形容词、副词

1、形容词和副词一、形容词定义和用法形容词是用来描写或修饰名词或代词的一类词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。形容词的一般用法用法例句 My mother looks happy .The flowers are beautiful.The leaves turn yellow in autumn. The blue pen is mine.Is there anything interesting in todays newspaper.This new book is Lilys We keep the classroom clean.You should keep the door and

2、window closed when you leave home.I find it important to learn English well. Eager to see the sunrise, they got up early.Unhappy with the result, he returned to work.Curious, we looked around.2、 形容词作定语时的位置 一般情况下，形容词作定语放在被修饰词之前。如：a red flower, an interesting book, a beautiful girl 但在下列情况下，形容词要放在被修饰词后

3、面。1. proper (本身的), present (在场的，出席的), involved(有关的),  concerned (相关的), left (剩下的), objecting (反对的),  mentioned (提及的), selected (当选的)等作定语时只能放在所修饰的名词或代词后。在场的人 有关的内容 剩下的水 提到的问题 当选的学生 市区本身 2. 形容词作定语修饰由some-，any-，every-，no-和-body，-thing，-one等构成的复合不定代词时，需后置。 There is (nobody absent, absent nobod

4、y) todayIs there (wrong anything, anything wrong) with your car?I have heard (something interesting, interesting something) about you.3. else 修饰不定代词和疑问代词时，要后置。(Nobody else, Else nobody) is so silly as you are.Do you have (else anything, anything else) to say? 4. 形容词短语一般后置。 一个难相处的人 一个好学的学生 5. 以 a- 开头

5、的形容词做定语要后置如：alike, alive, alone, asleep, afraid, awake 如：一个唯一清醒的人 两本相像的书 一个睡着的婴儿 一个单独的房间 6. 以-able或-ble结尾的形容词可置于由形容词最高级或only等词修饰的名词后面。唯一可能的解决办法 可以得到的最好的书 7. 和空间、时间、单位连用时五岁大 50米长 3、 多个形容词修饰名词时的顺序 当两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多，则音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后。如：a small wonderful gift。常用的顺序为：限

6、定词(冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词 )+描绘性形容词( beautiful，bad等)+大小、长短、高低、形状等形体性形容词（large，long，high等）+新旧(new, old)+颜色(red等)+国籍( Chinese等)+材料+用途+被修饰名词。如：a beautiful long old red Chinese wood writing desk. 限定描述大长高，形状年龄与新老； 颜色国籍出材料，用途类别往后靠。 John Smith, a successful businessman, has a car. （04辽宁） Alarge German white Bl

7、arge white German Cwhite large German DGerman large white This _ girl is Lindas cousin. (05北京卷) A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old sto

8、ne Chinese D. Chinese stone oldExcuse me, but would you please hand me that toy bear. A. red beautiful cotton B. beautiful red cotton C. beautiful cotton red D. red cotton beautiful第一座美丽的中国小白木桥 1条 昂贵的紫色棉裙 两件破旧的棕色羊毛外套 4、 形容词的比较级和最高级的构成规则1. 规则变化构成原级比较级最高级一般加-er和-eststrong 以字母e结尾直接加r和st large以一个辅音字母结尾的

9、重读闭音节，双写这一个辅音字母，再加-er和estbighotthin以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，改y为i再加-er和est angryearly多音节及某些双音节词，在词前加more和 mostimportantuseful 注意： 以“元音字母+y”时，y不变，直接加-er和-est gray 少数双音节词及以-er, le结尾的词，可以有两种比较级和最高级common clever simple 在原级形容词之前加less, least构成的比较级与最高级称为“较低级”与“最低级”形式。kind useful 有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，故没有比较级和最高级。如：r

10、ight, wrong, excellent, final, last, possible, first, east, empty, wooden, impossible. 2.不规则变化原级比较级最高级goodbad, illlittlemuch, manyfar指距离更远的 指距离更远的；程度更深的 指距离最远的 指距离最远的；程度最深的 old指年龄、新旧；指血缘 指血缘 指年龄、新旧；指血缘 指血缘 late5、 副词的定义、分类及用法副词：用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词、名词词组及句子的词。分类1. 时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recen

11、tly2. 地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above3. 方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really4. 程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather5. 频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never6. 疑问副词how, where, when, why7. 连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile8. 关系副词when, where, w

12、hy副词的一般用法用法例句 My mother is out .Lily is not here at the moment.Is anybody in ? The girl there is my friend. The old there greeted to us warmly.The people here are all from USA He runs fast .Honestly, he is unfit for the job.The light was bad, so he drove slowly. I found him outside.I saw the kite up

13、 and down.Put your dirty socks away.7、 副词的位置1. 时间副词、地点副词和一些方式副词一般放在句末。如果句中同时出现几个副词，其顺序是：方式副词-时间副词-地点副词。如：He told it to me angrily at school yesterday.He went quietly.I saw him yesterday.He often comes here.2. 频度副词一般放在行为动词前，助动词、系动词、情态动词后。I have often been told not to do it.She always goes to school a

14、t seven.3. 程度副词（enough除外）一般放在被修饰的形容词、副词或动词前。It is a very interesting book.He plays the piano fairly well.I quite understand.enough作副词，放在所修饰的词后；作形容词置于名词前后均可。You are old enough to go to school.There is enough water for us to drink.4. 副词修饰全句时的位置1） 大多数修饰全句的副词可以置于句首、句中或句末，或与其他部分用逗号隔开。Indeed, I didnt know

15、 where he was.We still felt very happy, however.He did not, however, accept my invitation.2） 有些副词可以表明我们对自己正在说的话所持的态度，或者起到连接上下文的作用，此类副词往往置于句首。Honestly, he is still unfit for the job.Actually, youre mistake.8、 两种形式的副词用法1. 有些与形容词同形的副词表示具体的概念，而加-ly的副词表示抽象的概念。high wide deep close highly widely deeply clo

16、sely 2. 两种形式的副词含义迥然不同late hard just most lately hardly justly mostly 3. 词形不同但含义接近1） easy/ easily 作为副词，easy常用于一些习语中，其他情况皆用easily.take it easy easier said than done go easy easy come, easy go 2） wrong / wrongly right /rightly 用在动词后面时wrong /right可替代wrongly /rightly，但在其他位置时必须用wrongly /rightlyI (wrong, w

17、rongly) believed that he would help me.You guessed (right, rightly).3） tight /tightly ，在过去分词前多用tightlyHe held my hand tight(ly).The bags were (tight, tightly) packed.4） fair /fairlyplay fair fight fair hit /strike.fair and square 4. 有些以-ly结尾的词是形容词，而不是副词friendly lovely weekly orderly brotherly mother

18、ly manly timely lively lonely likely deadly ugly silly 9、 形容词和副词比较等级1. 平级比较1） 表示被比较双方在某一方面相等或相同时，用“.as + 形容词或副词的原级（+名词）+ as.”; 如果涉及数量，用“.as much + 不可数名词 + as.”或“.as many + 可数名词 + as.”；同时可以用“.the same(+名词） + as.”结构。Henry is a worker as good as Peter. It is generally believed that teaching is as much

19、an art as it is a science. He recited as much poem as he could remember._She's as good an actress as she is a singer._He doesn't play half as well as his sister._There are as many seats in this hall as in that hall. 2） 表示被比较双方在某一方面不相等或不相同时，用“.not so /as + 形容词或副词的原级（+名词）+ as.”或“.be different

20、from.”结构English is not so difficult a subject as Russia. Xiao Li is not as /so tall as his brother. 2. 比较级1) 比较级的修饰语常见的有：rather，much，still，even，far，any（用于否定句或疑问句），a lot，a little，a great deal, by far，a bit，three times等。如： The students study even harder than before. 学生们学习比以前更努力了。2) “the+比较级，the+比较级”表示

21、“越，越”。 The more tickets you sell, .你卖的票越多，挣的钱越多。 , the less attention he paid to you. 你说得越多，他越不注意听你讲。3）“比较级+ and+比较级”表示“越来越”。如： The new city is becoming . 这个新城市变得越来越美丽了。4）“the+比较级+of the two+名词”表示“两个中较的那个”。如： is my brother. 那两个男孩中较高的那个是我的哥哥。5）一个人的两种性质的比较，用more. than.结构，意为：“与其不如”。如： -Ann acts quite u

22、nfriendly. -I think she's more shy than unfriendly.(more shy不可变为shyer) -安表现得很不友好。 - 。6）比较的对象不能相互包含，常见的句型是： any other+单数名词 all( the) other+复数名词 比较级+than+ anyone else any of the other+复数名词 the rest of+复数名词或不可数名词 如： The Mississippi River is longer than any other river in the United States 密西西比河比美国其

23、他任何一条河都长。 China is larger than any country in Africa.中国比非洲任何国家都大。 题组训练 句型转换： She is the cleverest student in my class. She is cleverer than in my class. She is cleverer than in my class. She is cleverer than in my class. She is cleverer than in my class. She is cleverer than in my class. 7）“no + 比较级

24、 + than.”表示“和.一样不.”（即两者都不.）“not + 比较级 + than.”表示“不如.”（仅否定前者，即表示前者不如后者。His English is no better than mine. His English is not better than mine. He is no taller than I. He is not taller than I. 8) cant + be / 动词 + 比较级，表示“非常.; 太.; 再没有比那更.”I cant thank you more. I cant agree with you more. This room can

25、t be bigger. 3. 最高级 1) 三方或三方以上进行比较时，最高级前多用the, 基本形式为：the + 形容词或副词的最高级+ （名词）+ 表示范围的短语（of / in / among.）或从句李华在所有学生中是最高的。 北京是中国最美的城市之一。 2）最高级的修饰语常见的有：序数词，a lot, a little, a bit, a great deal, much, even, any, still, no, rather, far, by far，nearly，almost，by no means, not really, not quite, nothing like。

26、如： The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River. 目前正在建的那座桥是横跨黄河之上的桥当中最長的桥。10、 倍数的表达(times表时倍数时，通常用于三倍以上，两倍用twice / double) 1. A is .times+ as+形容词副词原级+as B Your school is three times as big as my school. 2. A is .times+形容词副词比较级+than B Your school is three times bigger than

27、 my school. 3. A is .times+ the+性质名词(尺寸、长、宽、高、深等）+of B Your school is three times the size of my school. 4. The+名词+be+ .times+ what从句 The size of this school is three times what it was ten years ago. 5. The+名词+be+ .times+ that/those of. The room is lager than that one by three times. 6. The+名词+be+ 比

28、较级+ than.+by +倍数The depth of this river is three times that of Wenhe River. 练习1. Mr. Hilton is very pleased with the newly-built house, which is almost the one he used to live in. A.the twice size of B. as twice big as C. bigger twice than D. twice the size of 2. Chery, a car maker in Anhui province

29、, sold nearly 700,000 units in 2011, with the total value it was in 2005.A. more than three times what B. three times more than thatC. over three times than what D. over three times of what3. The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as big the present one.练习1. They dont realize that the competition is stronger and the required standard of