2021届高考英语语法总结大全之虚拟语气与情态动词素材pdf202102031225.pdf
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高中英语语法总结大全之虚拟语气高中英语语法总结大全之虚拟语气与情态动与情态动词词要点清单要点清单虚拟语气虚拟语气概念虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。真实条件句真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。时态关系句型： 条件从句主句一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形if he comes, he will bring his violin.典型例题the volleyball match will be put off if it _.a.will rainb. rainsc. rainedd. is rained答案 b。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。注意：1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用 be going to表示将来，该用 shall, will.(错) if you leave now, you are never going toregret it.(对) if you leave now, you will never regret it.2）表示真理时， 主句谓语动词便不用 shall (will)+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。非真实条件句非真实条件句1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。a.同现在事实相反的假设。句型 ：条件从句主句一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形if they were here, they would help you.b.表示于过去事实相反的假设。句型： 条件从句主句过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词if she had worked harder, she would havesucceeded.the rice would not have been burnt if you hadbeen more careful.if my lawyer had been here last saturday, hewould have prevented me from going.if he had come yesterday, i should / would havetold him about it.含义：he did not come yesterday, so i did not tellhim about it.if he had not been ill and missed many classes, hewould have made greater progress.含义： he was ill and missed many lessons, so hedid not make greater progress.c.表示对将来的假想句型：条件从句 主句一般过去时 should+ 动词原形were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形should+ 动词原形if you succeeded, everything would be all right.if you should succeed, everything would be allright.if you were to succeed, everything would be allright.混合条件句混合条件句主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。if you had asked him yesterday, you would knowwhat to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。 ）if it had rained last night (过去), it would be verycold today (现在).虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有 were, should,或had, 可将if省略， 再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。were they here now, they could help us.=if they were here now, they could help us.had you come earlier, you would have met him=if you had come earlier, you would have methim.should it rain, the crops would be saved.=were it to rain, the crops would be saved.注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用 was， 即在从句中 be 用 were代替。if i were you, i would go to look for him.如果我是你，就会去找他。if he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。典型例题_ to do the work, i should do it some otherday.a. if were i b. i werec. were id. was i答案 c. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有 were, should,had 这三个词，通常将 if 省略，主语提前, 变成were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。 如我们可说 werei not to do., 而不能说 werent i to do.特殊的虚拟语气词：特殊的虚拟语气词：should1） it is demanded / necessary / a pity + that结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形， should 可省略。句型：(1)suggestedit is(2)importantthat+ (should) do(3) a pity(1)suggested, ordered, proposed,required,demanded, requested, insisted； +(should) do(2)important, necessary, natural, strangea pity,a shame,no wonder(3)it is suggested that we (should) hold a meetingnext week.it is necessary that he (should) come to ourmeeting tomorrow.2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request,insist, command, insist + (should) doi suggest that we (should) hold a meeting nextweek.he insisted that he (should ) be sent there.注意： 如 suggest, insist 不表示建议 或坚持要某人做某事时， 即它们用于其本意暗示、 表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。the guard at gate insisted that everybody obey therules.判断改错:（错）you pale face suggests that you (should) beill.(对)your pale face suggests that you are ill.(错)i insisted that you ( should) be wrong.(对)i insisted that you were wrong.3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。my idea is that we (should) get more people toattend the conference.i make a proposal that we (should) hold ameeting next week.wish 的用法的用法1）用于 wish 后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：真实状况wish 后从句动作先于主句动词动作（be 的过去式为were）现在时过去时从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词）过去时过去完成时将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could+动词原形i wish i were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。he wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。i wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。2）wish to do 表达法。wish sb / sth to doi wish to see the manager. = i want to see themanager.i wish the manager to be informed at once. (= iwant the manager to be informed at once.)比较比较 if only 与与 only ifonly if 表示只有；if only 则表示如果就好了。if only 也可用于陈述语气。i wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。if only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响了，就好了。if only he comes early.但愿他早点回来。it is (high) time thatit is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用 should 加动词原形，但 should 不可省略。it is time that the children went to bed.it is high time that the children should go to bed.need不必做不必做和和本不该做本不该做didnt need to do 表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.neednt have done 表示：过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。john went to the station with the car to meet mary,so she didnt need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。john went to the station with the car to meet mary,so she neednt have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。(mary 步行回家，没有遇上 john 的车。)典型例题there was plenty of time. she _.a. mustnt have hurriedb. couldnt have hurriedc.must not hurryd. neednt have hurried答案 d。neednt have done. 意为本不必，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。mustnt have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为 couldnt havedone, 不可能已经。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）情态动词的语法特征情态动词的语法特征1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2） 情态动词 除 ought 和 have 外，后面只能接不带 to 的不定式。3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。比较比较 can 和和 be able to1）cancould 表示能力；可能 (过去时用 could),只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to 可以用于各种时态。they will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。2）只用 be able toa. 位于助动词后。b. 情态动词后。c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。d. 用于句首表示条件。e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用 was/wereable to， 不能用 could。he was able to flee europe before the war brokeout.= he managed to flee europe before the war brokeout.注意：could 不表示时态1）提出委婉的请求， （注意在回答中不可用could） 。- could i have the television on?- yes, you can. / no, you cant.2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。he couldnt be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。比较比较 may 和和 might1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。may god bless you!he might be at home.注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比 may 小。2）成语：may/might as well， 后面接不带 to 的不定式，意为不妨。if that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题peter _come with us tonight, but he isnt verysure yet.a. mustb. mayc. cand. will答案 b. 表可能性只能用 may.此句意可从后半句推出。比较比较 have to 和和 must1)两词都是必须的意思， have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。my brother was very ill, so i had to call the doctorin the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。 (客观上需要做这件事)he said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。 （主观上要做这件事）2)have to 有人称、数、时态的变化，而 must 只有一种形式。 但 must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。he had to look after his sister yesterday.3） 在否定结构中： dont have to 表示不必mustnt 表示禁止，you dont have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。you mustnt tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。must 表示推测表示推测1) must 用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为一定。2) must 表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词 be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。you have worked hard all day.you must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。 （对现在情况的推测判断）he must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。比较：he must be staying there.他现在肯定呆在那里。he must stay there.他必须呆在那。3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must要接完成式。i didnt hear the phone. i must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。4) must 表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。-why didnt you answer my phone call?-well, i must have been sleeping, so i didnt hearit.5) 否定推测用 cant。if tom didnt leave here until five oclock, hecant be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。表示推测的用法表示推测的用法can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：1）情态动词+动词原形。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。i dont know where she is, she may be in wuhan.2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。at this moment, our teacher must be correctingour exam papers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。3）情态动词+动词完成时。表示对过去情况的推测。we would have finished this work by the end ofnext december.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。the road is wet. it must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用 cant, couldnt表示。mike cant have found his car, for he came to workby bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。注意：could, might 表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。情态动词情态动词+have+过去分词过去分词1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have+ done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in thecar accident.philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in thecar accident.2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有肯定，谅必的意思。-linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is stillhere.-she must have gone by bus.3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示不该做某事而做了。you ought to (should) have been more careful inthis experiment.he ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。 ）ought to 在语气上比 should 要强。4) neednt have done sth 本没必要做某事i dressed very warmly for the trip, but ineednthave done so. the weather was hot.5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事i would like to have read the article, but i wasvery busy then.should 和和 ought toshould 和 ought to 都为应该的意思，可用于各种人称。-ought he to go?-yes. i think he ought to.表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该） 、hadbetter 最好） 、must（必须）渐强。had better 表示最好表示最好had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。had better do sthhad better not do sthit is pretty cold. youd better put on my coat.shed better not play with the dog.had better have done sth 表示与事实相反的结果，意为本来最好。you had better have come earlier.would rather 表示表示宁愿宁愿would rather dowould rather not dowould rather than宁愿而不愿。还有 would sooner, had rather, had sooner 都表示宁愿、宁可的意思。if i have a choice, i had sooner not continue mystudies at this school.i would rather stay here than go home. = i wouldstay here rather than go home.典型例题-shall we go skating or stay at home?-which _ do?a. do you ratherb. would you ratherc. will youratherd. should you rather答案 b。 本题考查情态动词 rather 的用法， wouldrather +do sth 意为宁愿，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选 b。will 和和 wouldwould rather dowould rather not dowould rather than宁愿而不愿。还有 would sooner, had rather, had sooner 都表示宁愿、宁可的意思。if i have a choice, i had sooner not continue mystudies at this school.i would rather stay here than go home. = i wouldstay here rather than go home.典型例题-shall we go skating or stay at home?-which _ do?a. do you ratherb. would you ratherc. will youratherd. should you rather答案 b。 本题考查情态动词 rather 的用法， wouldrather +do sth 意为宁愿，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选 b。情态动词的回答方式情态动词的回答方式问句肯定回答否定回答need you?yes, i must.no,i needntmust you?/dont have to.典型例题1）-could i borrow your dictionary?-yes, of course, you_.a. mightb. willc. cand. should答案 c.could 表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中 of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用 can 和 may 来表达，不能用 could或 might。复习： will 与 you 连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should 与 you 连用，用来提出劝告。2）-shall i tell john about it?-no, you _. ive told him already.a. needntb. wouldntc. mustntd. shouldnt答案 a。 neednt 不必， 不用。wouldnt 将不, 不会的。 mustnt 禁止、不能。 shouldnt 不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用 neednt。3）-dont forget to come to my birthday partytomorrow.-_.a. i dontb.i wontc. i cantd. i havent答案 b.will 既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表意愿、意志、决心，本题表示决心，选 b。带带 to 的情态动词的情态动词带 to 的情态动词有四个： ought to, have to, usedto, be to, 如加上 have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：do they have to pay their bill before the end of themonth?she didnt use to play tennis before she wasfourteen.you ought not to have told her all about it.ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。 其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有 do 等助动词协助。典型例题tom ought not to _ me your secret, but hemeant no harm.a.have toldb.tellc.be tellingd. having told答案 a。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用 have。比较比较 need 和和 dare这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带 to，而 dare 作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。1) 实义动词： need（需要, 要求）need + n. / to do sth2) 情态动词： need，只用原形 need 后加 do，否定形式为 need not。need you go yet?yes, i must. / no, i neednt.3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接 doing 也可以表示被动：need doing = need to be done精题精讲精题精讲高考应用高考应用情态动词、虚拟语气与语法填空对于情态动词在语法填空中的考查主要注意情态动词的一般用法以及“情态动词 havedone”；而对于虚拟语气的考查除了注意情态动词的选用，还需注意一般过去时与过去完成时在虚拟语气中的考查。典题试做 1在空白处填入适当的情态动词或括号内所给动词的正确形式12016浙江_(have) the governmentsand scientists not worked together， aidsrelateddeaths would not have fallen since their highest in2005.22016浙江george cant_(go) toofar.his coffee is still warm.32016北京why didnt you tell me about yourtrouble last week？if you _(tell) me，icould have helped.42015陕西ellen is a fantastic dancer.i wish i_(dance) as well as her.52015天津i _ have worried before icame to the new school，for my classmates hereare very friendly to me.答案：1.had2.have gone3.had told4danced5.neednt应对策略 11若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑情态动词与助动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词或助动词。2一旦判断所给动词在句中作为谓语后，就考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等。注意虚拟语气中的时态，除了 if 虚拟条件句，还应注意虚拟语气的标志词， 如 suggest， would rather，as if，wish，otherwise，or，but for 等。情态动词、虚拟语气与短文改错情态动词与虚拟语气在短文改错中偶有考查。常考查情态动词后的动词形式错误或 be 动词遗漏；情态动词混用或虚拟语气中情态动词以及时态的错用。典题试做 2单句改错(每小题 1 处错误)1 2016全国some classmates suggest we cango to places of interest nearby._22015全国we must found ways to protectour environment._32015四川if you are me，would you talk tothem？_答案：1.canshould 或去掉 can2.foundfind3.arewere应对策略 2做此类改错题时，需注意以下几个方面：(1)看句中情态动词是否运用正确；(2)看是否考查虚拟语气；若是考查虚拟语气，注意分清主句与分句中的时态关系以及不同句式中的虚拟语气构成形式。书面表达中情态动词与虚拟语气易错点聚焦1表达的单调性例如在写一封回信向好友表达建议时，重复使用 you should.既显得单调，同时强硬的语气影响了交际效果。我们可以灵活多样地表达建议，如 youdbetter./you might as well./why not.？等。2情态动词搭配错误(误)youd_not_better_quarrel with your neighborswhatever happens.(正)youd_better_not_quarrel with your neighborswhatever happens.need i tell him everything that has happened tohis father?(误)yes，you need.(正)yes，you must.(误)the king was so hottempered that no onedared_tell him the bad news.(正)the king was so hottempered that no onedare_(dared_to)_tell him the bad news.3时间错综句的虚拟语气的表达错误从句与主句或上下文所表达的时间不一致，部分考生仍照搬某种形式，因未按照句中所表述的时间关系，而用错虚拟形式。如：(误)if his television set had not been stolenyesterday，he would_have_watched tv now.(正)if his television set had not been stolenyesterday，he would_watch tv now.(误)if i were you，i wouldnt_miss the film lastnight.(正)if i were you，i wouldnt_have_missed thefilm last night.(误)if she comes tomorrow，i would tell her thenews.(正)if she came tomorrow，i would tell her thenews.(正)if she should_come tomorrow， i would tell herthe news.(正)if she were_to_come tomorrow，i would tellher the news.(误)if only she didnt_miss the train the other day.(正)if only she hadnt_missed the train the otherday.(误)its time that they go home.(正)its time that they went/should_go home.(误)without your help，we didnt_make so muchprogress.(正)without your help，we wouldnt_have_madeso much progress.(误)if she didnt_miss the train，she is here now.(正)if she hadnt_missed the train，she would_behere now.高效演练高效演练.单句语法填空12017四川凉山州二诊we often hear thatchildren wish they_(be) grownups， andthat old people wish to be young.22017江苏淮安四调she would be muchhealthier now _she not burdened herselfwith that much pressure from work when young.32017天津十二区县联考i am sure i sawbrian in the park this morning.you _be imagining things.he left foramerica last night.42017浙江金华艾青中学一检the old ladyinsisted that the young man had stolen her walletand that he_(send) to the police station.52017湖南十三校一联i _thank youtoo much because without your help i wouldnthave won the first prize.答案： 1.were2.had3.must4.(should) be sent5.cant.单句改错1 2017河北邯郸一模how i wish i can study inmy dream university in four months！_22017湖北七市 3 月联考i suggest that wetelling them we want them to trust us as much aswed like to trust them._3judging from what you say，he oughtsucceed._4i would rather i stayed at homeyesterday._5i can have lent you the money.why didnt youask me？_答案：1.cancould2.tellingtell3.ought 后加 to4.stayed 前加 had5.cancould.语法填空a(情态动词和虚拟语气专练)lucy is an outgoing lady.she 1._playmany kinds of musical instruments.actually，shecould play the piano when she was 8 yearsold.lucy also keeps taking exercise every day.shesays that she has to do some sports because she2._keep slim.“you 3._get fatsoon if you dont take exercise every day.”sheusually says to her friends.as for her，an elegant lady should try to keepfit.however，last week，she found that she4._put on weight and her husbandsuggested that she should lose weight.and thesedays shed rather that she 5._(take) moreexercise every day.however， she is always lack oftime because she ought to take care of her
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