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附录一：英文原文RobotG. Gary WangAssistantProfessorDept.ofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,UniversityofManitoba,Winnipeg,MB, R3T 5V6 Canadae Robots classificationSeveral thousand years ago the humanity longed for that makes one kind of elephant persons same machine, in order to extricates the humanity from the arduous work. If the ancient Greece poet Homeros lengthy narrative poem Yiliyate god of lame sea time of Si Tesi smelting, uses the gold casting to have a beautiful intelligent maidservant; Greek mythology Lu Elder brother Discovery ship bronze giant Tailuosi (Taloas); Judea in fables soil giant and so on, these beautiful myth times were driving the people must certainly become the beautiful myth the reality, as early as started before two millenniums to present the automatic wooden figurine and some simple mechanical figurines. to the modern times, in after a robot words appearance and the world the first industry robot comes out, the different functions robot also one after another appears, and enlivened in the different domain, from the space to the underground, developed from the industry broadly to the agriculture, the forest, the herd, the fishing, even entered the common family. Robots many type, broad application, affects the depth, is we are unexpected. Divides from robots use, may divide into two broad headings: Military robot: ground military robot The ground robot is mainly refers to the intelligence or the remote control wheeled and the track-laying vehicle. The ground military robot may divide into the independent vehicles and half independent vehicles. The independent vehicles depend upon the own intelligent autonomous navigation, the avoidance obstacle, the independence complete each kind of combat mission; Half independent vehicles may exercise independently under persons surveillance, when encounters the difficulty the operators may carry on the remote control intervention. unmanned aerial vehicleIs called the airborne robots unmanned aerial vehicle is in the military robot develops the quickest family, the first autopilot has been published since 1913, unmanned aerial vehicles fundamental type has achieved 300 many kinds, at present the unmanned aerial vehicle which sells in the world market has 40 many kinds. The US participated in nearly the world all important wars. Is advanced as a result of its science and technology, the national strength is strong, thus 80 for many years, the world unmanned aerial vehicles development basically has been prompts forward by the line. The US studies one of unmanned aerial vehicle earliest countries, regardless of today looking from technical level or unmanned aerial vehicles type and quantity, the US occupies the world leader. the comprehensive survey unmanned aerial vehicle develops the history, may say that the modern warfare is the power which the unmanned aerial vehicle develops, the high technology and new technology development is the foundation which it progresses unceasingly. underwater robotThe underwater robot divides into some person of robots and nobody robot two broad headings: Some person of submersibles mobile nimble, is advantageous for the processing complex question, holds the post the life will possibly have the danger, moreover the price will be expensive. The unmanned submersible is the underwater robot which the people said that “Shinao” is one kind. It is suitable for the long time, the wide range inspection duty, in the recent 20 years, the underwater robot had the very big development, they both may military and be possible civil. Further develops along with the human to the sea, in the 21st century they will certainly to have a more widespread application. According to the unmanned submersible and the water surface support equipment (depot ship or platform) contact methods difference, the underwater robot may divide into two broad headings: One kind has the cable underwater robot, in the custom is called as it controls remotely the submersibles, is called ROV; Another kind does not have the cable underwater robot, in the submersibles custom is called as it the autonomous submersibles, is called AUV. Has the cable robot is the remote control type, divides into towed, (seabed) according to its mode of motion the mobile and the float (from navigation) the formula three kinds. Does not have the cable underwater robot only to be able to be autonomous -like, at present also only then the observation float type one mode of motion, but its prospect is bright. spatial robotThe spatial robot is one kind of low end light teleoperator, may in the planet atmospheric environment the guidance and the flight. Therefore, it must overcome many difficulties, for example it must be able, in changes unceasingly in three dimensional environment movement and autonomous navigation; Cannot pause nearly; Must be able real-time to determine it in the spatial position and the condition; Must be able to carry on the control primarily to the American its vertical movement; Must forecast and plan the way for its star border flight.Civil robot: industry robot The industry robot is refers to the industry the application one kind can carry on the automatic control, to be possible to duplicate programs, multi-purpose, the multi-degrees-of-freedom, the multipurpose operation machine, can transport the material, the work piece or manages the tool, with completes each kind of work. And this kind of operation machine may fix in a place, may also on the reciprocal motion car. service robotThe service robot is in a robot familys young member, so far still did not have a strict definition, the different country to serves robots understanding also to have certain difference. Serves robots application scope to be very broad, is mainly engaged in work and so on maintenance, maintenance, repair, transportation, clean, security, rescue, guardianship. The German production technology and Institute of Automation manager executed Dr. Lafute for to serve the robot to give this kind of definition: Serves the robot is the shifter which one kind may program freely, it should have three motive axles at least, may partially or the completely automatic completes the services. Here services refer to are not the servicing activities which is engaged in for the industrial production goods, but refers to the services which the manner and the unit complete. entertainment robotThe entertainment robot take watches, the entertainment for the human as a goal, has robots exterior characteristic, may look like the human, some kind of animal, looks like in the fairy tale or the science fiction character likely and so on. Simultaneously has robots function, may walk or complete the movement, may have the verbal skill, will sing, has certain sensation ability. kind of person robot May see from other categorys robot, the majority robots do not look like the human, some do not even have a persons appearance, this point to cause many robot amateurs to be greatly disappointed. Perhaps you will ask, for system class person robot? Such robot will be easier to let the human accept. Actually, develops the outward appearance and the function and persons same robot is the desire which the scientists long for even in dreams, is also the goal which they pursue unremittingly. However, develops the performance outstanding kind of person robot, its biggest difficulty is both feet erectness walks. Because the robot and persons study way is dissimilar. A baby wants to study first walks, then studies runs; But the robot must study first runs, then studies walks. That is the robot study runs easier. agricultural robotBecause the mechanization, the automaticity are quite backward, “the surface faces upwards toward the loess back, did not have time throughout the year” has become our country farmers symbol. But recent years agricultural robots being published, hopefully changed traditional the work way. In the agricultural robots aspect, Japan resides in head at present the various countries.Robot historyUSThe US is robots birthplace, as early as developed in the world in 1962 the first industry robot, compares was known as the robot kingdom Japan to start must at least early 56 years. After more than 30 years development, the US already became one in world robot powerful nations, the foundation is abundant, technological advance. The comprehensive survey its history, the path is winding, is not smooth. Because The US government from the 60s to the 70ss in ten several years period, has not included the industry robot the prioritize project, was only has done some research work in several universities and the minority company. Regarding the enterprise, in only saw the momentary interests of the day, the government does not have the financial support in the situation, rather misses the good opportunity, defends stubbornly in the use rigidity automation installment, is also not willing to run risks, applies or makes the robot. In addition, at that time the American unemployment rate reached as high as 6.65%, the government worried that the development robot can cause more people to be unemployed, therefore does not give the investment, also does not organize to develop the robot, this has no alternative but saying that is The US governments strategic decision is wrong. In the late 70s, although The US government and the business community had take seriously, but still placed in the technical route the key point the research robot software and the military, the universe, the sea, the nuclear engineering and so on the special domain high-quality robots development, caused Japans industry robot to catch up, and surpassed the US very quickly in industrial productions application and the robot manufacturing industry, the product has formed the strong competitive power in the international market. After the 80s, the US only then feels the situation to be urgent, the government and the business community only then truly takes seriously to the robot, in the policy also has manifests, on the one hand encourages the industrial world development and the application robot, on the other hand the making plan, the enhancement investment, increase robots research funds, regards as the American once more industrialization the robot the characteristic, causes USs robot rapidly expand. In the late 80s, applies robots technical gradually maturing along with each big factory, the first generation of robots technical performance could be getting more and more dissatisfied the actual need, the US starts to produce has the second generation of robot which the vision, the strength thought that and has seized the American 60% robot market very quickly. the US passes through one in the robot history to take the fundamental research freely, the neglect application development research road diversion, but USs robot technology internationally still has been in the leading position. Its technology is comprehensive, is advanced, the compatibility is also very strong. Concrete manifestation in: (1) the perform reliably, the function is comprehensive, the precision is high; (2) the robot language study development is quick, the linguistic type many, applies broadly, the level comes first in of high world; (3) the intelligence technological development is quick, its vision, sense of touch and so on artificial intelligence technology already in astronautics, automobile industry widespread application; (4) high development and so on intelligent, high difficulty military robot, outer space robot are rapid, mainly uses in the mine clearance, laying mines, the reconnaissance, to stand guard and the outer space survey aspect. EnglandAs early as in 1966, American Unimation Corporations You Ni the Munder robot and the AMF Corporations fertile sha especially blue robot already took the lead to enter the British market. in 1967 Britains two greatly mechanical companies also especially for American these two robot company in British sales promotion robot. Then, British Hall Automation Corporation develops own robot RAMP. In the early 70s, because the British government Scientific research Committee has promulgated the denial artificial intelligence and robots Lighthall reported that has implemented the limit development stern measures to the industry robot, thus the robot industry is unable to recover, almost resides in the lowliest place in Western Europe.But, internationally the robot vigorous developments situation very quickly causes the British Government to realize: Robot technologys backwardness, causes its commodity in international market competitive power is the drop greatly. Therefore, started from the late 70s, the British government transferred has the support manner, carried out and implements has a series of supported the policies and measures which the robot developed, like the widespread propaganda used robots importance, in the finance for the purchase robot enterprise subsidy, to promote the robot research unit and the cartel positively and so on, made the British robot to start the prosperous time which and developed vigorously in the realm of production widespread application.FranceFrance not only resides in the world leader in the robot capacity, moreover is in the world advanced level in the robot application level and the application scope. This mainly gives credit the French government quite takes the robot technology from the very beginning, specially places the key point develops in robots applied research.The French robots development is quite smooth, the primary cause is the research project which supports vigorously through the government, establishes a complete science and technology system. Namely by Official organization some robot foundation technology aspect research project, but applies and develops the aspect by the industrial world support development the work, both complement one another, cause the robot at the French business community very quick development and the popularization.German The Germany industry robots total occupies world third, is only inferior to Japan and the US. Here said Germany, what mainly refers to is original Federal Republic of Germany. It compared to British and Sweden introduction robot approximately late 56 years. Its therefore so, is because of a Germanys robot industry start, met the domestic economy not to be booming. But Germanys social environment is actually is advantageous to the robot industrial development. Because of the war, causes the labor force to be short, as well as the national technical level is high, is realizes uses robots advantage. To the 70s mid and late part, the government has used the administrative method to pave the way for robots promotion; Stipulated in the improvement work condition plan that has the danger regarding some, virulently, the harmful operating post, must replace average persons work by the robot. This plan has developed the widespread market for robots application, and promoted the industry robot technology development. The Rierman nationality is any scientist does not grind the heavy actual nationality, they always insisted the technical application and the social demand unify principle. Is likely same besides the majority countries, the robot main application in the automobile industry, a prominent spot is Germany in the textile industry with the modernized production technological transformations original enterprise, has discarded the old machine, has purchased the modernized automatic equipment, the electronic accounting machine and the robot, causes the textile industry cost to drop, the quality to enhance, the product color and pattern varieties even more is suitable for sale. Caused to 1984 the profession which explained is is on ones last legs to promote finally. Meanwhile, Germany saw the robot and so on advanced automated technology to industrial productions function, proposed after 1985, the goal which must to high-level, the belt feel the intelligence robot which shifts. After near ten year endeavors, its intelligent robots research and the application aspect are in the recognition in the world the leading position.RussianIn the former Soviet Union (is mainly in Russia), discusses the robot technology from the theory and the practice is from 50 niandai houbanqi starts. Started the robot prototypes research work to the late 50s. in 1968 trial produced a deep water work robot successfully. in 1971 developed the multi-purpose robots which the factory used. As early as (in 1970 11,975 years) started when the former Soviet Union ninth five-year plan, developed the robot to include in the country scientific technological advance guiding principle. To 1975, has developed 30 models 120 robots, passes through 20 year endeavor, former Soviet Unions robot in quantity, the quality water on is at the world leader position. The country has the destination to enhance the science and technology progress to treat as the impetus social product development the method, arranges robots research manufacture; The related robots research production, applies, the promotion and the enhancement work, arranges by the government, to have the plan, to carry on according to the step. ChinaSome people believed that is only to save the labor force using the robot, but our country pool of labor power is rich, develops the robot not necessarily to tally with our country national condition. This is one kind of misunderstanding. In our country, socialist systems superiority had decided the robot can display its strong point fully. It not can only bring the high productive forces and the huge economic efficiency for our countrys economic development, moreover for our countrys universe development, the ocean development, the nuclear power using and so on emerging domains development will make the remarkable contribution。 China in “75” the plan the robot row person country key scientific research plan content, has dialed the great sum of money to establish in Shenyang the national first robot research demonstration project, has launched the robot basic theory and the foundation primary device research comprehensively. For several years, develop the demonstration reappearance one after another covering extensive fields and so on transporting, spot welding, arc welding, painting, assembly the industry robot and the underwater operation, military and the special robot. At present, demonstration reappearance robot technology already basic mature, and promotes the application in the factory. Our country produces voluntarily robot painting assembly line in Changchun FAW Cart yard and east wind automotive factory investment movement. in March, 1986 started the national 863 high tech development project has included the research, the development intelligent robots content. Currently speaking, we should from the production and application angle embarking, unify our country national condition, the increase production structure are simple, cost inexpensive practical robot and certain special robots.JapaneseJapan is being in the economic depth development time in the late 60s, the yearly rate reaches 11%. After Second World War, Japans labor force originally anxious, but the high velocity economic development intensified the labor force serious insufficient difficulty. Therefore, Japan introduced the robot and the technology in 1967 by the Kawasaki Heavy industry Company from American Unimation Corporation, the establishment the Production workshop, and trial produced the first Kawasaki in 1968 “especially Nepali Munder” the robot.Is precisely because Japan at that time labor force remarkable insufficient, robot has received “Savior” in the enterprise welcome. The Japanese government has adopted the positive prop policy at the same time in the economy, encourages to develop and the promoted application robot, thus the further stimulated the entrepreneur to be engaged in the robot industry the enthusiasm. Especially government to, Small businesss a series of economy preferential policy, if provides preferential benefit by the government bank the low interest fund, encourages to gather capital to establish “the robot to rent the company for a long time”, after the company invests buys the robot, rents to the user for a long time, the user only need pay the inexpensive rent every month, reduced the enterprise to buy the fund obligation which greatly the robot needed; The government takes by computer controls demonstration reappearance robot the special discount to give favored treatment the product, the enterprise besides enjoys the new equipment usual 40% discount to give favored treatment, but may also enjoy 13% price subsidy again. On the other hand, the national investment carries on to the Small business applies robots specialized knowledge and technical guidance and so on. This a series of props up the policy, causes the Japanese robot industry rapidly expand, passes through the short several years, to the mid-80s, has jumped to “the robot kingdom”, its robots output and the installment Taiwan number internationally leaps to the first place. According to Japanese industry robot industry association executive member of the council rice this two views: “the Japanese robots development passed through the 60ss incunabula, the 70ss practical time, enters the human to the 80s to popularize enhances the time.”And decided as officially 1980 “the industrial robots popularization first year”, started in each domain the widespread promoted use robot. The Japanese government and the enterprise trusts the robot fully, uses the robot boldly. The robot has not disappointed peoples expectation, it in the solution labor shortage, raises the productivity, the improvement product quality and reduces the production cost aspect, is playing more and more remarkable role, becomes Japan maintains the economic growth rate and a product competitive ability essential troop. Japan in the automobile, the electronic profession massive use robot production, causes the Japanese automobile and the electronic products output increases suddenly, the quality enhances day by day, but production cost to reduce greatly. Thus enables the automobile which Japan produces marches by the moderately-priced overwhelming superiority is known as “the automobile kingdom” the American market, and exports the practical robot which to the robot birth country Japan produces. This time, the Japanese low-price quality merchandises domestic electric appliances product also has flooded the American market .This causes “Uncle Sam” the regret. Because Japan makes, uses the robot, has increased the national strength, has obtained the huge advantage, forces US, UK and France and so on many countries to be able not but to take the measure, makes vigorous efforts to catch up.Industry robot technologyThe industry robot by the operation machine (basic machine), the controller, the servo drive system and the examination transmitter constitution, is one kind imitates the human to operate, the automatic control, to be possible to duplicate programs, can complete each kind of work in the three-dimensional space the integration of machinery automation production equipment. The especially qualify in the multi-varieties, changes the batch the flexible production. It to stable, improves the product quality, raises the production efficiency, the improvement work condition and the product fast renewal very vital role. The robot technology synthesized the high technology and new technology which the computer, the cybernetics, mechanism, the information and the sensing technology, the artificial intelligence, the bionics and so on multi-disciplinary form, is the contemporary research is very active, application day by day widespread domain. The robot application situation, is a country industrial automation level important symbol. the robot is not in the simple significance former generation for the artificial work, but synthesized persons special skill and the machine special skill one kind of personifications electronic mechanism, both some people to environment condition rapid reaction and analysis judgment ability, and has the machine to be possible the long time to work continually, the precision high, anti-adverse circumstance ability, in a sense it is also machines evolution process product, it is the industry as well as the non-industrial field important production and the ministrant equipment, is also the advanced technique of manufacture domain essential automatic equipment.Second, present situation and domestic and foreign trend of developmentThe overseas robot domain development has the following several tendencies in recent years:1. the industry robot performance enhances (high velocity, high accuracy, redundant reliability, to be advantageous for operation and service) unceasingly, but the single plane price drops unceasingly, the average single plane price drops to 97 year 65,000 US dollar from 91 year 103,000 US dollar.2. the mechanism to the modulation, may the restructuring development. For example in joint module servo electrical machinery, speed reducer, examination system Trinity body; By the joint module, the connecting rod module use the reorganization way structure robot complete machine; Overseas had the modular assembly robot product to ask the city 3. the industry robot control system to develops based on the PC machine open-type controller direction, is advantageous for the standardization, the network; The component integration rate enhances, the control cubicle date sees exquisitely, and uses the modular structure; Enhanced systems reliability greatly, easy operational and the maintainability.4. in robots sensor function is day by day important, besides uses sensors and so on traditional position, speed, acceleration, the assembly, welded the robot also to apply the vision, the strength to think and so on sensors, but the teleoperator used the vision, the sound sensation, the strength sleep, the sense of touch and so on multi-sensors fusion technologies to carry on the environment modelling and the policy-making control; The multi-sensor fusion disposition technology had the mature application in the production system. 5. virtual reality technology in robots function from the simulation, the preview has developed to uses in the process control, if causes the teleoperator operator to produce places oneself operates the robot in the far-end job environment feeling. 6. present age teleoperator systems development characteristic pursues the entire autonomous system, but devotes to the operator and robots man-machine interaction control, namely the remote control adds the partial independent system constitution complete monitoring remote control system, causes the intelligent robot to go out the laboratory to enter the practical stage. The US launches on Mars “Sojourner” the robot is this kind of system success application most famous example. 7. machine hominization machinery starts to emerge. Has developed “the hypothesized axis engine bed” since 94 year US, this kind of new installment has become one of international research hot spots, explores in abundance develops its practical application the domain.附录二：中文翻译机器人G. Gary Wang加拿大温尼伯工程大学机械及工业研究所副教授几千年前人类就渴望制造 一种像人一样的机器，以便将人类从繁重的劳动中解脱出来。 如古希腊诗人Homeros的长篇叙事诗 伊利亚特中的冶炼之神瘸腿海倍斯特司 ，就用黄金铸造出一个美丽聪颖的侍女；希腊神话阿鲁哥探险船中的青铜巨人泰洛斯（Taloas)；犹太传说中的泥土巨人等等，这些美丽的神话时刻激励着人们一定要把美丽的神话变为现实，早在两千年前就开始出现了自动木人和一些简单的机械偶人。到了近代 ，机器人一词的出现和世界上第一台工业机器人问世之后，不同功能的机器人也相继出现并且活跃在不同的领域，从天上到地下，从工业拓广到 农业、林、牧、渔，甚至进入寻常百姓家。机器人的种类之多，应用之广，影响之深，是我们始料未及的。从机器人的用途来分，可以分为两大类： 军用机器人： 地面军用机器人地面机器人主要是指智能或遥控的轮式和履带式车辆.地面军用机器人又可分为自主车辆和半自主车辆。自主车辆依靠自身的智能自主导航,躲避障碍物,独立完成各种战斗任务;半自主车辆可在人的监视下自主行使,在遇到困难时操作人员可以进行遥控干预。无人机被称为空中机器人的无人机是军用机器人中发展最快的家族，从1913年第一台自动驾驶仪问世以来，无人机的基本类型已达到300多种，目前在世界市场上销售的无人机有40多种。美国几乎参加了世界上所有重要的战争。由于它的科学技术先进，国力较强，因而80多年来，世界无人机的发展基本上是以美国为主线向前推进的。美国是研究无人机最早的国家之一，今天无论从技术水平还是无人机的种类和数量来看，美国均居世界首位。综观无人机发展的历史，可以说现代战争是无人机发展的动力，高新技术的发展是它不断进步的基础。 水下机器人水下机器人分为有人机器人和无人机器人两大类：有人潜水器机动灵活，便于处理复杂的问题，担任的生命可能会有危险，而且价格昂贵。 无人潜水器就是人们所说的水下机器人，“科夫”就是其中的一种。它适于长时间、大范围的考察任务，近20年来，水下机器人有了很大的发展，它们既可军用又可民用。随着人对海洋进一步地开发，21世纪它们必将会有更广泛的应用。按照无人潜水器与水面支持设备（母船或平台）间联系方式的不同，水下机器人可以分为两大类：一种是有缆水下机器人，习惯上把它称做遥控潜水器，简称ROV；另一种是无缆水下机器人，潜水器习惯上把它称做自治潜水器，简称AUV。有缆机器人都是遥控式的，按其运动方式分为拖曳式、（海底）移动式和浮游（自航）式三种。无缆水下机器人只能是自治式的，目前还只有观测型浮游式一种运动方式，但它的前景是光明的。 空间机器人空间机器人是一种低价位的轻型遥控机器人，可在行星的大气环境中导航及飞行。为此，它必须克服许多困难，例如它要能在一个不断变化的三维环境中运动并自主导航；几乎不能够停留；必须能实时确定它在空间的位置及状态；要能对它的垂直运动进行控制；要为它的星际飞行预测及规划路径。 民用机器人： 工业机器人工业机器人是指在工业中应用的一种能进行自动控制的、可重复编程的、多功能的、多自由度的、多用途的操作机，能搬运材料、工件或操持工具，用以完成各种作业。且这种操作机可以固定在一个地方，也可以在往复运动的小车上。 服务机器人服务机器人是机器人家族中的一个年轻成员，到目前为止尚没有一个严格的定义，不同国家对服务机器人的认识也有一定差异。服务机器人的应用范围很广，主要从事维护、保养、修理、运输、清洗、保安、救援、监护等工作。德国生产技术与自动化研究所所长施拉夫特博士给服务机器人下了这样一个定义：服务机器人是一种可自由编程的移动装置，它至少应有三个运动轴，可以部分地或全自动地完成服务工作。这里的服务工作指的不是为工业生产物品而从事的服务活动，而是指为人和单位完成的服务工作。 娱乐机器人娱乐机器人以供人观赏、娱乐为目的，具有机器人的外部特征，可以像人，像某种动物，像童话或科幻小说中的人物等。同时具有机器人的功能，可以行走或完成动作，可以有语言能力，会唱歌，有一定的感知能力。 类人机器人从其他类别的机器人可以看出，大多数的机器人并不像人，有的甚至没有一点人的模样，这一点使很多机器人爱好者大失所望。也许你会问，为什么科学家不研制类人机器人？这样的机器人会更容易让人接受。其实，研制出外观和功能与人一样的机器人是科学家们梦寐以求的愿望，也是他们不懈追求的目标。然而，研制出性能优异的类人机器人，其最大的难关就是双足直立行走。因为 机器人与人的学习方式不一样。一个婴儿要先学走，再学跑；而机器人则要先学跑，再学走。也就是说机器人学跑更容易些。 农业机器人由于机械化、自动化程度比较落后，“面朝黄土背朝天，一年四季不得闲”成了我国农民的象征。但近年农业机器人的问世，有望改变传统的劳动方式。在农业机器人的方面，目前日本居于世界各国之首。机器人发展史美国美国是机器人的诞生地，早在1962年就研制出世界上第一台工业机器人，比起号称机器人王国的日本起步至少要早五六年。经过30多年的发展，美国现已成为世界上的机器人强国之一，基础雄厚，技术先进。综观它的发展史，道路是曲折的，不平坦的。由于美国政府从60年代到70年代中的十几年期间，并没有把工业机器人列入重点发展项目，只是在几所大学和少数公司开展了一些研究工作。对于企业来说，在只看到眼前利益，政府又无财政支持的情况下，宁愿错过良机，固守在使用刚性自动化装置上，也不愿冒着风险，去应用或制造机器人。加上，当时美国失业率高达665，政府担心发展机器人会造成更多人失业，因此不予投资，也不组织研制机器人，这不能不说是美国政府的战略决策错误。70年代后期，美国政府和企业界虽有所重视，但在技术路线上仍把重点放在研究机器人软件及军事、宇宙、海洋、核工程等特殊领域的高级机器人的开发上，致使日本的工业机器人后来居上，并在工业生产的应用上及机器人制造业上很快超过了美国，产品在国际市场上形成了较强的竞争力。进入80年代之后，美国才感到形势紧迫，政府和企业界才对机器人真正重视起来，政策上也有所体现，一方面鼓励工业界发展和应用机器人，另一方面制订计划、提高投资，增加机器人的研究经费，把机器人看成美国再次工业化的特征，使美国的机器人迅速发展。80年代中后期，随着各大厂家应用机器人的技术日臻成熟，第一代机器人的技术性能越来越满足不了实际需要，美国开始生产带有视觉、力觉的第二代机器人，并很快占领了美国60的机器人市场。尽管美国在机器人发展史上走过一条重视理论研究，忽视应用开发研究的曲折道路，但是美国的机器人技术在国际上仍一直处于领先地位。其技术全面、先进，适应性也很强。具体表现在：（1）性能可靠，功能全面，精确度高；（2）机器人语言研究发展较快，语言类型多、应用广，水平高居世界之首；（3）智能技术发展快，其视觉、触觉等人工智能技术已在航天、汽车工业中广泛应用；（4）高智能、高难度的军用机器人、太空机器人等发展迅速，主要用于扫雷、布雷、侦察、站岗及太空探测方面。 英国早在1966年，美国Unimation公司的尤尼曼特机器人和AMF公司的沃莎特兰机器人就已经率先进入英国市场。1967年英国的两家大机械公司还特地为美国这两家机器人公司在英国推销机器人。接着，英国 Hall Automation公司研制出自己的机器人RAMP。70年代初期，由于英国政府科学研究委员会颁布了否定人工智能和机器人的Lighthall报告，对工业机器人实行了限制发展的严厉措施，因而机器人工业一蹶不振，在西欧差不多居于末位。但是，国际上机器人蓬勃发展的形势很快使英政府意识到：机器人技术的落后，导致其商品在国际市场上的竞争力大为下降。于是，从70年代末开始，英国政府转而采取支持态度，推行并实施了一系列支持机器人发展的政策和措施，如广泛宣传使用机器人的重要性、在财政上给购买机器人企业以补贴、积极促进机器人研究单位与企业联合等，使英国机器人开始了在生产领域广泛应用及大力研制的兴盛时期。 法国法国不仅在机器人拥有量上居于世界前列，而且在机器人应用水平和应用范围上处于世界先进水平。这主要归功于法国政府一开始就比较重视机器人技术，特别是把重点放在开展机器人的应用研究上。法国机器人的
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