PTW-Authorised-Applicant-Refresher2015AA

1,PTWTraining,AUTHORISIEDAPPLICANT/REFRESHERPTW授权申请人和复培讲义,For,2,TrainingAgenda培训议程,Trainingobjective目标RolesTheacceptorsignsthehandbackoncertificateandindicatesY(complete)forcompletingwork.申请人在交回栏签署Y，表明工作已完全,40,Risksandhazardsawareness(usageofgasmeters)提高危险识别力(气体检测仪的使用）,LEL/UEL爆炸下限与爆炸上限,41,Usageofgasmeters气体检测表使用Oxygen氧气,OXYGENRISK氧气的风险ENSURINGTHATTHEREISASAFELEVELOFOXYGEN确保氧气的浓度在安全范围内Theusualconcentrationofoxygenintheatmosphereis20.9%.大气中氧气含量是20.9%。Unlessthereisadequateventilationthelevelisreducedsurprisinglyquicklybybreathingandcombustion.在没有足够通风的情况下，呼吸和燃烧能使氧气的浓度迅速下降。Otherwaysofdepletingtheoxygenlevelincludedilutionbyothergasessuchascarbondioxideandnitrogenandchemicalabsorptionbycorrosionprocessesandsimilarreactions.其它降低氧气浓度的方式包括以诸如二氧化碳或氮气等其它气体稀释，或因腐蚀或其它发应造成的化学吸收。,42,UsageofgasmetersToxicgas,WheretoTestforToxicity?OnlowPointsinequipments在设备的低点OnVariousLocationsattheLowPoints在不同位置的各个低点Tocheckatneartotheventilator?在靠近通风机的地方AttheManholes在人孔,43,PortableGasTestingEquipments,Crowcorn,DraegerCMS,VX500,Draegertube,MSA,PACIII,DraegerExII,X-am3000,MultiwarnII,44,RiskManagement风险管理,RiskManagementDefinition风险管理说明,Thesystematicprocessofidentification,evaluationandsubsequentcontrolofrisks.风险的识别、评估和加以控制的系统过程Theobjectiveistoreducetheimpactofriskonthebusinessasawhole.”整体宗旨是减少其风险对事务的影响,StagesofRiskManagement风险管理的步骤,Identifypotentialhazards识别潜在的危险e.g.workingatheight,toxicmaterial,flammablesAssessrisks评估其风险e.g.fallingfromheight,howlikely,howsevere?Specifycontrols确定采用的控制措施ToreducerisktoAsLowAsReasonablyPracticable(ALARP)includepreventionandmitigation/recoveryReview-fromtimetotime不断审查,HAZARD危害HAZARD=Somethingwiththepotentialtocauseharm危害有潜在性引起的伤害,RISK=Thelikelihoodthattheharmwillactuallyoccur风险伤害发生的可能性+严重性,Risk风险,Anexpressionoftheharmahazardcaninflict,andthelikelihoodthattheharmwilloccur.表示危害将会引起的可能性和造成的伤害的严重性,Risk=(Likelihood*Consequences)风险后果*可能性,IdentifyingHazards识别危险,Definetheactivityinsufficientdetail(task,location,tools,people)详细列出的活动内容要充分（任务，地方，工具，人员）IdentifyALLhazards(processmaterials/conditions,hazardsintroducedbytools,workingenvironment)识别所有的危险（加工材料和条件，工具和作业环境导致的危险）Identifyothercontributionstorisk(weather,access/egress,timeofday)识别由天气，进出口和时间段等共同导致的危险Identifyhumanfactorscontributions(demandofthejob,individualsskill/experience,age,health,workpartysorganisation)Isthejobfittedtotheindividual?识别由人的因素(任务要求、个人技能与经验、年龄、健康，作业方组织机构等)该作业对此人合适码？,Assessingrisk评估风险,Severityofharm危害的严重性People,Assets,Environment,ReputationLikelihoodofoccurrence发生的可能性Howoftendoweexpecttheharmtohappen?Assessallpossiblescenarioslowconsequencehighfrequencyhighconsequencelowfrequency,vs.评估所有可能的情节（后果轻重和频率高低）UsetheRiskAssessmentMatrixtoidentifythehighestriskscenarios使用风险评估矩阵图表以确定最高风险等级,51,DemonstratingAdequateRiskManagement适当的风险管理示范,RisksmustbeAsLowasReasonablyPracticable(ALARP)风险要尽可能实际合理地低Thismeansthetime,trouble,costorphysicaldifficultyinfurtherreducingtheriskisdisproportionatetothereductionachievedLargerisk-youmustimplementriskcontrolmeasuresnomatterthecostSmallrisk-implementingexpensivecontrolswouldnotbeconsideredreasonable(tendtoaddbehaviouralcontrols)也就是用时间、麻烦、金錢或者难得的物质以换取达到减少的风险的不均衡性：大风险必须实施风险控制措施，费用问题为小事。小风险实施昂贵的风险控制则不应为合理(意识加行为控制),Choosingsuitablecontrols选择适当的控制,Manyactivitieshavestandardcontrolsdefinede.g.StandardControlSheets,SafetyRegulations,SiteRules(noneedtofurtherassessrisksifactivityisexactlyasdefined)许多活动有规定的标准控制，即标准控制单，安全规则，现场规定(如果活动确切是所定义的，则不需要进一步风险评估)Whenchoosingcontrols,workdownthishierarchy:Eliminate,Reduce,Isolate(i.e.removethehazard)Control(engineeringcontrol,procedures,guards.)Minimiserisk(systemsofwork/procedure)PPE(lastresortoranadditionalcontrol)当选择控制时，则按层次逐级择取：消除，减少，隔离(即移除危险)控制(工程控制、程序，防护装置)减轻风险(工作制度，程序PPE(最后手段,或额外的控制),54,SCENARIOS课堂作业,Filltoa