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三维PROE 传动 箱侧盖 机械 加工 及其 数控 编程 三维 PROE CAD 图纸 PDF

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附录：G代码：% O0100 T01 T02 G90 G80 G00 G17 G40 M23 G43 H01 Z50. S123 M03 G00 X-23.663 Y-48.876 Z50. M09 Z11.176 G01 Z8.176 F500 X-20.151 Z4.993 X-16.168 Z2.424 X-11.819 Z0.539 X-7.221 Z-0.613 X-2.497 Z-1. X1.925 X-23.218 Y-40.876 X-26.523 X-32.78 Z-0.508 X-38.883 Z0.958 X-44.682 Z3.36 X-50.034 Z6.639 X-54.807 Z10.716 X-5.077 X-0.304 Z6.639 X5.048 Z3.36 X10.847 Z0.958 X16.95 Z-0.508 X23.208 Z-1. X25.548 X31.806 Z-0.508 X37.909 Z0.958 X43.708 Z3.36 X49.06 Z6.639 X53.833 Z10.716 X-2.035 Y39.124 X2.738 Z6.639 X8.089 Z3.36 X13.888 Z0.958 X19.992 Z-0.508 X26.249 Z-1. X28.683 X14.716 Y47.124 X0.745 G00 Z50. S175 M03 X0.0 Y-59.97 M09 Z-1. G01 Z-2. 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X-11.282 Y84.32 Z-1.499 G01 Z-6.499 F150 X-9.582 Y81.621 F200 X-7.882 Y78.922 X-6.959 Y77.7 X-5.842 Y76.653 X-4.564 Y75.81 X-3.161 Y75.196 X-1.675 Y74.828 X0.413 Y74.498 X8.221 Y74.045 X12.449 Y73.451 X16.636 Y72.619 X20.229 Y71.603 X23.823 Y70.588 F671 X28.039 Y69.02 F645 G02 X45.874 Y58.641 I-27.995 J-68.618 G01 X47.95 Y57.016 F671 X51.675 Y53.663 X55.028 Y50.22 X58.643 Y45.946 X60.285 Y43.68 F645 X61.928 Y41.414 F671 G02 X74.459 Y2.422 I-63.799 J-42.013 G01 X74.381 Y-1.486 F645 X74.304 Y-5.393 X73.308 Y-13.27 X71.479 Y-20.995 G02 X41.298 Y-61.963 I-71.953 J21.406 G01 X39.425 Y-63.212 F671 X35.224 Y-65.647 X33.048 Y-66.725 X30.873 Y-67.802 F697 G02 X-7.381 Y-74.132 I-31.228 J69.97 G01 X-11.326 Y-73.525 F671 G02 X-49.85 Y-55.362 I10.418 J72.034 G01 X-51.502 Y-53.781 F645 X-53.154 Y-52.2 F671 G02 X-71.479 Y-20.995 I53.988 J52.687 G01 X-73.309 Y-13.27 X-74.303 Y-5.393 X-74.381 Y-1.486 X-74.459 Y2.421 F500 X-73.797 Y10.209 X-72.262 Y18.116 X-69.885 Y25.812G98 G73 X-43.13 Y-43.13 Z-38.704 R-7. Q4. F500 M09 X44.94 Y-42.55 X-113.77 Y96.21 G80 Z76. T07 M98 P8000 T08 G90 G80 G00 G17 G40 M23 G43 H07 Z50. S318 M03 Z76. G98 G73 X-61.63 Y28.74 Z-39.305 R-7. Q4. F500 M09 X0.0 Y68. X65.68 Y17.6 G80 Z76. T08 M98 P8000 T01 G90 G80 G00 G17 G40 M23 G43 H08 Z50. S412 M03 Z80.5 G98 G73 X-33.775 Y-19.5 Z-34.054 R-2.5 Q4. F500 M09 X0.0 Y0.0 Z-45.554 R-14. G80 Z80.5 T01 M98 P8000 M30 %由于G代码过多过长，这只是其中的一部分，全部的代码将以电子文档的形式上交。82广西大学本科毕业设计 传动箱侧盖机械加工工艺设计及其数控加工编程年 级： 2003级毕 业 生：黄 斌 斌指 导 教 师：段明扬 陈远玲学 科 专 业：机械工程及其自动化广 西 大 学 机 械 工 程 学 院二OO七年六月传动箱侧盖机械加工工艺设计及其数控加工编程摘要数控加工技术集传统的机械制造、计算机技术、现代控制技术、传感检测技术、信息处理和光机电技术于一体，是现代机械制造技术的基础。数控加工技术的广泛应用，给机械制造业的生产方式和产品结构带来了巨大的变化。数控加工是用数字化信号对机床运动及其加工过程进行控制的一种方法。数控加工技术包含了数控加工与编程、金属加工工艺、CADCAM软件操作等多方面知识与经验，其主要任务是计算加工走刀中的刀位点(简称CL点)。随着数控技术的飞速发展，数控技术的水平和普及程度已经成为衡量一个国家综合国力和工业现代化水平的重要标志。本设计是对传动箱侧盖进行机械加工工艺设计和数控加工编程，首先是设计好加工工艺规程，选择好刀具、主轴转速和实际切削速度等各种因素，然后根据已经选择的刀具、主轴转速和实际切削速度等在Cimatron软件中设置相应的参数进行模拟加工，其具体内容如下：1、 所设计的零件是传动箱侧盖，就给定的零件的结构、加工质量要求等各因素进行了全面工艺分析之后，在Auto CAD和Pro/ENGINEER软件中分别绘制了零件的工程图和三维图；2、 根据设计零件的质量要求和技术要求设计了零件的加工工艺规程，选择了合理的定位基准，并填写了工序卡片上的相关内容；3、 针对工序的加工设计了一套专用的夹具，并绘制了夹具总装图和夹具体图；4、 在Cimatron软件对工件进行了数控模拟加工，并且进行了仿真校验。最后还对零件的数控加工进行后置处理，生成了零件加工的G代码。关键词：机械加工工艺设计 夹具设计 数控加工Mechanical machining design of the side cover of the wheel box and its numerical control processing programmingSummaryNumerical control processing technology gets the traditional machinery manufacturing, computer technology, modern control technology, sensor testing technology, information processing and optical technology together，it is the foundation of modern machinery manufacturing technology. The widespread application of numerical control processing technology has brought about tremendous changes to production methods and product structure of the machinery manufacturing. Numerical control processing is a method that uses numerical information to control the movement and processing of machine tools. Numerical control processing technology incorporates numerical control processing and programming, metal machining, CAD/CAM operation sofeware, and other aspects of knowledge and experience, its main task is to calculate the tool points (short for the CL points) of the tool spaces during processing. With the rapid development of numerical control technology, its level and popularization has become an important symbol which is a measure of a countrys comprehensive national strength and industrial modernization level. This design is to design mechanical machining and numerical control processing programming for the side cover of the wheel box, The first is to design a machining, select cuttersand the rotational speed of main axis and the actual cutting speed, and so on, and then base on the chose cutters, the rotational speed of main axis and the actual cutting speed, and so on,install in the corresponding parameters ,simulate processing with Cimatron software, Its specific contents are as follows :1. The design mechanical part is a side cover of the wheel box, after making a comprehensive technical analysis to the structure and quality requirement and other elements of the part , mapping engineering and 3D components of the part respectively with Auto CAD and Pro/ENGINEER software.2. The machining of part has been designed according to the quality requirement and technical design component and a reasonable benchmark positioning also has been chosen , and then complete the processes of the relevant cards.3. A dedicated jig has been designed for the oil hole, the mapping of the whole jig and main jig part has also been drawed.4. A numerical control simulation processing has been done in Cimatron software.Finally processing the numerical control processing of the part and the . G code generated.Keywords:Mechanical machining design, Jig design, Numerical control processingIII1.1 汽车工业11.2 机械加工31.3 数控加工技术41.4 本章小结9第二章 机械加工工艺设计102.1 设计题目102.2 机械加工工艺102.3 计算生产纲领、确定生产类型122.4 零件的分析122.5 确定毛坯的制造方法，初步确定毛坯形状152.6 工艺规程的设计152.7 确定切削用量基本工时（机动时间）20第三章 夹具的设计333.1 问题的提出333.2 夹具设计的相关计算333.3 夹具结构设计与操作说明35第四章 数控加工编程364.1 零件的数控加工分析364.2 应用软件的介绍384.3 零件的造型及导入过程394.4 零件的数控加工及仿真校验过程394.5 G代码的生成694.6 本章小结69第五章 总结与展望705.1 设计的难点与创新705.2 展望71参考文献73附录75致谢83IV用普通刀具在立体平版印刷格式中对三角雕塑面的数控加工一个产生数字控制刀具路径的统一方法已经出现，这个刀具路径是用普通刀具在立体平版印刷格式中对三角形雕塑表面的数字控制加工产生的。这个方法的产生很重要，这是是因为一个立体平板印刷格式的应用象征着一个计算机辅助设计模型已经在很短的一段时间内被工业界广泛接受。这不仅是因为比如特别需要运用这种方法的快速设计模型的应用，而且还归结于现在可以直接用数字化和反向工程过程来制造复杂的立体平板印刷模型。虽然有很多支持立体平板印刷文件的计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造的软件系统，但在这些文章中只有几页纸直接涉及到从立体平板印刷文件来的数字控制加工问题。一种用普通自动编程切削刀具产生刀具路径的一般计算算法已经出现。这种算法看起来普遍，它可适用于包括球头刀、平底刀和内圆角精铣刀在内的各种各样的切削刀具。为了减少计算时间，一个用彩色小石块镶嵌产生网状询问区域高的效方法也已经产生。用模仿加工和真正的机械加工制造的实例来说明所提出的方法的效率。1、介绍目前，多数计算机辅助设计(CAD) 系统利用参数表面代表CAD 模型的几何形状。由于各种各样的设计或制造过程的不同，需要转换不同的计算机辅助设计系统（CAD）和计算机辅助制造系统（CAM）之间的模型。中立数据文件譬如最初的图表交换规格(IGES) 广泛地被用于(美国产品数据协会1996) 。最初的图表交换规格(IGES)描述在建立CAD 模型时可能被使用的信息、定义个体模型时的参数量和各个个体之间不同的关系。但是，使用最初的图表交换规格(IGES)翻译CAD 模型并不是总是容易的，这是因为大多数计算机辅助设计系统（CAD）使用不同的内部表示方法而且转换并不是总是直接的而错误又比较多。与最初的图表交换规格(IGES) 相比，立体平版印刷(STL) 格式比较简单，并且它的实施比较容易 (Jacobs 和Reid 1992 年, Kochan 1993) 。基本上，一个立体平版印刷(STL)文件只包含一个三角形和它们的法线传播媒介。立体平版印刷(STL)文件不能替换最初的图表交换规格(IGES)，最初的图表交换规格(IGES)包含更多与设计相关的信息，然而对于许多顺流制造业活动譬如迅速设计模型、数字控制(NC) 加工制造甚至有限元素分析来说，这些信息包含在立体平版印刷(STL)之中的信息是充足的。由于它的简单和在各种各样的工程学领域中的不同用途，立体平版印刷(STL)翻译受到大多数计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造（CAD/CAM）系统的支持。在过去，立体平版印刷(STL)文件是负担对内存分配和计算速度的任务。但是，随着中央处理单元的加速，更多力量和存储芯片逐渐变得更加便宜，这不再是转换和处理立体平版印刷(STL) 文件时的一个障碍。此外，最新的三维扫描技术也促使反向工程的应用迅速增长，在反向工程应用中，创造很大并且很复杂的模型后，将它存放在立体平版印刷(STL)文件之中(Chuang 等2002) 。人们现在已经普遍接受这样一个事实，分成三角形的表面和立体平版印刷(STL) 文件的应用将使设计和制造业应用变得越来越普遍。在过去，人们已经学到了许多三轴机械加工刀具路径的计划方法 (Dragomatz 和Mann 1997) 。刀具路径的产生方法可以分成两种类型： 解析和参数(Zeid 1991) 。前者产生于横切机械加工表面的短剖面飞机。而后者产生于沿着平面或者曲面走刀的数字控制刀具路径，而刀具切削点(CL) 通常是用计算机从机械制造加工表面的设置来进行计算的(Kishinami等1987 年，Tang 等1995 年，Choi 等1997 年，Lee 2003 年)。参数设置方法在应用精确表面信息之中有其特定的优点，但是它可能不适合应用于加工带有很多凸台的复合表面并且很容易受到凹平面的损坏(Choi 和Jerard 1998) 。在另一方面，解析的方法的优点是可以产生没有凹平面损坏现象的刀具路径，但是它的缺点的是不能产生直线的走刀路径和进行清角加工的刀具路径(Dragomatz 和Mann 1997) 。所以，在零件的现实加工之中，解析和参数路径的应用策略在互换性之中被运用。立体平版印刷(STL)加工主要是应用解析的加工策略，这是因为它不包含有完整的表面信息。在解析路径计划之中，当切削刀具接触到机械加工表面时， CLs就被计算出来。在解析路径计划之中一个最有效的方法是绘制Z轴 (Choi 等1988 年，Choi 1991 年，Saito 和Takahashi 1991 年，林和刘1998) 。绘制Z轴的方法计算栅格数据库设置中的无干涉CLs。机械加工是精确度取决于库栅格数据的密度。这通常是一个对栅格数据库大的存储空间的分配的需要。Hwang 和他的同事提出这样一个方法，就是用平底刀、球头刀和圆角精铣刀从三角形表面产生无干涉机械机械刀具路径（Hwang 1992 年，Hwang 和Chang 1998) 。但是，这种方法是相对于不同的切削刀, 而且它的算法限制可切削刀类型的开发。尽管在现实之中使用着更多不同的切削刀具类型。例如，经常用一把细而利的精铣刀具作为浅槽的标号。它会繁琐而笨拙地产生所有需要的刀具的不同算法和代码。本论文介绍一种直接产生刀具路径的统一方法，这种方法是用通用的自动编程加工刀具(APT)在立体平版印刷(STL)的三角形表面上产生的(Kral 1986)。APT切削刀的拓扑结构定义通常被用于数字控制的应用实例，但大多数刀具路径的形成方法都是为特殊的刀具类型开发的，不的通用的 (Chung等1998 年，Chiou and Lee 1999) 。在这里为所有刀具类型产生的刀具路径形成是普遍的，在这里以包括球头刀、平底刀和圆角精铣刀以及其它更多的刀具作为代表(图3 和4)。从这个研究结果来看，只有一种系统的和统一的算法是必要的, 这个算法对通用APT切削刀的原则是非常兼容的。为了减少在处理一个大立体平版印刷(STL)文件时的计算时间，一个在区域询问方面的高效方法产生了。2、在三轴机械加工中的数字控制刀具路径计划在实际的应用之中，数字控制刀具路径可以适用于各种不同的机械加工过程(Choi 等1994) (图1)：图1 数字控制刀具路径计划中不同的机械加工过程主要规程包括粗加工、半精加工和去除咬边加工(通常叫做平行加工或清角加工) 。用大尺寸的切削刀具和高的进给量进行粗加工（通常用平底精铣刀）可以高效率地去除庞大的重复材料。为得到一个更好的加工表面，在精加工之前通常通常要进行几次半精加工(通常是用圆精铣刀和球头精铣刀)。完成了半精加工之后，工件表面就留下均匀厚度的材料，这个厚度是作为精加工（通常是用小的球头精铣刀）要去除的工序余量薄层。有时完成精加工后还需要进行平行加工和清角加工，因为沿壁角边缘有一个咬边的区域 (图2)。一种更小的切削刀具是用在精加工之后的加工过程，以塑造局部角度外形或边缘并且去除未切削的材料。根据上述讨论，产生CLs通用切削刀具的一个统一方法的形成是不仅实用的, 而且更加容易实施和维护。因为有有效觉得方法来将三角形参数或所包含的表面的公差控制在允许的范围内，在这里开发的算法能够对普通的计算机辅助制造（CAM）产生一个核心引擎作用。图2 咬边区域3、普通几何形状的APT 切削刀根据APT 的定义，可以用如图3所示的参数来将普通几何形状的切削刀具完整地描述出来：图3 普通几何形状刀具的参量d、切削刀具直径，刀具直径是辐形距离两倍，这个辐形距离的切削刀具轴到上部和下部直线段交叉点的距离计量的；r、壁角半径； e 辐形距离，它是从切削轴到壁角圈子中心的距离，如果它的壁角和中心是在工具轴的同一边，那么它是正面的，否则它就是反面的；f、从终点到壁角圈子中心的距离，这个距离是通过平行于工具轴来测量的。切削刀具参数的值的必须与其内部的各种参数相一致，而且不能违背某些规定的约束，以便适当地描述允许范围之内加工刀具的几何形状(Kral 1986)如图4所示是切削刀具集合形状的几种选择: 图4 根据APT 定义的机械加工刀具形状的几种选择一些附属参量的方法如下，被使用帮助描述CL 点的计算。这些附属参数可用于帮助描述刀具切削点的计算。R=+（Lc-tan1）tan2-（1）那里的半径R，是切削刀具在加工零件表面上的最大伸出界限。这个界限将用于帮助寻找在伸出区域内的相交的三角形。从机械加工的切削刀具的几何学外形来看，圆环圈子的半径R1和R2 的计算方法如下：R1=（u+）/2-（2）哪里 R2=e+（vsin(22)+）/2-（3）和 V=（R-e）/tan2）-（Le-f）哪里 L=Lc-f+-（4）距离L，是用半径R2从圆环圈子的中心开始计量来进行计算的，计算的方法如下：L=Lc-f+在刀具参侧面上距离分别为R1和R2的两个不同的点从工具轴开始将机械加工切削刀具分成三个不同的区域。在上面的部分是锥体截面体其半径是R，R2高度是L，中间部分是圆环半径e和壁角圆半径r，底部是半径R1 和高度R1 圈子锥体tan_1。通常,切削刀具侧面不需要包含所有三个区域。比如在上图4中是（a）图，它的形状是一个圆筒；在图4中的(c)图，花托成为一个半圆球；在图4中的中(d)，它是一把逐渐变得尖细切削刀。4、形成刀具切削区域的算法数字控制加工中形成塑造传统的实体模型的方法需要垂直于刀具切削表面（CL）的平面。虽然它在概念是简单的，但是还是有几的缺点。首先,垂直表面的形成不是一个琐细的问题。在固体模型中，界限表示法(B Rep)模型是最普遍的代表形式。被整理的不均匀的B多槽轴(NURBS)表面的垂距是复杂的而且计算费用昂贵的操作。其次,被整理的表面的垂距可以容易地制造复杂的自身内部的交叉点和外部的交叉点(以毗邻表面)问题。此外，这个统一的垂距表面只实用于球头铣刀刀具切削区域的产生。用圆角铣刀加工形成的刀具切削区域垂距表面是一个更加困难的问题，更不用说更加通用的APT刀具。总的来说，用垂距表面在数字控制刀具路径中产生传统的实体模型在计算过程中是复杂的，而且计算的效率也很底。此外，解析机械加工中，在给定部分参数表面后，机械加工刀具路径是从垂距部分表面和平行于工具轴的一系列垂直平面的交叉点产生的。非线性等式解决的方法也许包含在要寻找的交叉点曲线中。对于一个立体平版印刷(STL)模型，因为零件表面已经被分成三角形，刀具路径的形成是从多面体表面开始计算CLs的。在许多情况下,唯一线性运算是很有必要的。如图5所示，切削刀具与零件表面接触的地方叫做刀具接触点（CC），而刀具的端点被定义为刀具切削点。在机械加工中，刀具接触点（CC）并不是固定的，而刀具切削点（CL）的x-y 坐标值可以任意确定(多数情况下是落在固定的网格点)。唯一的未知数就是刀具切削点的Z轴坐标值。因此，刀具路径通常的由很多连续的刀具切削点组成。当工具轴向二维点(xc,yc)移动时，零件表面将形成一个区域，这个区域是半径为R的二维圆组成的，这个二维圆的圆心在(xc,yc)点上。这个区域叫做刀具接触点（CC）（图5）。 图5 CC点、CL点和CC区域本文提出一种计算无推断从零件表面的那些小的三角形来的刀具切削点（CL）的算法，这些零件表面与刀具接触点（CC）区域是重叠的。当切削刀具与一个三角形多面体接触时，刀具接触点（CC）可能位于端点、小平面或者是边沿上。对于切削刀具本身，刀具接触点（CC）可能与包络线、花托区域或更低的锥体连在一起。对于这些各种各样的联系情况，刀具切削点（CL）的计算方法是不相同的。先确定接触区域和刀具接触点（CC）是非常必要的，然后从刀具接触点（CC）区域可以计算出刀具路径的刀具切削点（CL）。对于一把普通的APT 切削刀具，有九类型计算模型。实际上，并不是每把切削刀具都包含有三个区域。通常，一把切削刀具只包含有一个或者两个切削区域（图4）。刀具切削点（CL）的计算过程首先是从分成三角形小平面的刀具接触点（CC）区域开始的。这是一个节约时间的策略，因为如果刀具接触点（CC）小平面里面， 切削刀具就不接触到端点或者三角形的边沿，因此，后面二者更加费时的步骤就可能得到避免。AT89C2051 DescriptionThe AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit micr-ocomputer with 2 Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only m-emory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standar-d MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. By combining a versatile 8-bit CP-U with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solutiont-o many embedded control applications.The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2 Kbytes ofFlash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five v-ector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the A-T89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero freque-ncy and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle M-ode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port an-d interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functio-ns until the next hardware reset. Pin Configuration：Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverti-ng amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as s-hown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may beused. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should b-eleft unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There ar-eno requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop,but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications mustbe observed.Restrictions on Certain InstructionsThe AT89C2051 and is an economical and cost-effective member of Atmels growing family of microcontrollers. It contains 2 Kbytes of flash program memory. It is fully compatible with the MCS-51 architecture, andcan be programmed using the MCS-51 instruction set. However, there are a few considerations one must keep in mind when utilizing certain instructions to program this device.All the instructions related to jumping or branching should be restricte-d such that the destination address falls within the physical program mem-ory space of the device, which is 2K for the AT89C2051. This should be the responsibility of the software programmer. For example, LJMP 7E0H would be a valid instruction for the AT89C2051 (with 2K of memory), w-hereas LJMP 900H would not.1. Branching instructions:LCALL, LJMP, ACALL, AJMP, SJMP, JMP A+DPTR These uncon-ditional branching instructions will execute correctly as long as the progra-mmer keeps in mind that the destination branching address must fall withi-n the physical boundaries of the program memory size (locations 00H to 7FFH for the 89C2051). Violating the physical space limits may cause unkn-own program behavior.CJNE ., DJNZ ., JB, JNB, JC, JNC, JBC, JZ, JNZ With these c-onditional branching instructions the same rule above applies. Again, violat-ing the memory boundaries may cause erratic execution.For applications involving interrupts the normal interrupt service routin-e address locations of the 80C51 family architecture have been preserved.2. MOVX-related instructions, Data Memory:The AT89C2051 contains 128 bytes of internal data memory. Thus, inthe AT89C2051 the stack depth is limited to 128 bytes, the amount of ava-ilable RAM. External DATA memory access is not supported in this devi-ce, nor is external PROGRAM memory execution. Therefore, no MOVX . instructions should be included in the program. A typical 80C51 assembler will still assemble instructions, even if the-y are written in violation of the restrictions mentioned above. It is the res-ponsibility of the controller user to know the physical features and limitati-ons of the device being used and adjust the instructions used correspondin-gly.Program Memory Lock BitsOn the chip are two lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) o-r can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the ta-ble below:Lock Bit Protection ModesProgram Lock BitsLB1 LB2Protection Type1 U UNo program lock features2 P UFurther programming of the Flash is disabled.3 P PSame as mode 2, also verify is disabled.Note:1.The Lock Bits can only be erased with the Chip Erase operationIdle ModeIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip periph-erals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or b-y a hardware reset.P1.0 and P1.1 should be set to 0 if no external pullups are used, or set to 1 if external pullups are used.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hardware reset, t-he device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up-to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access tothe port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpectedwrite to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction follow-ing the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin-or to external memory.Power Down ModeIn the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RA-M and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power downmode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware reset.R-eset redefines the SFRs but does not change the onchip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operatin-g level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to res-tart and stabilize.P1.0 and P1.1 should be set to 0 if no external pullups are used, or set to 1 if external pullups are used.Programming The FlashThe AT89C2051 is shipped with the 2 Kbytes of on-chip PEROM co-de memory array in the erased state (i.e., contents = FFH) and ready to b-e programmed. The code memory array is programmed one byte at a tim-e. Once the array is programmed, to re-program any non-blank byte, the e-ntire memory array needs to be erased electrically.Internal Address Counter: The AT89C2051 contains an internal PEROM address counter which is always reset to 000H on the rising edge of RST and is advanced by applying a positive going pulse to pin XTAL1.Data Polling: The AT89C2051 features Data Polling to indicate the end ofa write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte wri-tten will result in the complement of the written data on P1.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data is valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycl-e has been initiated.Ready/Busy: The Progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. Pin P3.1 is pulled low after P3.2 goes Highduring programming to indicate BUSY. P3.1 is pulled High again when pr-ogramming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed co-de data can be read back via the data lines for verification:1. Reset the internal address counter to 000H by bringing RST fromLto H.2. Apply the appropriate control signals for Read Code data and read the output data at the port P1 pins.3. Pulse pin XTAL1 once to advance the internal address counter.4. Read the next code data byte at the port P1 pins.5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the entire array is read. The lock bits canno-t be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observin-g that their features are enabled.Chip Erase: The entire PEROM array (2 Kbytes) and the two Lock Bits are erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals a-nd by holding P3.2 low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1-s in the Chip Erase operation and must be executed before any nonblankmemory byte can be re-programmed.Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same p-rocedure as a normal verification of locations 000H, 001H, and 002H, exc-ept that P3.5 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returne-dare as follows.(000H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(001H) = 21H indicates 89C2051Programming Interface：Every code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire arra-y can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. T-he write operation cycle is self-timed and once initiated, will automaticallytime itself to completion. AT89C2051功能特性：AT89C2051是一种低电压，高性能CMOS 8位单片机，片内含2k bytes的可反复擦写的只读程序存储器（PEROM）和128 bytes的随机随取数据存储器（RAM），器件采用ATMEL 公司的高密度，非易失性存储技术生产，兼容标准MCS-51指令系统，片内置通用8位中央处