《工程地质专业英语》

工程地质专业英语教学大纲课程代码课程名称工程地质专业英语学时安排总学时36学分2适合专业工程地质先修课程大学英语，工程地质学，工程岩土学等教材工程地质专业英语郑孝玉编，吉林大学校内讲义，2005，7参考书编写人教学目的和要求工程地质专业英语是工程地质专业4年级学生的选修课，是在学生学习和掌握了基础理论课，专业课及大学英语之基础上为培养和提高学生专业英语能力而设置的。通过讲授和与学生交流为他们灌输一些相关专业词汇，表述方式及科学文献的翻译、课程写作技巧和规范等。为将来学习和工作储备一些相关知识。课程内容概要1本课程教学内容THEENGINEERINGPROPERTIESOFROCKS1）ROCKINDEXPROPERTIESCERTAININDEXPROPERTIESOFROCKSAREOFPARTICULARIMPORTANCETOTHEENGINEERING,WHICHAREDEFINEDBELOWSPECIFICGRAVITYGSANDGBGBISTHESPECIFICGRAVITYOFTHESOLIDMINERALMATERIALOFTHEROCKBYITSELFGBISTHESPECIFICGRAVITYOFTHECOMPLETEROCK,GRAINPLUSVOIDS,WITHTHEVOIDSEMPTYEXCEPTFORAIRBOTHAREDEFINEDASAWEIGHTPERUNITVOLUMESATURATIONMOISTURECONTENTISTHISISTHETOTALAMOUNTOFWATERPRESENTINAROCKWITHTHEVOIDSFULLTHERATIOOFWEIGHTOFWATERTODRYWEIGHTOFROCKSAMPLE,EXPRESSEDASAPERCENTAGE,ISTHESATURATIONMOISTURECONTENTISMOISTURECONTENTWTHISISTHEAMOUNTOFWATERNORMALLYPRESENTINTHEVOIDSOFAROCK,AGAINEXPRESSEDASAPERCENTAGESEEISABOVEROCKSARERARELYSATURATEDWITHWATER,THUSINNORMALCIRCUMSTANCESWISLESSTHANISPOROSITYNTHISISTHERATIOOFVOLUMEOFVOIDSINAROCKTOTALVOLUMEOFTHESAMPLEITISEXPRESSEDASAPERCENTAGE10AVERAGE,5ISLOWANDMORETHAN15ISHIGHTHEFACTORSTHATCONTROLTHEPOROSITYOFTERRIGENOUSSEDIMENTARYROCKSANDSOILSAREASFOLLOWSATHEDEGREEOFCEMENTATIONBTHESORTINGOFTHESEDIMENTCTHEPACKINGOFTHEGRAINSDTHESHAPEOFTHEGRAINSWATERYIELDINGCAPACITYNOTALLOFTHEWATERINAROCKCANBEREMOVEDFROMITBYFLOWUNDERTHEFORCEOFGRAVITYSOMEISHELDASAFILMONTHESURFACEOFTHEGRAINSBYCAPILLARYFORCESPERMEABILITYKTHISISAMEASUREOFTHEFLUIDCONDUCTIVITYOFTHEROCKFORAGIVENHYDRAULICGRADIENT2）BASICCHARACTERISTICSOFSOILS21THENATUREOFSOILSTHEDESTRUCTIVEPROCESSINTHEFORMATIONOFSOILFROMROCKMAYBEEITHERPHYSICALORCHEMICALTHEPHYSICALPROCESSMAYBEEROSIONBYTHEACTIONOFWIND,WATERORGLACIERS,ORDISINTEGRATIONCAUSEDBYALTERNATEFREEZINGANDTHAWINGMINCRACKSINTHEROCKTHECHEMICALPROCESSRESULTSINCHANGESINTHEMINERALFORMOFTHEPARENTROCKDUETOTHEACTIONOFWATERESPECIALLYIFITCONTAINSTRACESOFACIDORALKALI,OXYGENANDCARBONDIOXIDECHEMICALWEATHERINGRESULTSINTHEFORMATIONOFGROUPSOFCRYSTALLINEPARTICLESOFCOLLOIDALSIZE0002MMKNOWNASTHECLAYMINERALSPARTICLESIZESINSOILSCANVARYFROMOVER100MMTOLESSTHAN0001MMMOSTTYPESOFSOILCONSISTOFAGRADEDMIXTUREOFPARTICLESFROMTWOORMORESIZERANGESALLCLAYSIZEPARTICLESARENOTNECESSARILYCLAYMINERALPARTICLESTHEFINESTROCKFLOURPARTICLESMAYBEOFCLAYSIZEIFCLAYMINERALPARTICLESAREPRESENTTHEYUSUALLYEXERTACONSIDERABLEINFLUENCEONTHEPROPERTIESOFASOIL,ANINFLUENCEOUTOFALLPROPORTIONTOTHEIRPERCENTAGEBYWEIGHTINTHESOIL22PARTICLESIZEANALYSISTHEPARTICLESIZEANALYSISOFASOILSAMPLEINVOLVESDETERMININGTHEPERCENTAGEBYWEIGHTOFPARTICLESWITHINTHEDIFFERENTSIZERANGESTHEPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFACOARSEGRAINEDSOILCANBEDETERMINEDBYTHEMETHODOFSIEVINGTHESOILSAMPLEISPASSEDTHROUGHASERIESOFSTANDARDTESTSIEVESHAVINGSUCCESSIVELYSMALLERMESHSIZESTHEWEIGHTOFSOILRETAINEDINEACHSIEVEISDETERMINEDANDTHECUMULATIVEPERCENTAGEBYWEIGHTPASSINGEACHSIEVEISCALCULATEDIFFINEGRAINEDPARTICLESAREPRESENTINTHESOIL,THESAMPLESHOULDBETREATEDWITHAFLOCCULATINGAGENTANDWASHEDTHROUGHTHESIEVESTHEPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFASOILISPRESENTEDASACURVEONASEMILOGARITHMICPLOT,THEORDINATESBEINGTHEPERCENTAGEBYWEIGHTOFPARTICLESSMALLERTHANTHESIZEGIVENBYTHEABSCISSATHEFLATTERTHEDISTRIBUTIONCURVETHELARGERTHERANGEOFPARTICLESIZESINTHESOILTHESTEEPERTHECURVETHESMALLERTHESIZERANGEACOARSEGRAINEDSOILISDESCRIBEDASWELLGRADEDIFTHEREISNOEXCESSOFPARTICLESINANYSIZERANGEANDIFNOINTERMEDIATESIZESARELACKINGINGENERALAWELLGRADEDSOILISREPRESENTEDBYASMOOTH,CONCAVEDISTRIBUTIONCURVEACOARSEGRAINEDSOILISDESCRIBEDASPOORLYGRADEDAIFPARTICLESOFBOTHLARGEANDSMALLSIZESAREPRESENTBUTWITHARELATIVELYLOWPROPORTIONOFPARTICLESOFINTERMEDIATESIZEAGAPGRADEDSOILPARTICLESIZEISREPRESENTEDONALOGARITHMICSCALESOTHATTWOSOILSHAVINGTHESAMEDEGREEOFUNIFORMITYAREREPRESENTEDBYCURVESOFTHESAMESHAPEREGARDLESSOFTHEIRPOSITIONSONTHEPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTIONPLOTTHEPARTICLESIZECORRESPONDINGTOANYSPECIFIEDVALUEONTHEPERCENTAGESMALLERSCALECANBEREADFROMTHEPARTICLESIZEDISTRIBUTIONPLOT23PLASTICITYOFFINEGRAINEDSOILSPLASTICITYISANIMPORTANTCHARACTERISTICINTHECASEOFFINEGRAINEDSOILS,THETERMPLASTICITYDESCRIBINGTHEABILITYOFASOILTOUNDERGOUNRECOVERABLEDEFORMATIONATCONSTANTVOLUMEWITHOUTCRACKINGORCRUMBLINGPLASTICITYISDUETOTHEPRESENCEOFCLAYMINERALSORORGANICMATERIALMOSTFINEGRAINEDSOILSEXISTNATURALLYINTHEPLASTICSTATETHEUPPERANDLOWERLIMITSOFTHERANGEOFWATERCONTENTOVERWHICHASOILEXHIBITSPLASTICBEHAVIOURAREDEFINEDASTHELIQUIDLIMITLLORWLANDTHEPLASTICLIMITPLORWPRESPECTIVELY24SOILCOMPACTIONCOMPACTIONISTHEPROCESSOFINCREASINGTHEDENSITYOFASOILBYPACKINGTHEPARTICLESCLOSERTOGETHERWITHAREDUCTIONINTHEVOLUMEOFAIRTHEREISNOSIGNIFICANTCHANGEINTHEVOLUMEOFWATERINTHESOILINTHECONSTRUCTIONOFFILLSANDEMBANKMENTS,LOOSESOILISPLACEDLAYERSRANGINGBETWEEN75MMAND450MMINTHICKNESS,EACHLAYERBEINGCOMPACTEDTOASPECIFIEDSTANDARDBYMEANSOFROLLERS,VIBRATORSORRAMMERSINGENERALTHEHIGHERTHEDEGREEOFCOMPACTIONTHEHIGHERWILLBETHESHEARSTRENGTHANDTHELOWERWILLBETHECOMPRESSIBILITYOFTHESOILTHEDEGREEOFCOMPACTIONOFASOILISMEASUREDINTERMSOFDRYDENSITY,IETHEMASSOFSOLIDSONLYPERUNITVOLUMEOFSOILTHEDRYDENSITYOFAGIVENSOILAFTERCOMPACTIONDEPENDSONTHEWATERCONTENTANDTHEENERGYSUPPLIEDBYTHECOMPACTIONEQUIPMENTREFERREDTOASTHECOMPACTIVEEFFORTTHECOMPACTIONCHARACTERISTICSOFASOILCANBEASSESSEDBYMEANSOFSTANDARDLABORATORYTESTSAFTERCOMPACTIONUSINGONEOFTHETHREESTANDARDMETHODS,THEBULKDENSITYANDWATERCONTENTOFTHESOILAREDETERMINEDANDTHEDRYDENSITYCALCULATEDFORAGIVENSOILTHEPROCESSISREPEATEDATLEASTFIVETIMES,THEWATERCONTENTOFTHESAMPLEBEINGINCREASEDEACHTIMEATLOWVALUESOFWATERCONTENTMOSTSOILSTENDTOBESTIFFANDAREDIFFICULTTOCOMPACTASTHEWATERCONTENTISINCREASEDTHESOILBECOMESMOREWORKABLE,FACILITATINGCOMPACTIONANDRESULTINGINHIGHERDRYDENSITIESATHIGHWATERCONTENTS,HOWEVER,THEDRYDENSITYDECREASESWITHINCREASINGWATERCONTENT,ANINCREASINGPROPORTIONOFTHESOILVOLUMEBEINGOCCUPIEDBYWATERINSITUTESTING1PENETROMETERSPENETROMETERTESTEVOLVEDFROMTHENEEDTOACQUIREDATAONSUBSURFACESOILSWHICHCOULDNOTBEOBTAINEDBYOTHERMEANSBASICALLYAPENETROMETERCONSISTSOFACONICALPOINTATTACHEDTOADRIVERODWHICHISFORCEDINTOTHEGROUNDEITHERBYHAMMERBLOWSORBYJACKINGHENCETWOTYPESOFPENETROMETERTESTSARERECOGNIZED,THEDYNAMICANDTHESTATICBOTHMETHODSMEASURETHERESISTANCETOPENETRATIONOFFEREDBYTHESOILATANYPARTICULARDEPTHPENETRATIONOFTHECONEFORCESTHESOILASIDE,CREATINGACOMPLEXSHEARFAILUREANDTHUSPROVIDESANINDIRECTMEASUREOFTHEINSITUSHEARSTRENGTHOFTHESOILDYNAMICPENETROMETERSWEREORIGINALLYDESIGNEDTODETERMINETHERELATIVEDENSITYOFCOHESIONLESSSOILSBUTTHEIRUSEHASBEENEXTENDEDTOINCLUDETHEDESIGNOFPILEFOUNDATIONSBYDETERMININGTHELOADANDTHEREQUIREDEMBEDMENTOFPILESINTOTHEBEARINGSTRATA2SHEARVANETESTBECAUSESOFTCLAYS,MAYSUFFERDISTURBANCEWHENSAMPLEDANDTHEREFOREGIVEUNRELIABLERESULTSWHENTESTEDFORSTRENGTHINTHELABORATORY,AVANETESTISOFTENUSEDTOMEASURETHEINSITUUNDRAINEDSHEARSTRENGTHVANETESTSCANBEUSEDINCLAYSWHICHHAVEACONSISTENCYVARYINGFROMVERYSOFTTOFIRM3PLATELOADANDJACKINGTESTSLOADINGTESTSCANBECARRIEDOUTONLOADINGPLATESHOWEVER,JUSTBECAUSETHEGROUNDIMMEDIATELYBENEATHAPLATEISCAPABLEOFCARRYINGAHEAVYLOADWITHOUTEXCESSIVESETTLEMENT,THISDOESNOTNECESSARILYMEANTHATTHEGROUNDWILLCARRYTHEPROPOSEDSTRUCTURALLOADTHISISESPECIALLYTHECASEWHEREAWEAKERHORIZONOCCURSATDEPTHBUTISSTILLWITHINTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEBULBOFPRESSUREWHICHWILLBEGENERATEDBYTHESTRUCTURE4PRESSURETESTSHYDROSTATICPRESSURECHAMBERSAREUSEDTOMEASURETHEREACTIONOFAROCKMASSTOSTRESSOVERLARGEAREAS,GIVINGVALUESOFYOUNGSMODULUS,ELASTICRECOVERY,INELASTICDEFORMATIONANDCREEPTHERESULTSAREUSEDTOEVALUATETHEBEHAVIOUROFDAMFOUNDATIONSANDRELATEDSTRAINDISTRIBUTIONINTHESTRUCTUREANDTOHELPESTIMATETHEBEHAVIOUROFPRESSURETUNNELLININGSHYDROSTATICCHAMBERSCOVERAMUCHLARGERSURFACEAREATHANOTHERTESTMETHODSANDSOPROVIDEBETTERRESULTSOFMASSBEHAVIOURHOWEVER,BECAUSEOFTHEIRCOSTTHESETESTSAREUSEDSPARINGLYADILATOMETERCANBEUSEDINABOREHOLETOOBTAINDATARELATINGTOTHEDEFORMABILITYOFAROCKMASSTHESEINSTRUMENTSRANGEUPTOABOUT300MMINDIAMETERANDOVER1MINLENGTHANDCANEXERTPRESSURESOFUPTO20MN/M2ONTHEBOREHOLEWALLS5INSITUSHEARTESTINANINSITUSHEARTESTABLOCKOFROCKISSHEAREDFROMTHEROCKSURFACEWHILSTAHORIZONTALJACKEXERTSAVERTICALLOADITISADVANTAGEOUSTOMAKETHETESTSINSIDEGALLERIES,WHEREREACTIONSFORTHEJACKSAREREADILYAVAILABLETHETESTSAREPERFORMEDATVARIOUSNORMALLOADSANDGIVEANESTIMATEOFTHEANGLEOFSHEARINGRESISTANCEANDCOHESIONOFTHEROCKINSITUSHEARTESTSAREUSUALLYPERFORMEDONBLOCKS,700700MM,CUTINTHEROCKTHESETESTSCANBEMADEONTHESAMEROCKWHEREITSHOWSDIFFERENTDEGREESOFALTERATIONANDALONGDIFFERENTDIRECTIONSACCORDINGTOTHEDISCONTINUITYPATTERNTHEFACTOROFSAFETYAGAINSTSTRAINDUETOSLIDINGMAYDEPENDONALIMITEDZONEANDITISTHEREFOREESSENTIALTOFINDANDINVESTIGATETHEWEAKESTZONESITISSOMETIMESDIFFICULTTOOBTAINSUFFICIENTLYUNDISTURBED,ASINTHECASEOFSHALES,TOPERFORMTESTSTHISISALSOTHECASEWHENTHEROCKSAREAFFECTEDBYRESIDUALSTRESSESCONSOLIDATIONTHEORYCONSOLIDATIONISTHEGRADUALREDUCTIONINVOLUMEOFAFULLYSATURATEDSOILOFLOWPERMEABILITYDUETODRAINAGEOFSOMEOFTHEPOREWATER,THEPROCESSCONTINUINGUNTILTHEEXCESSPOREWATERPRESSURESETUPBYANINCREASEINTOTALSTRESSHASCOMPLETELYDISSIPATEDTHESIMPLESTCASEISTHATOFONEDIMENSIONALCONSOLIDATION,INWHICHACONDITIONOFZEROLATERALSTRAINISIMPLICITTHEPROCESSOFSWELLING,THEREVERSEOFCONSOLIDATION,ISTHEGRADUALINCREASEINVOLUMEOFASOILUNDERNEGATIVEEXCESSPOREWATERPRESSURE1THEOEDOMETERTESTTHECHARACTERISTICSOFASOILDURINGONEDIMENSIONALCONSOLIDATIONORSWELLINGCANBEDETERMINEDBYMEANSOFTHEOEDOMETERTESTTHETESTPROCEDUREHASBEENSTANDARDIZEDINSTANDARDSWHICHSPECIFIESTHATTHEOEDOMETERSHALLBEOFTHEFIXEDRINGTYPETHEVOIDRATIOATTHEENDOFEACHINCREMENTPERIODCANBECALCULATEDFROMTHEDIALGAUGEREADINGSANDEITHERTHEWATERCONTENTORDRYWEIGHTOFTHESPECIMENATTHEENDOFTHETEST2COMPRESSIBILITYCHARACTERISTICSTYPICALPLOTSOFVOIDRATIOEAFTERCONSOLIDATION,AGAINSTEFFECTIVESTRESS/FORASATURATEDCLAYARESHOWNTHATANINITIALCOMPRESSIONFOLLOWEDBYEXPANSIONANDRECOMPRESSIONTHESHAPESOFTHECURVESARERELATEDTOTHESTRESSHISTORYOFTHECLAYTHECOMPRESSIBILITYOFTHECLAYCANBEREPRESENTEDBYONEOFTHEFOLLOWINGCOEFFICIENTSTHECOEFFICIENTOFVOLUMECOMPRESSIBILITYMV,THECOMPRESSIONINDEXCC3PRECONSOLIDATIONPRESSUREWHENEVERPOSSIBLETHEPRECONSOLIDATIONPRESSUREFORANOVERCONSOLIDATEDCLAYSHOULDNOTBEEXCEEDEDINCONSTRUCTIONCOMPRESSIONWILLNOTUSUALLYBEGREATIFTHEEFFECTIVEVERTICALSTRESSREMAINSBELOWONLYIFISEXCEEDEDWILLCOMPRESSIONBELARGE/C/C41DCONSOLIDATIONSETTLEMENT5DEGREEOFCONSOLIDATION6TERZAGHISTHEORYOFONEDIMENSIONALCONSOLIDATIONTHEASSUMPTIONSMADEINTHETHEORYARE1THESOILISHOMOGENOUS2THESOILISFULLYSATURATED3THESOLIDPARTICLESANDWATERAREINCOMPRESSIBLE4COMPRESSIONANDFLOWAREONEDIMENSIONALVERTICAL5STRAINSARESMALL6DARCYSLAWISVALIDATALLHYDRAULICGRADIENTS7THECOEFFICIENTOFPERMEABILITYANDTHECOEFFICIENTOFVOLUMECOMPRESSIBILITYREMAINCONSTANTTHROUGHOUTTHEPROCESS8THEREISAUNIQUERELATIONSHIP,INDEPENDENTOFTIME,BETWEENVOIDRATIOANDEFFECTIVESTRESS7SECONDCOMPRESSIONSECONDARYCOMPRESSIONISTHOUGHTTOBEDUETOTHEGRADUALREADJUSTMENTOFTHELAYPARTICLESINTOAMORESTABLECONFIGURATIONFOLLOWINGTHESTRUCTURALDISTURBANCECAUSEDBYTHEDECREASEINVOIDRATIO,ESPECIALLYIFTHECLAYISLATERALLYCONFINEDANADDITIONALFACTORISTHEGRADUALLATERALDISPLACEMENTSWHICHTAKEPLACEINTHICKCLAYLAYERSSUBJECTEDTOSHEARSTRESSESTHERATEOFSECONDARYCOMPRESSIONISTHOUGHTTOBECONTROLLEDBYTHEHIGHLYVISCOUSFILMOFADSORBEDWATERSURROUNDINGTHECLAYMINERALPARTICLESINTHESOILBEARINGCAPACITYINORDERTOAVOIDSHEARFAILUREORSUBSTANTIALSHEARDEFORMATIONOFTHEGROUND,THEFOUNDATIONPRESSURESUSEDINDESIGNSHOULDHAVEANADEQUATEFACTOROFSAFETYWHENCOMPAREDWITHTHEULTIMATEBEARINGCAPACITYOFTHEFOUNDATIONTHEULTIMATEBEARINGCAPACITYISTHEVALUEOFTHELOADINGINTENSITYWHICHCAUSESTHEGROUNDTOFAILSUDDENLYINSHEARIFTHISISTOBEAVOIDEDTHENAFACTOROFSAFETYMUSTBEAPPLIEDTOTHEULTIMATEBEARINGCAPACITY,THEVALUEOBTAINEDBEINGTHEMAXIMUMSAFEBEARINGCAPACITY1STRESSDISTRIBUTIONINSOILAREASONABLEAPPROXIMATIONOFHOWSTRESSISDISTRIBUTEDINSOILUPONLOADINGCANBEOBTAINEDBYASSUMINGTHATTHESOILBEHAVESINANELASTICMANNERASIFITWASAHOMOGENOUSMATERIAL2FOUNDATIONFAILURETHEREAREUSUALLYTHREESTAGESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAFOUNDATIONFAILURETHEWEIGHTOFTHEMATERIALINTHEPASSIVEZONESRESISTSTHELIFTINGFORCESANDPROVIDESTHEREACTIONTHROUGHTHEOTHERTWOZONESWHICHCOUNTERACTDOWNWARDMOTIONOFTHEFOUNDATIONSTRUCTURETHUSTHEBEARINGCAPACITYISAFUNCTIONOFTHERESISTANCETOUPLIFTOFTHEPASSIVEZONEASURCHARGEPLACEDONTHEPASSIVEZONEORINCREASINGTHEDEPTHOFTHEFOUNDATIONTHEREFOREINCREASETHEBEARINGCAPACITY3BEARINGCAPACITYFACTORSANUMBEROFBEARINGCAPACITYFACTORSAREUSEDTODETERMINEDTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEVARIOUSCHARACTERISTICSOFASOILANDFORMATIONSTRUCTUREONTHEULTIMATEBEARINGCAPACITY4CONTACTPRESSURETHEPRESSUREACTINGBETWEENTHEBOTTOMOFAFOUNDATIONSTRUCTUREANDTHESOILISTHECONTACTPRESSURETHEASSUMPTIONTHATAUNIFORMLYLOADEDFOUNDATIONSTRUCTURETRANSMITSTHELOADUNIFORMLYSOTHATTHEGROUNDISUNIFORMLYSTRESSEDISBYONMEANSVALIDINFACT,OFCOURSE,THECLAYYIELDSSLIGHTLYANDSOREDUCESTHESTRESSATTHEEDGESASTHELOADISINCREASEDMOREANDMORELOCALYIELDINGOFTHEGROUNDMATERIALTAKESPLACEUNTIL,THENTHELOADINGISCLOSETOTHATWHICHWOULDCAUSEFAILURE,THEDISTRIBUTIONISPROBABLYVERYNEARLYUNIFORMTHEREFOREATWORKINGLOADSAUNIFORMLYLOADEDFOUNDATIONSTRUCTUREONCLAYIMPOSESAWIDELYVARYINGCONTACTPRESSURE5ALLOWABLECONTACTPRESSUREFORROCKMASSESIFTHEROCKMASSCONTAINSFEWDEFECTSTHEALLOWABLECONTACTPRESSUREATTHESURFACEMAYBETAKENCONSERVATIVELYASTHEUNCONFINEDCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHOFTHEINTACTROCKMOSTROCKMASSES,HOWEVER,AREAFFECTEDBYJOINTSORWEATHERINGWHICHMAYSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTTHEIRSTRENGTHANDENGINEERINGBEHAVIOURTHESTABILITYOFSLOPES1THESTABILITYOFSLOPESINSOILSTHESTABILITYOFSLOPESISCRITICALFACTORINOPENEXCAVATIONTHISSTABILITYISUSUALLYEXPRESSEDINTERMSOFFACTOROFSAFETYF,THEDESIGNOFPOTENTIALSTABILITYINCREASINGASTHEVALUEOFFINCREASESABOVEUNITYASOILMASSUNDERGIVENLOADSSHOULDHAVEANADEQUATEFACTOROFSAFETYWILLRESPECTTOSHEARFAILURE,ANDDEFORMATIONUNDERGIVENLOADSSHOULDNOTEXCEEDCERTAINTOLERABLELIMITSTHEREARESEVERALMETHODSAVAILABLEFORANALYSISOFTHESTABILITYOFSLOPESINSOILSMOSTOFTHESESMAYBECLASSEDASLIMITEQUILIBRIUMMETHODSINWHICHTHEBASICASSUMPTIONISTHATCOULOMBSFAILURECRITERIONISSATISFIEDALONGTHEASSUMEDPATHOFFAILURE11ANALYSISOFSTABILITYINCOHESIVESOIL12THESWEDISHMETHODSLICES2THESTABILITYOFSLOPESINROCKSTHEDESIGNFORASLOPEEXCAVATEDINROCKNECESSITATESAWELLPLANNEDSITEINVESTIGATION,INDEEDNODESIGNCANBEBETTERTHANTHEQUALITYOFTHEGEOLOGICALINPUTDATASUCHASITEINVESTIGATIONMUSTOBTAINASMUCHINFORMATIONASPOSSIBLEONTHECHARACTEROFTHEDISCONTINUITIESWITHINTHEROCKMASSINQUESTION,SINCETHESTABILITYOFAROCKMASSISFREQUENTLYDEPENDENTUPONTHENATUREOFTHEDISCONTINUITIESINFORMATIONRELATINGTOTHESPATIALRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENDISCONTINUITIESAFFORDSSOMEINDICATIONOFTHEMODESOFFAILUREWHICHMAYOCCURANDINFORMATIONRELATINGTOTHESHEARSTRENGTHOFTHEROCKMASS,ORMOREPARTICULARLYTHESHEARSTRENGTHALONGDISCONTINUITIES,ISREQUIREDFORUSEINTHESTABILITYANALYSISFURTHERMOREDATASHOULDBECOLLECTEDFROMALLNEWLYEXCAVATEDFACESINORDERTOCONFIRMORAMENDTHEORIGINALASSUMPTIONMADEDURINGDESIGNAND,IFNECESSARY,TOPROVIDEABASISFORREDESIGN21FACTORSINFLUENCINGROCKSLOPESTABILITY22TYPESOFFAILUREINROCKSLOPESMETHODSOFSLOPECONTROLANDSTABILIZATIONITISRARELYECONOMICALTODESIGNAROCKSLOPESOTHATNOSUBSEQUENTROCKFALLSOCCUR,INDEEDMANYROADSINROUGHTERRAINCOULDNOTBECONSTRUCTEDWITHTHEFINANCEAVAILABLEWITHOUTACCEPTINGSOMESUCHRISKTHEREFOREEXCEPTTHEREABSOLUTESECURITYISESSENTIAL,SLOPESSHOULDBEDESIGNEDTOALLOWSMALLFALLSOFROCKUNDERCONTROLLEDCONDITIONSFORANECONOMICALDESIGN,ABOUT10OFTHESLOPEAREAMAYREQUIRESOMETREATMENTATALATERDATESUBSEQUENTSLOPETREATMENTMAYTAKETHEFORMOFAREDUCTIONINTHEOVERALLSLOPEANGLESOASTOINCREASETHEFACTOROFSAFETYOBVIOUSLYCAREMUSTBETAKENTOAVOIDDAMAGINGTHESLOPEWHENITISBEINGTRIMMEDBYFURTHERBLASTINGCAREALSOSHOULDBETAKENTOMAINTAINACONSTANTSLOPELINE1REINFORCEMENTOFSLOPESROCKBOLTSMAYBEUSEDASREINFORCEMENTTOENHANCETHESTABILITYOFSLOPESEXCAVATEDINJOINTEDROCKMASSESTHEYPROVIDEADDITIONALSTRENGTHONCRITICALPLANESOFWEAKNESSWITHINTHEROCKMASSREINFORCEDEARTHWALLSARECONSTRUCTEDBYERECTINGATHINFRONTSKINATTHEFACEOFTHEWALLWHILSTATTHESAMETIMETHEEARTHISPLACEDSTRIPSOFSTEELAREFIXEDTOTHEFACINGSKINATREGULARINTERVALSTHEYCANBERAPIDLYERECTEDBUTONLYSERVETOSUPPORTSHALLOWTRANSLATIONSLIDESGABIONSCONSISTSOFSTRONGWIREMESHSURROUNDINGPLACEDSTONESWHICHAREBUILTTOAGIVENHEIGHTTHEYPROVIDEASTABLESTRUCTUREPERVIOUSTOWATER2DRAINAGEOFSLOPESDRAINAGEISTHEMOSTGENERALLYAPPLICABLEMETHODFORIMPROVINGTHESTABILITYOFSLOPESFORTHECORRECTIVETREATMENTOFSLIDES,REGARDLESSOFTYPE,SINCEITREDUCESTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEPRINCIPALCAUSESOFINSTABILITY,NAMELY,EXCESSPOREWATERPRESSUREINROCKMASSESGROUNDWATERALSOTENDSTOREDUCETHESHEARSTRENGTHALONGDISCONTINUITIESMOREOVERDRAINAGEISTHEONLYECONOMICWAYOFDEALINGWITHSLIDESINVOLVINGTHEMOVEMENTOFSEVERALMILLIONCUBICMETRESUNDERGROUNDCAVERN1LOCATIONOFUNDERGROUNDCAVERNTHESITEINVESTIGATIONFORANUNDERGROUNDCAVERNHASTOLOCATEASUFFICIENTLYLARGEMASSOFSOUNDROCKINWHICHTHECAVERNCANBEEXCAVATEDBECAUSECAVERNSUSUALLYARELOCATEDATAPPEARANCEOFWEATHERINGANDCONSEQUENTLYTHECHIEFCONSIDERATIONSAREROCKQUALITY,GEOLOGICALSTRUCTU