeburnedinthecatalyticlayeronmetals,platinumwiresothetemperaturewillrise,theresistancevalueofplatinumwireisalsorising;bymeasuringthesizeoftheplatinumwireresistancechange,weknowthattheflammablegasconcentration.Theuseofcatalyticcombustionsensor,itsbiggestdrawbackisthatitispronetoblockingprobeeasepoisoning.Aftertwomonthsofcontinuoususegeneralresponseofthesensorformaintenance.Thisistantamounttoincreasingtheworkloadofstaff,whileincreasingalarmmaintenancecosts.(c)anelectrochemicalsensorTheelectrochemicalsensorconsistsofamembraneelectrodeandelectrolytepackagetogether.Electrochemicalgassensorstypicallyutilizealiquid(orsolid,organicgel)electrolyte,whichmaybeacurrentoutputintheformofagasproducedbythedirectoxidationorreduction,canalsobeappliedtoion-ionelectromotiveforcegeneratedintheelectrode.Thatsmokesignaldecomposition第6页oftheelectrolyteconcentrationofchargedionsintoyinandyang,thesignalcamethroughtheelectrodes.Itsadvantagesare:toreflectthefast,accurate,goodstability,canquantitativelydetect,butlifeisshort(abouttwoyears).Itmainlyappliestodetecttoxicfumes.Currentlythevastmajorityoftheinternationalgasdetectionusingthistypeofsensor.(d)PolymersmokesensorMakinguseofpolymergassensorsmokesensorgreatdevelopmentinrecentyears.Polymergassensorinthefaceofcertainsmog,itsresistance,dielectricconstant,surfaceacousticwavepropagationvelocityandfrequency,weightandotherphysicalpropertiesofthematerialchanges.Becauseofpolymergassensorease,theprocessissimple,roomtemperatureselectivity,lowprice,easytocombinewiththemicro-structureofthesensorsurfaceacousticwavedevices,detectingtoxicfumesintermsoffreshnessandfoodplaysanimportantrole,etc.Smokesmokesensorwithaspecificpolymermoleculeswithhighsensitivity,goodselectivityandsimplestructure,canbeusedatroomtemperature,cancompensateforlackofothersmokesensor.(E)infraredabsorptiontypesensorsInfraredsensorstypicallyusetwobeamsofinfraredlightsmokemeasurement,themainbeamthroughameasurementtargetwithinthesmokecomponents,thereferencebeambycomparingthereferenceelementsmoke.Elementinthemeasurementandcomparison,theinfraredraysareselectivelyabsorbedsmoke.Infraredlightnotabsorbedbythephotodetectormeasurement,generatesadifferentialsignalproportionaltothetargetconcentrationofsmoke.Non-dispersiveinfrareddetectorNDIR(non-dispersiveIR)isoneofthem,allofunabsorbedlightdiffusionandallwithminimallossisrecorded.BecausedifferentsmokeabsorbdifferentwavelengthsofIR,sothesensorisadjustedaccordingtothetargetsmoke,typicalapplicationsincludemeasuringCOandCO2,andsomesmokerefrigerantgaseasy.Sincethenon-hydrocarbonflammablefumes(suchashydrogen)doesnotabsorbenergyintheIRportionoftheelectromagneticspectrum,sothatsuchsensorscanmeasurehydrocarbons,andhasthesmallestcross-sensitivity,butalsofromothercorrosionandhighsmoketheconcentrationoftargetsmokeeffects.(F)ionizationsmokesensor第7页Ionizationsmokesensorisveryeffectiveforthedetectionofsmokeaerosolsandsmolderingfiresearlystages,canbemeasuredsmokeparticlesizerangeof0.03um-10um.Itsourcesinsideandoutsidetheionizationchamberamericium241.Becauseitenablesionizationofairmoleculesbetweentheelectrodeplatestopositiveandnegativeions,sothatbetweentheoriginalnon-conductiveairelectrodehasconductivity.Undernormalcircumstances,bothinsideandoutsidetheionizationchambercurrent,thevoltageisstable.Whenthefirebrokeoutafterthesmokeparticlesentertheionizationchamber,thepowersection(area)ofpositiveandnegativeionsareadsorbedontothesmokeparticles,sothatthepositiveandnegativeionsinandincreasetheprobabilityofeachother,sothatthesmokeparticlesizeinthecurrentdensityvariationthesizeofthatoutandrealizethedetectionoffireparameters.(G)photoelectricsmokesensorPhotoelectricsmokesensorconsistsofalightsource,thephotosensitivememberandtheelectronicswitch.Ordinarylightsourceemittedthroughalensontothephotosensitivemember,tomaintainnormalcircuit,ifthereissmokebarrierfromlightthatreachesthephotosensitivememberissignificantlyreduced,thusthephotosensitivememberputthechangesinlightintensityintoelectricalchange,theuseoflightscatteringtheoryfortheinitialfiresmokedetection,andtimelyalarm.Accordingtodifferentsources,canbedividedintofourkindsofgeneralphotoelectric,laserphotoelectric,ultravioletandinfraredlightphotoelectricphotoelectricandsoon.Photoelectricsmokedetectorsdevelopedrapidlygrowingspecies,intermsofitsfunction,itcanachieveanearlyfirealarm,exceptappliedtotheinterioroflargebuildings,butalsoespeciallysuitableforelectricalfiresmoredangerousplaces,suchascomputerroom,instrumentationroomandcabletrenches,tunnelsandotherplaces.Accordingtothesmokealarmdetectsdifferenttypesofrequirements,manywillchoosetousetheoccasionsemiconductorsmokesensor.Aftercomparingapplicationfeaturesnumeroussmokesensor,smokesensordiscovertheadvantagesofsemiconductorismoreprominent.Semiconductorsmokesensorwithhighsensitivity,fastresponse,smallsize,simplestructure,easytouse,inexpensive,etc.,andtheprobeSlowandpoisoningdoesnotoccur,lower第8页maintenancecosts,andthereforewidelyused.Therefore,thedesignofthesmokesensorselectionMQ-2semiconductorgassensorsmoke.Combustiblegascanbedividedintocivilianfiresmokealarms,smokealarmsforindustrialuse,poisonoussmokealarmsthreeseries.(1)civilianfiresmokealarmCivilianfiresmokealarmsforhouseholdswithafirealarm,usuallyinstalledinthekitchen,alwaysencounteredsmokeproducedbyafire,thealarmcanbeaudiblealarm,oraccompaniedbyadigitaldisplay,whilethelinkageexternaldevices.Somealarmscanautomaticallyturnontheexhaustfan,thesmokefromtheoutdoors(2)IndustrialandpoisonoussmokealarmsmokealarmButtherearedifferencesindetectionprobeforindustrialuseandpoisonoussmokealarmsmokealarm,butintheoryandapplicationsareverysimilar.Industrialuseofcombustiblegasandtoxicsmokealarmdetection,dependingontheenvironment,canbedividedintoleakdetectors,controllersanddetectors.Volumeleakissmall,portableorhandheld,mainlyusedingasleakdetectionandinspectionmanagement.Ifagasleak,leakwillbeaudiblealarm,andadigitaldisplayofsmokeconcentrationtotakesafetymeasurestopreventexplosionsandotherseriousaccidents.Thecontrollerusedinconjunctionwiththedetector,long-termmonitoringoftheconcentrationofsmokeintheexplosionscene.Detectorsinstalledintheexplosionscene,thecontrollerwasondutywallinthedutyroomandotherplaces,bothshieldedcableconnection.Onceatthesceneofagasleakdetectordetects,viashieldedcabletosignalstothecontroller,audiblealarm,andstarttheexhaustsystemonoroffsolenoidvalvecutoffgassupplytoensuresafety.Suchinstrumentsarewidelyusedingasstations,gasstations,boilerroomsandotherindustrialsites.(A)ofthetriggerdevicesinautomaticfirealarmsystem,automaticormanualfirealarmsignaldevicesgeneratecalledtriggerconditions,includingfiredetectorsandmanualfirealarmbutton.Firedetectorisabletofireparameters(smoke,temperature,flameradiation,gasconcentration,etc.)response,andautomaticallygenerateafirealarmsignaldevices.Fireresponseparametersaccordingtodifferentfiredetectorsintoheatdetectors,smokedetector,sensitivefiredetectors,combustiblegasdetectorsandfiredetectorsfivebasictypesofcomposite.第9页Differenttypesoffiredetectorsfordifferenttypesoffiresanddifferentplaces.Manualfirealarmbuttonfirealarmsignalgeneratedmanuallystarttheautomaticfirealarmsystemdevices,automaticfirealarmsystemisanindispensablecomponentofthe.(B)thefirealarmdeviceinautomaticfirealarmsystemtoreceive,displayandtransmitfirealarmsignals,andcansendcontrolsignalsandcontrolfunctionswithotherauxiliaryequipmentasthefirealarmdeviceinstructions.Firealarmcontrolisoneofthemostbasickind.Chargedwiththefirealarmcontrolfiredetectorsprovideastableworkingpower;detectorandtheworkingstatusofthesystemitself;thereception,conversion,processingawarningoffiredetectorsShuchu;Jinxingsoundandlightalarm;Zhishispecificlocationandalarmtime;thesametimesupportingtheimplementationofappropriatecontrolandmanyothertasks.Firealarmsystemisacorecomponent.Inthefirealarmdevices,somedevicessuchasbreak,regionalmonitors,fireshowsandotherfunctionscannotcompletediscalarmdevice,whichcanberegardedastheevolutionoffirealarmcontrollerorsupplement.Undercertainconditionsapplied,andthefirealarmdevicefirealarmcontrolbelong.Thebasicfunctionoffirealarmcontrolare:themainpower,backuppowerautomaticallyconverted,standbypowerchargefunction,powerfailuremonitoringfunction,powerfunctionsworkingstatusindicator,powersupplyforthedetectorcircuitfunction,controlsensorsorsystemfailures,soundandlightalarm,firesound,lightalarm,firealarmandmemoryfunction,clockfunctionunit,withprioritybeinggivenfaultfunctionfirealarm,soundalarmsoundaudiblealarmmuteandagain.(C)firealarmsinautomaticfirealarmsystemtosenddifferentfromt