科技英语文体特征PPT课件

.,1,科技英语文体特征,StylisticFeaturesofEST,.,2,WhatisEST?,TheEnglishofscienceandtechnology(EST)isactuallyabigvariety.ItincludestheEnglishofchemistry,theEnglishofphysics,theEnglishofmathematics,theEnglishofbiology,theEnglishofmedicine,etc.,.,3,Ofallthescientificfields,weusuallysubdividethemintotwomainvarieties:theEnglishofspecializedscienceandtechnology(ESST),专门用途科技英语andtheEnglishofcommonscienceandtechnology(ECST)科普英语,.,4,ESTisusedinscientificworks,academicthesis,researchpapers,experimentalreports,thedescriptionorexplanationofnaturalphenomena.InoneworditisavarietyofEnglish,dealingwiththetheoriesandapplicationsofscienceandtechnology.,.,5,But,generallyspeaking,theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies.ThecommonelementsinvariousESTarticles,papersandthesiscanbeanalyzedintermsoftheirsimilaritiesinlinguisticfeatures.,.,6,Thiskindofwritingisusuallyformalinstyleandseriousintone.Itdoesnottakeartisticbeautyoflanguageasitsgoal,instead,ittriestoachieveclarityinlogicandaccuracyinmeaning.Ittiestoavoidsubjectiveopinionsorevaluations,ambiguouswordorexpressions.,.,7,GeneralstylisticfeaturesofEST,Ittendstoemploywordswiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Thesentencesareusuallylongandcompleteandsubordinateappositive(同位语从句)andparentheticalclauses（插入语从句）areoftenused.Logicalconnectors,suchashence,insummary,asaresult,appearinESTmorefrequentlythaninothertypesofwriting.,.,8,First,letuscomparethefollowingtwoparagraphsabout“man”:Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculties（天赋）!informandmoving,howexpressandadmirable!inaction,howlikeanangel!inapprehension,howlikeaGod!Thebeautyoftheword!Theparagon(典范)ofanimals.WilliamShakespeare:Hamlet,.,9,Manismetazoanmetzun（后生动物,多细胞动物）,triploblastictriplblstik（三胚层的）,vertebratev:tibrit（脊椎动物）pentadactylpentdktil（adj.有五指的）,mammalianmmeiljn（哺乳动物）,eutherianju:irin（真哺乳亚纲的(动物),primatepraimit（灵长目动物）.Themainoutlineofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofothermammals,tothefishes.Fromatextbookofbiology,.,10,Ofthetwopassages,thefirstoneisapieceofliterarywork,andthesecond,EST.Bycomparison,wecanseethesharpdifferencesbetweenthestylesofthesetwopassagesalthoughtheyaredealingwiththesamesubjectmatter-humanbeing.,.,11,Lexically,inthefirstpassage,wecanseethefrequentuseoffavorableadjectivesandnouns,suchas,noble,infinite,express,admirable,angel,God,beauty,paragon.Whileinthesecondone,wefindtechnicaltermsofbiologypredominatethewholetext,suchasmetazoan,triploblastic,choral,vertebrate,pentadactyl,mammalian,eutheran,primate,etc.,.,12,Syntactically,inthefirstpassage,wecanfindthefrequentuseofexclamatorysentences（感叹句）aswellastwoshortsentencefragments（片语）inordertoexpressfeelings;Whileinthesecondpassage,bothsentencesarecompletedeclarativesentences(陈述句)withthepurposeofgivinginformation.,.,13,Graphologically,inthefirstpassagethetypicalfeatureisthefrequentuseofexclamationmarks(whichshowfeelings);whileinthesecondpassage,thefrequentuseofcommas(whichofferinformation).,.,14,Semantically,inthefirstpassage,figurativelanguageisusedinordertoshowastrongfeeling,especiallytheuseofthemetaphor(pieceofwork),hyperboleandmetaphor(thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals),andsimiles(likeanangel;likeaGod).Asaresult,manisgreatlypraised.,.,15,Whileinthesecondpassage,allthewordsareusedintheirconceptualmeanings.Thetoneisfactual,andimpersonal.Asaresult,theinformationofhowmancameintobeingisclearlyrevealed.,.,16,科技英语文体特征分析模版ModelofStylisticAnalysisofEST,1、GraphologicalFeatures语相特征2、LexicalFeatures词汇特征3、SyntacticGrammaticalFeatures句法语法特征4、SemanticFeatures语篇特征,.,17,1.GraphologicalFeatures,Generallyspeaking,ESTmakesfulluseofgraphologicaldevices.First,scientiststendtousevisualaidsmorethanotherpeople,suchaspictures,tables,charts,formulae,etc.inordertoexplainmattersclearly.语相特征：包括标点，图表，大小写，段落的划分，空格等。,.,18,Asfaraspunctuation（标点）isconcerned,themostfrequentlyusedmarksarethefullstop（句号）,thecomma（逗号）,andtheparentheses（括号）.ThisisduetothenatureofESTwriting.,.,19,AsthebasicfunctionofESTistoinform,thereforeobjectivestatementsarethemostpreferredsentencetype,thusthefullstop.Andthesentencesareusuallylong;therefore,commasareusedtosetoffsomeelementsofthesentencefromwhatproceeds,andwhatfollows.Parenthesesareusedtoenclosesupplementarydetails.,.,20,2.LexicalFeatures,ESTvocabularyusuallyconsistsofthefollowingkindsofwords:1)commonwords（withspecificmeaning）;2)highlytechnicalwords;3)semi-technicalwords;4)nominalization5)nouncompounds6)newlycoinedwords.,.,21,monwords普通词,英语科技文体中的普通词或称非技术词是属于语言共核部分的词,通用于各类文体,包括代词、连词、数词、动词,以及无技术意义的形容词、副词、名词等。在专用语中,非技术词既有结构上的关联作用,又有语义上的补充作用:,.,22,【例句】Theprincipleoftheelectronmicroscopeisasfollows;Electronsfromahotcathodeareacceleratedbyapositivepotentialonananode（阳极）andarefocusedsoastoformabeamofhigh-speedelectronswhichfalluponasampletobeobserved.Electronsemergingfromthissamplearefocusedbyanotherelectronlensand,mayformamagnifiedimageonafluorescentscreen.,.,23,译文电子显微镜的原理如下:从热阴极发射的电子受到阳极上正电位的加举作用,并聚集形成一束高速电子,落到要观察的样品上。从这个样品上出来的电子又有另一个电子透镜聚焦并可在萤光屏上形成一个极大的物像。从上面英文斜体词可知,这些非技术词或是连词造句、连句成段的功能词,或是具有普通意义的常用词,即使在正式程度很高的语篇中,非技术词对其构成也是极为重要的。,.,24,在专用语文体中,非技术词的主要特点是除了本身的结构意义或概念意义外,词义色彩中性,即既没有贬褒色彩,也没有感倩色彩。这与文学语体截然不同,如以escape一词为例:【例句】Thehigh-ceilingedrooms,thelittlebalconies,alcoves,nooksandanglesallsuggestssanctuary,escape,creaturecomfort.译文天花板高高的房间,小巧的楼厅,凹进的斗室,僻静的角落,这一切都使人联想到静谧的圣殿，遁世避俗的处所和舒适的享受。,.,25,escape原意为“逃遁”含义较抽象,此处联系上下文,译作逃遁之事物与处所,这就使人联想到远离尘世喧嚣和烦恼的意境。这种联想正是文学创作和欣赏所必不可少的条仵。而同样一个词(尽管词性不),用在科技英语中决不可能引起如此的联想。【例句】Thefirstbubblestoescapefromtheliquidareamixtureofairandhydrogen.,.,26,译文最初从液体中溢出的气体是空气和氢的混合物。这里,escape只表示一种状态，别无其他附加意义。又如beam一例:【例句】Hebeamedwelcomeatthedistinguishedvisitorsandcomplimentedthemontheirlooks.译文他满面春风地向贵客们表示欢迎,恭维他们气色好。,.,27,beam原意为“发光”“发热”“发射”,此处喻义为脸上露出高兴、微笑等神情,译为“满面春风”形象地传达了beam的含义。beam在这里带有浓重的感倩色彩,但在下列科技英语例句中,却只有单一的“发射”之意了。,.,28,Arobotmightcarryitspower,forexample,storagebatteries,andhasitsinstructionsbeamedbyshort-waveshort-rangeelectromagneticwaves（短波短程电磁波）.译文机器人可以携带电源,例如蓄电池,并用短波短程电磁波发射信号。,.,29,2.technicalwords技术词（术语）,Highlytechnicalwordsareoftenusedforaparticularscientificdiscipline,usuallyformedfromelementsprovidedbyGreekorLatin,suchasthewordslikemetazoen,triploblastic,chodal,vertebrate,pentadactyletc.usedintheexampleoftheIntroductionofthischapter.Manyofthehighlytechnicalwordsremainforeigntooutsiders,eventoeducatednativespeakers.,.,30,3.semi-technicalwords半技术词,Semi-technicalwordsrefertowordsthathavethesameorslightlydifferentmeaninginseveralscientificortechnicaldisciplines,buthavemeaningdifferentfromtheirnon-technicaluse,suchasenergy,force,mass,matter,power,movement,solution,etc.,.,31,半技术词(semi-technicalwords)是科技文体中应用最广的词,科学思想和技术内容的展开主要依靠半技术词来实现。半技术词亦称次技术词(sub-technicalwords)。半技术词大部分来自英语词汇的共核部分,具有一定的技术含义,且各科通用。（contextindependentwordswhichoccurwithhighfrequencyacrossdisciplines.）,.,32,半技术词的主要文体特征为:1词频高：任何高级复杂的科学技术,往往可通过基本规律或基础技未概念加以阐述。一般专著的主题或跟主题词密切相关的词多用技术词,而表示基本规律或基础技术的词则多用半技术词。正是通过这些半技术词表示的基本技术概念,加上普通词的辅助与衔接,使之上下贯通,专门技术思想才得以体现。因此,半技术词的词频比技术词要高得多,但又低于普通词。,.,33,2、跨学科半技术词的词义随专业、学科的不同而有变化。例如:power在日常用语中有“能力、动力、权力、国家、政权”等词义,在科技文献中则有“功率、电源、电力、信率、乘方、率、价”等词义。,.,34,current:在水力学方面译作“水流”,而在电学中译为“电流”。cable:可以是电缆”,也可以是“光缆”。parallel:在数学上,为“平行”而在电学上为“并联”。level:在电气通信中为“电平”,而在光通信中为“光平”。,.,35,3、多义性：许多半技术词搭配灵活,即使在同一专业内,因词的联立关系不同,词义也有差别。有一篇译文仅6000字的文章,facility这个词,就用了近20次,译者须得体地处理同词异义的现象:,.,36,【例1】.Inordertoperformaneffectiveauditor（检验）,theauditor(s)mustbefamiliarwithallaspectsofafacilityoperation.【译文】为了进行有效的检验,检验人员必须熟悉设备的操作。【例2】Regulaionregardingthehandlingofhazardouswasteshavebecomemorestringentandcomplex.Facilitiescannolongerignoretheirwastes.,.,37,译文处理有害废物的规程变得更严格、更复杂。工厂不能再忽视所产生的废物。【例3】Regulationsrequirethatanyreactiveandignitablewastebestoredatleast500metersfromthefacilityspropertyline.,.,38,译文条例要求,凡是会发生反应和可燃的废物,应存放于离厂家财产至少500米的地方。【例4】Thesiteideallyshouldhavesufficientlandtoprovideabufferzonebetweenthefacilityandthepublicsurroundingit.译文理想的处理现场应该有足够的土地,以便在设施及其周围环境之间有一缓冲区。,.,39,以上四例中将facility分别译为“设备、工厂、厂家、设施”如将译词任意替换是不得体的。半技术词没有严格的体系性,其词义取决于专业内容和词的联立关系。有的半技术词由于用法不同，还可以有不同的词性,如上述power一词,除用作名词外,也可用作动词,并可由过去分词转化为形容词。,.,40,4、语义负荷低半技术词虽有多义性,但比起普通词来,它们的词义负荷要低得多。如work一词,作为普通词,一般辞典对它的释义都写得较长，甚至多达数页。它的词性灵活,搭配很多,词的意义很大程度上取决于上下文。例如，work作为普通词,还有许多固定的配搭,产生出无数的词义,而如作为半技术词,其词义负荷就小得多。与其他半技术词一样,在科技英语中增添了新义,词义带上不同的专业色彩,词的用法与搭配获得相对稳定,例如:,.,41,【例句】Pushingorpulling,however,doesnotnecessarilymeandoingwork.译文l然而,推或拉未必意味着作功。(物理学)【例句】Theworksofthesewatchesarehome-producedandwearwell.译文这些表的机件是国产的,耐磨的。(机械),.,42,【例句】Temperaturerequiredforannealingisafunctionoftwofactors,(1)thenatureofthematerial,and(2)theamountofworkthathasbeendonepriortoannealing.译文回火所需温度随两个因素而变:(1)材料特性;(2)退火前的加工量。（机械，冶金）,.,43,4.Nominalization名词化,Nominalizationreferstothegrammaticalprocessofformingnounsfromotherpartsofspeech,usuallyverbsoradjectives.Nominalizationismoreformalthanitscounterpart,thereforemorefrequentlyoccurinEST.,.,44,名词化指名词性转化,如起名词作用的非谓语动词和与动词同根或同形的名词;也包括一些形容词来源的名词。这些词可起到名词的作用,也可表达谓语动词或形容词所表达的内容,常伴有修饰成分或附加成分,构成短语。这种短语称为名词化结构。名词化结构的组合方式多,意义容量大,适宜于表达精细复杂的思想,使文章具有庄重感和严肃感。,.,45,名词化的词主要是指表示动作或状态的抽象名词,或起名词作用的非谓语动词:它们一般由动词派生,但也包括由形容词加后缀-ability,-ity,-ness等构成的名词,例如possiblepossibility,available-availability,clean-cleaness.,.,46,例句：a)Thedependence(todepend)oftherateofevaporation(toevaporate)ofaliquidontemperatureisenormous.b)Theaddition(toadd)andremoval(toremove)ofheatmaychangethestateofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.,.,47,名词化的功能：1、句法简单2、表述客观3、突出重点名词化的语义特征：1、抽象性2、包容性,.,48,名词化的语义转化：名词化的词(不定式除外)还经常可转化为具体名词,转化的方式是加冠词,复数加词尾(e)s。转化的结果是:(1)变抽象意义为具体词义;(2)功能改变,可以用普通名词特有的修饰语来修饰,也可作名词定语。,.,49,如一些名词化的词加冠词后,即取得具体意义:Institution(建立)aninstitution(机构)construction(建筑)aconstruction(建筑物)mixture(混合)amixture(混合物)selection(选择)aselection(选集)building(建筑)abuilding(建筑物)drawing(绘图)adrawing(图),.,50,有些词的复数形式即为具体名词:,agreement(同意)agreements(契约)connection(连接)connections(结合处)development(发展)developments(发展成果)Instruction(指示)Instructions(说明书)translation(翻译)translations(译作),.,51,use(使用)uses(用途)finding(寻找)findings(调查结果)surrounding(环绕)surroundings(环境)beginning(开始)beginnings(早期阶段)reading(读)readings(读数),.,52,3.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatures,(1)moredeclarativesentences多陈述句Asfarassentencetypeisconcerned,therearemoredeclarativesentences,sincetheprimarypurposeofESTistosupplyinformation,andtoachieveclarity,concisenessandaccuracy.,.,53,（2）morelongsentences.多长句Asfarassentencelengthisconcerned,therearemorelongsentences.Sentencesofmorethan30wordsarebynomeansrareinESTwritings,andtheyoftencontainseveralclausesandnon-finiteverbphrasesaspre-andpost-modifiersandtheseclausesandphrasesareusuallyinterwovenwitheachother,thusformingverylongsentences.,.,54,（3）frequentuseof“it”introducedsentences。it引导的无人称句Anothertypicalsyntacticfeatureisthefrequentuseof“it”introducedsentenceswhichaddasenseofimpersonalityandformality.Forexample:a)Itispossibletomakeconcreteofanyrequiredstrengthwithinreasonablelimits.b)Itisnecessarytouseamorereliablemethodofinspectionintheformofasuitabletest.,.,55,（4）ThefrequentuseofprepositionalphrasesandparticiplephrasesarealsocommoninESTwritings.介词短语和分词结构的普遍使用Allthesemakethesentencestructuremorelogical.Forexample:a)theactionofaironanairplaneinflightatlowaltitudeisgreaterthanthatathighaltitude.b)Travellingatthespeedoflight,ittakestwomillionyearstoreachthenextgalaxy星系.,.,56,（5）frequentuseofpassivevoice.被动语态的广泛使用ThemostconspicuousgrammaticalfeatureofESTisthefrequentuseofpassivevoice.Aboutone-thirdoftheverbsinESTwritingsareinthepassivevoice.Thisindicatesthatscientistsandengineersusethepassivevoicemuchmorefrequentlythanmostotherwriters.,.,57,Thereasonsare:a)Scientistsaremoreinterestedintheactionorfactsratherthanthedoers;b)Passivesentencesareusuallyshorterandmoreconcisethanactiveones;c)Passivesentencesappearmoreobjectiveintone.,.,58,被动语态的使用场合：1、不提动作的执行者2、以客体为话题3、便于句子结构安排,.,59,被动语态的翻译,1.ComputersandPeopleInfuture,cashwillbeusedlessandless.Wemayliveinacashlesssocietywhereallf