现代英语词汇学概论9 Changes in Word Meaning

7,ChangesinWordMeaning,BACK,ChangesinWordMeaning,Vocabulary:1.mostunstableelementofalanguage2.undergoingconstantchangesbothinformandcontent3.Comparatively,meaningevenmoreunstable,ChangesinWordMeaning,Quirk:.almosteverywordweusetodayhasaslightlydifferentmeaningfromtheoneithadacenturyago,andacenturyagoithadaslightlydifferentmeaningfromtheoneithadacenturybeforethat.,ChangesinWordMeaning,Shakespearesuse:Therivalsofmywatch,bidthemmakehasterival=partnerThustwicebefore,andjumpatthisdeadhourjump=just,ChangesinWordMeaning,Howpregnantsometimeshisrepliesarepregnant=meaningful,7.1TypesofChange1.Extension,extension=generation:changefromaspecificmeaningtoamoregeneralone,1.Extension,manuscript=hand+writing1)firstdraftwrittenbyhand2)writingbyanymeans,1.Extension,lady1)mistress2)womane.g.saleslady;ladynovelist;ladiesroom=ladiessalary:moneygiventoRomansoldierstobuysalt,1.Extension,Holiday:1)HolyDay2)anydayordayswithoutworkorstudy,1.Extension,Technicaltermsusedascommonwords:feedback(computer)=responseallergic(medicine)=aversetoanything,2.Narrowing,Narrowing=specialization:changefromageneralmeaningtoaspecificmeaningwifewomanamarriedwomane.g.TheMerryWivesofWinsor温莎的风流娘儿们housewife;midwife,2.Narrowing,actordoermemorymemoryincomputershroudclothclothforwrappingthecorpseaprivate=aprivatesoldieragold=agoldmedal,3.Elevation,elevation=amelioration:changefromnegativetopositivefromderogatorytoappreciativefromneutraltoappreciativefromunimportanttoimportant,3.Elevation,governorpilotheadofastateministerservantheadofaministrylordloafgiver,16,Examples:,4.Degradation,degradation=pejoration:changefromappreciativetopejorativefrompositivetonegativefromimportanttounimportantfromneutraltonegative,4.Degradation,criticizeappraisefindfaultwithvillainworkeratavillawickedperson/scoundrelcunningskillfulslyqueenhomosexualwife,5.Transfer/transference,Transfer=transference:meaningshiftfromonethingtoanother,5.Transfer/transference,TypesofTransfer1.Associatedtransferthemeaningistransferredthroughassociationtodog追踪tomonkey戏弄,5.Transfer/transference,toape模仿tofox欺骗theteethofacomb梳齿thetonguesoffire火舌teethandtonguessemanticallymotivated,5.Transfer/transference,2.Transferbetweenabstractandconcretemeaningaftermathsecondcropofgrassaftermowing(concrete)resultorconsequence(abstract),5.Transfer/transference,envyfeelingofsuch(abstract)apersontobeenvied(concrete)e.g.Maryistheenvyoftheclass.(concrete),5.Transfer/transference,3.TransferbetweensubjectiveandobjectivemeaningTheoldmanishateful.Theoldmanishatedbypeople.Theoldmanreceiveshate.(objective),5.Transfer/transference,Theteacherwassuspiciousofthestudentsexcuse.Theteachersuspectedthestudentsexcuse.(subjective),5.Transfer/transference,Characteristicsofverbs:subjective:havingshowingfullofobjective:causingdeservingbringing,5.Transfer/transference,painfulobjectiveconsideratesubjectiverespectableobjectiverespectfulsubjective,5.Transfer/transference,courageoussubjectivedangerousobjectivesuspicioussubjective/objectivefearfulsubjective/objectivedoubtfulsubjective/objective,5.Transfer/transference,Themanlookssuspiciousashisbehaviorisunusual.(objective)Theneighboursaresuspiciousofthemanashisbehaviourisunusual.(subjective),5.Transfer/transference,Theteacherwasdoubtful1ofthedoubtful2excuseofthestudent.(1)subjective(2)objective,5.Transfer/transference,4.Synesthesiaatransferofsensationfromsensetoanothersenseclear-soundingfromsighttohearingloudcoloursfromhearingtosightsweetmusicfromtastetohearing,7.2CausesofChanges7.2.1Extra-linguisticFactors,1.HistoricalreasonsuntheluminousheavenlybodyoneofthesevenplanetsrevolvingaroundtheearthThesunrisesandsets.,7.2.1Extra-linguisticFactors,astararoundwhichtheearthandotherplanetsrevolve.(WNWD)atomfromatomos(Greek)anyoftheindivisibleparticles,7.2.1Extra-linguisticFactors,2.Classreasonchurlpeasantfreemanuncultivatedormeanpersonhussyhousewifewomanoflowmoralswenchcountrygirlprostitute,7.2.1Extra-linguisticFactors,3.Psychologicalreasongarbagecollectorsanitationengineerbarberbeauticianpolicemancustodianoflawpoorpeopletheunprivileged,7.2.1Extra-linguisticFactors,doginformerarsedespisedprisonersquare-headhonestman,7.2.2LinguisticFactors,1.Shorteninggoldgoldmedalbulblightbulb,7.2.2LinguisticFactors,2.Borrowingdeernarrowedfromanimalanimal(L)kee