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推土机
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推土机外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译,推土机,外文,文献,翻译,中英文
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附录:推土机推土机是土方工程机械的一种主要机械，按行走方式分为履带式和轮胎式两种.因为轮胎式推土机较少。本文主要讲述履带式推土机的结构与工作原理。功率大于 120KW 的履带式推土机中，绝大多数采用液力-机械传动。这类推土机来源于引进日本小松制作所的 D155 型、D85 型、D65 型三种基本型推土机制造技术。国产化后，定型为 TY320 型、TY220 型、TY160 型基本型推土机。为了满足用户各种使用工作况的需求，我国推土机生产厂家在以上三个基本型推土机的基础上，拓展了产品品种，形成了三种系列的推土机。TY220 型推土机系列产品，包括 TSY220 型湿地推土机、TMY220 型沙漠推土机、TYG220 型高原推土机、TY220F 型森林伐木型推土机、TSY220H 型环卫推土机和 DG45 型吊管机等。TY320 型和 TY160 型系列推土机也在拓展类似的系列产品。TY160 系列中还有 TSY160L 型超湿地推土机和 TBY160 型推扒机等。 推土机产品种的开发拓展，既要满足不同工况条件的工作适应性，又必须与基本型保持最大限度的零部件通用性(或称互换性)，这就为广大用户使用维修带来极大的方便。为方便用户购买配件，生产厂都保留了日本小松公司的零部件编号，只有改型中自行设计的零部件，才冠以自己厂家的编号。履带式推土机主要由发动机、传动系统、工作装置、电气部分、驾驶室和机罩等组成。其中，机械及液压传动系统又包括液力变矩器、联轴器总成、行星齿轮式动力换挡变速器、中央传动、转向离合器和转向制动器、终传动和行走系统等。动力输出机构(PTO)10 以齿轮传动和花键连接的方式带动工作装置液压系统中工作泵 P1、变速变矩液压系统变速泵 P2、转向制动液压系统转向泵 P3；链轮 8 代表二级直齿齿轮传动的终传动机构(包括左和右终传动总成)；履带板 9 包括履带总成、台车架和悬挂装置总成在内的行走系统。本文将重点介绍上述传动系统中的液力变矩器、行星齿轮式动力换挡变速器、转向离合器和转向制动器的结构、工作原理及其液压系统的故障及排除。国产 102KW以下的推土机，如 T140 型、T120 型、T70 型等小功率推土机，其传动系统的型式都是机械传动的，包括离合器和机械变速器等。这类推土机在我国产销量也较大； 其结构较为简单，生产年代较早，使用单位较熟悉，使用维修也比较容易。1、液力变矩器该变矩器为三元件向心涡轮式，结构简单、传动效率高。变矩器由泵轮组件、涡轮组件、导轮组件三部分构成。泵轮组件中的泵轮由螺栓和驱动壳连接，驱动齿轮由螺栓和驱动壳连接。驱动齿轮直接插入发动机飞轮齿圈内，故泵轮随发动机一起旋转。导轮由螺栓和导轮毂连接，导轮毂通过花键和导轮座连接，导轮座又通过螺栓和变矩器壳连接，故导轮和变矩器壳一起，是不旋转的。涡轮和涡轮毂用铆钉铆接在一起，再通过花键和涡轮输出轴连接，涡轮输出轴通过花键和联轴节连接，将动力传递给其后的传动系统。泵轮随发动机一起旋转，将动力输入， 导轮不旋转，涡轮旋转，将动力输出，三者之间相互独立，轮间间隙约为 2mm。泵轮、涡轮、导轮自身由许多叶片组成，称之为叶栅，叶片由曲而构成，呈复杂的形状。变矩器在工作时，叶栅中是需要充满油液的，在泵轮高速旋转时，泵轮叶栅中的油液在离心力的作用下沿曲面向外流动，在叶栅出口处射向涡轮叶栅出口， 然后沿涡轮叶栅曲面作向心流动，又从涡轮叶栅出口射向导轮叶栅进口，穿过导轮叶栅又流回泵轮。泵轮、涡轮、导轮叶栅组成的圆形空间，称之为循环圆。由于涡轮叶栅曲面形状的设计，决定了涡轮和泵轮在同一方向旋转。这样，变矩器叶栅循环圆中的油液，一方面在循环圆中旋转，一方面又随泵轮和涡轮旋转，从而形成了复杂的螺旋运动，在这种运动中，将能量从泵轮传递给涡轮。涡轮的负荷是推土机负荷决定的。推土机的负荷由铲刀传递给履带行走系统，再传给终传动、转向离合器、中央传动、变速器和联轴器总成，最终传递给变矩器涡轮。涡轮负荷小时，其旋转速度就快；负荷大时，旋转速度就慢。当推土机因超载走不动时，涡轮的转速也下降为 0，成为涡轮的制动状态。这时，因涡轮停止转动，由泵轮叶栅射来的油液，以最大的冲击穿过涡轮叶栅冲向导轮，在不转的导轮叶栅中转换成压力，该压力反压向涡轮，增大了涡轮的扭矩，该增加的扭矩和涡轮旋转方向一致，此时涡轮输出扭矩最大，为泵轮扭矩的 2.54 倍。涡轮随着负荷增大， 转速逐渐降低，扭矩逐渐增加，这相当于一个无级变速器在逐渐降速增扭。这种无级变矩的性能与易操纵而挡位较少的行星齿轮式动力换挡变速器相配合，使推土机获得了优异的牵引性能。液力变矩器是依靠液力工作的。油液在叶栅中流动时，由于冲击、摩擦，会消耗能量，使油发热，故液力变矩器的传动效率是较低的。目前，国内外最好的液力变矩器其最高效率为 88%。当变矩器的涡轮因推土机超负荷而停止转动时，由泵轮传来的能量全部转化成热量而消耗掉，此时变矩器效率为 0。要想提高变矩器的传动效率，就要掌握推土机的负荷，使涡轮有适当的转速、推土机有适当的速度；即当推土机因负荷过大而走不动时，要及时减小负荷，提一下铲刀或由 II 挡换为 I 挡。由变矩器的结构和工作原理知，变矩器工作时油会有内泄、会发热。这就要求要及时给变矩器内部补充油，并将发热的油替换出来冷却，形成一个循环。TY320 型和 TY220 型有完全相似的液力变矩器，只是进行了几何放大。TY160 型和 TY220 型有基本相似的的液力变矩器，人是结构有些变化。它们的故障和维修是基本相同的。2、行星齿轮式动力换挡变速器该变速器主要由四个行星排和一个旋转闭锁离合器构成。上多转输出的行星齿轮减速机构。TY220 型推土机变速器即利用第 II 行星排作为倒挡使用。离合器有 5 个。第 1 至第 4 离合器的油缸体由螺栓连接在端盖上，它们是不运动的。当油缸体和活塞之间充满压力油时，压力油在油超过计划的密封下，建立油压并推活塞压紧摩擦片，则可将齿圈固定。旋转闭锁离合器的结构比较特殊，它没有行星机构，其工作时是整体旋转的。向旋转油缸中供油时，需先向中心轴供油。工作时，压力油通过第 5 离合器固定不动的壳体 19 中的油道，进入旋转油缸，推动活塞工作。为防止泄漏，要用旋转密封环进行密封。工作完的油液，由于旋转油缸不停地旋转，离心力向外甩出， 无法经供油道排出，会增加摩擦片的磨损。为解决此问题，在旋转油道排出，会增加摩擦片的磨损。为解决此问题，在旋转油缸体上增加一个钢球止回阀，在压力油的作用下，它密封油孔以建立油压，停止供油时，它会甩开，开放回油孔以回油。TY220 型推土机变速器，在结构上许多特点，利用这些特点，可使维修更为容易进行。如第 1 至第 4 离合器的摩擦片和光盘都是通用的；第 2 至第 4 行星排的活塞和密封环相同，行星排离合器导向销相同，光盘分离弹簧相同，离合器活塞分离弹簧相同；第 1 至第 3 行星排使用同一个行星架；第 4 行星排的行星架利用外齿圈插入第 3 行星排齿圈中，并用弹簧卡圈防止轴向窜动等等。TY320 和 TY220 型推土机系列产品有完全相似的变速器，只是放大了几何尺寸。TY160 型推土机变速器，离合器的排列方式不同，第 1 离合器为前进挡，第 2 离合器为后退挡，第 3 旋转闭锁离合器为 I 挡，第 4 离合器为 III 挡，第 5 离合器为 II 挡。安们有相同的使用维修特点。3、转向离合器和转向制动器变速器的动力传入中央传动后，就从纵向传动变为横向传动，由横轴分别传给左、右两个转向离合器。该机的转向离合器是弹簧压紧、液压分离、常啮合、温式摩擦片结构型式。它包括外鼓、内鼓、压盘、外摩擦片、内齿处、活塞、螺栓、套筒与活塞连接成一个整体大、小弹簧支撑在内鼓上，弹簧的安装负荷推动活塞向右移动，带动压板将摩擦片和齿片压紧在一起，实现接合传力。弹簧共 8 组，总安装负荷 3.2T，有足够的压力压紧摩擦片以传递力矩。当推土机需要转向(如拉动左转向拉杆)时，淮压油充入转向离合器活塞和轮毂之间的油腔，油压力推动活塞，带动压盘向左移动，摩擦片和齿片松开，不再传递力矩，推土机左侧失去动力，在右侧履带的推动下向左转向。转向结束时，松开拉杆，液压油在活塞推动下回流，转向离合器重新接合传力，推土机恢复直线行驶。TY220 型推土机转向制动器是液压助力、浮动湿式制动带式。它包括安装在转向离合器外鼓上的制动带、助力活塞、连杆、浮动杆、连杆等零件。由于浮动机构的优越性能，不论离合器外鼓是正转还是反转，制动时都很平稳，不会产生制动冲击。当制动带 1.5 上的制动带衬片 16 磨损后，制动带和外鼓之间间隙变大， 制动跳板行程增加，当行程增大到一定限度时，制动变得不可靠。因此，要不断地调整制动带间隙。BulldozerBulldozer is one of the earthwork construction machinery mainly machinery, divided into two kinds of crawler and wheel by walking pattern. Because of less tyred bulldozer. This article mainly tells about the structure and working principle of crawler bulldozer. Power is greater than 120 kw crawler bulldozers, the vast majority of the hydraulic - mechanical transmission. This kind of bulldozer is derived from the introduction of Japan komatsu D155, D85, D65 type three basic bulldozers manufacturing techniques. After localization, finalize the design for TY320, TY220, TY160 bulldozer of basic types. In order to meet users demand to all kinds of using work conditions, the bulldozers manufacturer in China, on the basis of the above three basic bulldozers, expand the varieties of products, has formed three series of bulldozer. Type TY220 bulldozer series products, including TSY220 wetland type bulldozer bulldozers, TMY220 bulldozers, TYG220 desert plateau, TY220F forest logging bulldozers, TSY220H sanitation bulldozers and DG45 sideboom, etc.TY320 series and TY160 bulldozer in similar series products.TY160 series and TSY160L super wetland bulldozers and TBY160 pick machine, etc. Bulldozers, develop the new product a, should not only meet the work adaptability of different working condition, and must maintain maximum parts commonality with the basic (or replacement), it is to use maintenance bring great convenience for the masses of users. Factories are retained for the convenience of users to buy accessories, Japan komatsu parts number, only in the retrofit design of parts andcomponents, just as their manufacturers serial number. Crawler type dozer is mainly composed of engine, transmission system, working device, electric parts, cab and hood, etc. Among them, the mechanical and hydraulic transmission system, including hydraulic torque converter, coupling assembly, planetary gear type power shift transmission, the transmission,steering clutches and steering brakes, final drive and walking system, etc. Power output mechanism (the office) 10, in the form of gear and spline connection drives the work device of the hydraulic system work in P1 pump, variable speed hydraulic system of torque speed pump P2, P3 steering braking hydraulic system of steering pump; Sprocket 8 representative level of spur gear drive transmission mechanism (including the left and the right of final drive assembly); 9 segments including crawler assembly, chassis and suspension assembly, walking system.This article focuses on the transmission system of the hydraulic torque converter, planet gear type power shift transmission, steering clutch and brake the structure, working principle and the faults of hydraulic system and ruled out. Domestic below 102 kw of bulldozer, such as T140, T120 and T70 type small power bulldozers, its transmission system model are the mechanical transmission, including clutch and mechanical transmission, etc. This kind of bulldozer production in our country also larger; Earlier, its structure is simple, the production s unit using a familiar, use maintenance is also easier.1, the hydraulic torque converterThe centripetal turbine torque converter for the three components, simple structure, high transmission efficiency.A torque converter by the pump wheel and turbine components, guide pulley components, three parts. Parts of the pump is driven by the bolt and pump wheel shell connection, drive gear are connected by a bolt and drive shell. Drive gear directly inserted into the engine flywheel ring gear, so the pump wheel rotate with the engine. Wheel are connected by a bolt and guide wheel, guide wheel by spline and idler pulley seat connection, idler pulley block and connected and torque converter shell by bolts, so the idler pulley with torque converter shell, is not rotating. Turbines and turbine hub with rivet riveted together, again by spline and turbine output shaft connection, turbine output shaft through the spline and the coupling connection, pass power to subsequent transmission system. Pump wheel rotate with the engine, the power input, idler pulley not rotating, turbine rotating, the power output, are independent of each other, among the clearance between wheel which is about 2 mm.Pump wheels, turbine, idler pulley itself is composed of many blade, called blade, blade consists of qu, in complex shapes. Torque converter at work, in the cascade is need full of oil, in high speed pump wheel rotates, the oil pump impeller blade under the action of centrifugal force along the curved flows, in the cascade exit into the turbine cascade exit, and then make the centripetal flow along the turbine blade surface, and export into roller blade is imported from turbine cascade, through the idler pulley cascade flow back to pump impeller. Pump wheels, turbine, roller blade is composed of a circular space,called a circular circle. Due to the design of the turbine blade surface shape, decided the turbine and pump wheel in the same direction. So, torque converter cascade cycle round the oil, on the one hand rotation in the circular circle, on the one hand, with the pump wheel and turbine rotation, thus formed the complex helical motion, in this kind of movement, pass the energy from the pump to the turbine. The load on the turbine is determined bulldozer load. Bulldozers load by the shovel is passed to the crawler walking system, and then to the final drive, steering clutch, the transmission, the transmission and coupling assembly, eventually passed on to the torque converter gas turbine. Turbine load hours, and its rotating speed is fast; High load, rotation speed is slow. When bulldozers walk because of overload, the turbine speed is reduced to 0, become a turbine braking state. At this time, due to the turbine stop running, the pump impeller blade to the oil, with the greatest impact through the turbine blade against the idler pulley, without turning roller blade is converted into pressure, the pressure to the turbine back pressure, increasing the turbine torque, the increase of torque and turbine rotate in the same direction, the turbine output torque is the largest, 2.54 times for pump wheel torque. Turbine increases as the load, speed to reduce gradually, torque increase gradually, the equivalent of a stepless transmission in slow down gradually increase torsion. This kind of stepless torque performance and easy to manipulate and block a less planetary gear type match the power shift transmission, make the bulldozer get excellent traction performance.Rely on hydraulic hydraulic torque converter works. Oil flow in the blade, due to the impact, friction, consumes energy, make the oil heat, so the transmission efficiencyof hydraulic torque converter is lower. At present, the best efficiency of hydraulic torque converter has a top 88%. When the torque converter of the overload and stop rotating turbine for bulldozer, all by the energy of pump wheel was converted into heat and consume, and the torque converter efficiency is 0. To improve the transmission efficiency of torque converter, to master the bulldozer load, make the turbine has the appropriate speed, bulldozers have proper speed; As a bulldozer due to excessive load walk, to reduce the load in time, mention the shovel or by II cover for the I. By the structure and working principle of torque converter, the work of the torque converter oil will have inside leaking, get hot. This request in a timely manner to torque converter internal added oil, and will replace out of fever in oil is cooled, form a circle. TY320 and TY220 have completely similar hydraulic torque converter, only the geometrical amplification. TY160 type and TY220 Type a basic similar hydraulic torque converter, some structural changes. Their failure and maintenance is basically the same.2, the planetary gear type power shift transmissionThis transmission is mainly composed of four planets and a rotating lockup clutch. Turn on the output of the planetary gear retarding mechanism. Is using II type TY220 bulldozer transmission planetary line used as reverse gear. The clutch has five. 1 to 4 clutch oil cylinder body are connected by a bolt on the end cover, they are not. When the oil is full of pressure oil between piston and cylinder, pressure oil in the oil more than plan, under the seal of oil pressure and push piston friction clamping piece, the ring gear can be fixed. Rotate the lockup clutch structure is special, its not a planet, its work as a whole. Oil supply to the rotating cylinder, the need to be the first to central shaft oil supply. Work, pressure oil through 5 clutch stationary 19 in the shell oil, into the rotary cylinder, forces the pistons to work. To prevent leakage, with a rotating seal ring.Work out the oil, due to the rotating cylinder rolling, thrown outward centrifugal force, not the oil discharge, will increase the wear of friction plate. To solve this problem, in the rotating oil discharge, will increase the wear of friction plate. To solve this problem, on the oil cylinder to increase a ball check valve, under the action of pressure oil, its sealing oil hole on the establishment of a hydraulic, fuel cut-off, it will be off, open oilreturn hole in oil. TY220 bulldozer transmission, many characteristics in the structure, using these characteristics, can make the maintenance more easier. Such as 1 to 4 clutch friction plate and the CD is common; 2 to 4 rows of planets and piston ring is the same, same planet platoon guide pin of the clutch, separation disc spring is the same, separation of the clutch piston spring; 1 to 3 rows using the same planets; 4 rows of planets outside the frame using gear ring insert in the third planetary gear ring, and the spring retainer ring to prevent axial channeling move and so on. TY320 and TY220 bulldozer transmission series products have completely similar, only magnifies the geometry size. TY160 bulldozer transmission, clutch is arranged in a different way, clutch for forward gears 1, 2 clutch for back block, rotating lockup clutch I block 3, 4 clutch III block, 5 clutch for II. Ann has the same characteristics to use and repair.3, steering clutch and brakeTransmission power was introduced into the central transmission, from the vertical transmission into horizontal transmission, by the transverse respectively to the left and right two steering clutch. The steering clutch is the spring pressure, hydraulic pressure separation, constant mesh, temperature type lining structure.
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