lecture 3abstract writing

1、(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing12021-12-13Lecture 3Abstract Writing(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing22021-12-133.1 Purposes of Writing AbstractsAn abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scop

2、e of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in abbreviated form. (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing32021-12-13Three goals First, abstracts help readers decide if they should read an entire article. Readers use abstracts to see if a piece of writing interests them or relates to a topic the

3、y are working on. Rather than tracking down hundreds of articles, readers rely on abstracts to decide quickly if an article is pertinent（相关的）. Equally important, readers use abstracts to help them gauge（估计，测量） the sophistication or complexity of a piece of writing. If the abstract is too technical o

4、r too simplistic, readers know that the article will also be too technical or too simplistic. (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing42021-12-13Second, abstracts help readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outline of key points. Like other pre-reading strategies, reading an abstract befo

5、re reading an article helps readers anticipate what is coming in the text itself. Using an abstract to get an overview of the text makes reading the text easier and more efficient.(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing52021-12-13 Third, abstracts index article for quick recovery and cross-referencing

6、（交叉引用）（交叉引用） Even before computers made indexing easier, abstracts helped librarian and researchers find information more easily. With so many indexes now available electronically, abstracts with their keywords are even more important because readers can review hundreds of abstracts quickly to find

7、the ones most useful for their research. Moreover, cross-referencing through abstracts opens up new areas of research that readers might not have known about when they started researching a topic.(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing62021-12-133.2 Types of Abstract and Writing SkillsDescriptive abst

8、ractinformational abstractStructured abstract(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing72021-12-13uDescriptive Abstract indicative abstract or topic abstract A descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in a piece of writing so that the reader can decide whether to read the entire document. In many

9、 ways, the descriptive abstract is like a table of contents in paragraph form (Some people consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary ). An indicative abstract merely describes what the report is about. It does not give any specific information about the problem, method, results, or c

10、onclusions. In addition, no explanation or comment should be added. (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing82021-12-13 It is always very short, usually under 100 words. Such an abstract is not very useful to many readers since it lacks the specific information which would tell them (i) what they need

11、to know about the article and its results (ii) if they really need to get the article to inspect It is mainly used as the abstract of a review paper（综述论文）or a conference report. The key element of a good descriptive abstract are Topic/background/purpose; Main proposition or finding; Overview of cont

12、ents.(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing92021-12-13叙述性摘要也常称为说明性摘要、 指示性摘要 (indicative abstract) 或论点摘要 (topic abstract) ，一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题，而不涉及论据和结论，多用于综述、会议报告等。叙述型摘要的特点是容易写作，且其字数往往较少， 但其突出的缺点是信息量太少。一般研究性论文很少使用指示性摘要。 Examples(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing102021-12-13 (1) This paper presents an

13、analysis of the principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air-conditioning. A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle device is presented. Conclusions concerning theapplicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made.purposemethodconclusion(HBU

14、T) English Research Paper Writing112021-12-13(2) The purpose of this project is to measure environmental equity in Salem, Oregon, with an aim to contribute to a growing body of literature concerned with the unequal distribution of environmental hazards .The project analyzes important previous studie

15、s and then conducts an investigation that centers around a series of GIS (Geographic Information System) maps that reveal correlations between environmental hazards and demographics(统计学), such as race and income level. The results will be revealed and discussed. (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing

16、122021-12-13(3) The Postmodern Appeal of complementary and Alternative medicines (CAM) to Australian Consumers: A Review of the Literature The increasing popularity of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) amongst health consumers and orthodox service providers in Australia is well documente

17、d. However, understandings about the reasons for increasing consumer use of CAM in Australia and elsewhere are poorly developed and invite further research. This paper presents the results of a systematic literature review on reasons for CAM use by the Australian population. There are four main them

18、es: 1) criticism of conventional medicine, 2)attraction to the holistic model（整体模型）of health, 3) treatment options for chronic and terminal illness, and 4) lifestyle factors which are identified and explored through social change theory, namely, globalization and post-modernization. PurposeMain prop

19、osition and overview of contents background(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing132021-12-13(4) Mechanism of Angiogenesis(血管生成血管生成) and Arteriogenesis （动脉生成）（动脉生成） Endothelial（内皮细胞）and smooth music cells interact with each other to form new blood vessels. In this review, the cellular and molecular m

20、echanisms（细胞分子机制）underlying the formation of endothelium-lined channels (angiogenesis) and their maturation via recruitment of smooth muscle cells (arteriogenesis) during physiological and pathological（病理学的）conditions are summarized, alongside with possible therapeutic applications.topicMain proposi

21、tion and overview of contents (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing142021-12-13uInformative Abstract 信息性摘要信息性摘要 The majority of abstracts are informative. An informative abstract, as its name implies, summarizes the key points in the RP. It is an overview that briefly states the purpose, methods, re

22、sults and conclusions with quantitative information. It is a condensed version of the research work without discussion or interpretation. (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing152021-12-13An informative abstract includes the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract (purpose, methods, a

23、nd scope) but also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author. The length varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is rarely more than 10% of the length of the entire work (Usually 150250 words).(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing1

24、62021-12-13The major components of an informative abstract:Purpose1) The purpose of the study introduces the reason, the origin, the importance and significance of the study in question, including the premise, purpose and tasks and scope of the research. The purpose section of an informative abstrac

25、t might also contain the hypothesis of the experiment.Methodology2) Research methods present the methods or techniques of the research, including the model, theory, conditions, objects, sampling method, sample size， materials, technology, means, equipment, procedures (study design (e.g., survey), da

26、ta collection and analysis. (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing172021-12-13Results report the results of the study, including data, identified relationship, observation results, effectiveness and performance achieved. ResultConclusions comment on the main contribution or value of the research pape

27、r. It includes an analysis, comparison, evaluation of the research results (e.g. interpret the results as supporting or not supporting the theory or hypotheses), new issues raised, further studies of the future, assumptions, inspirations, recommendations and forecasts.Conclusions(HBUT) English Resea

28、rch Paper Writing182021-12-13当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都要求作者提当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都要求作者提供信息性摘要）供信息性摘要）: 信息性摘要主要报道论文的信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论结果与结论。它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介。它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而是要进行深入加工。是要进行深入加工。 信息性摘要要向读者介绍研究的实际方法和结果，通常信息性摘要要向读者介绍研究的实际

29、方法和结果，通常应提供尽可能多的定量或定性信息，能定量表述的一定要全应提供尽可能多的定量或定性信息，能定量表述的一定要全部定量化，仅定性描述是不够的，要充分反映论文的创新之部定量化，仅定性描述是不够的，要充分反映论文的创新之处。信息性摘要可以看作是指示性摘要的扩展处。信息性摘要可以看作是指示性摘要的扩展。 Examples(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing192021-12-13Informative abstractThe long-term performance of various systems was determined and the e

30、conomic aspects of solar hot water production were investigated in this work. The effect of the collector(集热气集热气) inclination angle, collector area and storage volume was examined for all systems, and various climatic conditions and their payback period was calculated. It was found that the collecto

31、r inclination angle does not have a significant effect on system performance. Large collector areas have a diminishing effect on the systems overall efficiency. The increase in storage volume has a detrimental effect for small daily load volumes, but a beneficial one when there is a large daily cons

32、umption. Solar energy was found to be truly competitive when the conventional fuel being substituted is electricity, and it should not replace diesel(柴油) oil on pure economic grounds. Large daily load volumes and large collector areas are in general associated with shorter payback periods. Overall ,

33、 the systems are oversized and are economically suitable for large daily not water load volume. Objectives （implication of the research problem)MethodologyResultsConclusions (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing202021-12-13Informative abstractMetalinguistic awareness contributes to effective writing

34、 at university. Writing is a meaning-making process where linguistic, cognitive, social and creative factors are at play. University students need to master the skills of academic writing not only for getting their degree but also for their future career. It is also significant for lecturers to know

35、 who our students are, how they think and how we can best assist them. This study examines first- year undergraduate Australian and international engineering students as writers of academic texts in a multicultural setting at the University of Adelaide. A questionnaire and interviews were used to co

36、llect data about students level of metalinguistic awareness, their attitudes toward, expectations for, assumptions about and motivation for writing. The preliminary results of the research show that students from different cultures initially have different concepts about the academic genres and hand

37、le writing with different learning and writing styles but those with a more developed metalanguage are more confident and motivated. The conclusion can also be drawn that students level of motivation for academic writing positively correlates with their opinion about themselves as writers. Following

38、 an in-depth multi- dimensional analysis of preliminary research results, some recommendations for writing instruction will also be presented.backgroundpurposemethodresultsconclusion(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing212021-12-13Neuropathic(神经性的) foot ulceration（溃疡）is a major medical and economic

39、problem among diabetic patients, and the conventional treatment involves bed rest with complete freedom from weight bearing. We have investigated the use of walking plaster casts in the management of seven diabetic patients with long-standing, chronic foot ulcers. Although all ulcers healed in a med

40、ian time of six weeks, this therapy was not without side effects. We conclude that casting is a useful therapy for neuropathic ulcers, although several clinic visits, including cast removal and foot inspection, are necessary to avoid potential side effects caused by the costing of insensitive feet.

41、Background + purpose：（scope of the research)MethodologyResultconclusion (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing222021-12-133.2 Tense in the Major Sections of Abstract摘要的结构和研究论文本身的结构是对应摘要的结构和研究论文本身的结构是对应的。摘要各个部分句子中动词时态的使用的。摘要各个部分句子中动词时态的使用规则和论文正文各个章节中动词时态的使规则和论文正文各个章节中动词时态的使用规则是相同的（语态的使用也是如此）用规则是相同的（语态

42、的使用也是如此）。(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing232021-12-131) Background (a fact): simple present tense在介绍在介绍背景资料背景资料时，应该用时，应该用一般现在时一般现在时来叙述不受时间影响的普遍事实。来叙述不受时间影响的普遍事实。 (1)Most alternative（替代）fuels for internal combustion engines（内燃机） have low cetane(十六烷) numbers.(2) This is particularly true of natur

43、al gas which has excellent clean burning characteristic and low greenhouse gas production.(3) In contrast to low power applications, long cavity laser (空腔激光器)or laser bars are used in this field and mounting quality influences considerably laser performance and life time.(HBUT) English Research Pape

44、r Writing242021-12-13Background (an overview of the research tendency): present perfect tense(4) The use of correlated coefficients(相关系数) of heat transfer(热传递) from the experiment data has been the universal choice to analyze complex heat transfer process.(5) Several laboratory studies have been con

45、ducted to determine actual decomposition rates(分解率) of wheat and other small grain straws（麦秆）using C-labelled（C标记）plant material.(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing252021-12-132) purpose: research-oriented (simple past tense); paper-oriented (simple present tense)在叙述在叙述研究目的研究目的，研究题目或活动时，若文，研究题目或活动

46、时，若文章采用章采用“研究导向研究导向”型，则句子的动词使用型，则句子的动词使用一般过去时态一般过去时态。若文章采用。若文章采用“论文导向论文导向”型，型，则应该使用则应该使用一般现在时一般现在时。 (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing262021-12-13研究导向型研究导向型 (6) The objective of this research was to determine the heat transfer characteristic for a convention cooling section with different heat tr

47、ansfer structures at high temperature and pressure in a coal pressurized gasifier (加压气化炉).(7) In this study, we examined vertical nutrient mixing in late summer in a test area 15 kilometres off the coast.(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing272021-12-13论文导向型论文导向型 (8) This paper presents an auto-refr

48、igerating cascade cycle（自动冷却层叠循环） that employs a rectifying column（精馏塔）.(9) In this paper, we focus on the solder metallurgy（焊接冶金）and stress-induced（应力诱发）laser behaviour after mounting.(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing282021-12-13在摘要的在摘要的实验部分写作中，实验程序或方法实验部分写作中，实验程序或方法通常使用通常使用一般一般过去式过去式来描述。来描述。 3

49、. Methodology (experimental procedures or methods): simple past tense(10) Experiments on high-enthalpy(热含量)water blowdown(排放) through a short converging nozzle(收缩喷嘴) were performed to measure the critical discharge（临界流量）flowrate under different stagnation（停滞）conditions.(11) The measurements were car

50、ried out in a high pressure chamber (HPC)（高压腔）and in a rapid compression machine (RCM)（快速压缩机）.(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing292021-12-13Methodology (mathematical model, algorithm, analytical method): simple past tense(12) The proposed rule is a validated（经过验证的）through numerical(数值的) studies i

51、nvolving both analytic and numerical results form the frequency -and time -domain response of multiconductor transmission line circuits（多路传输线）.(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing302021-12-13Methodology embedded in the research purpose 有的作者会用一个句子来同时表达研究目的或题目和方法有的作者会用一个句子来同时表达研究目的或题目和方法。在研究目的和研究方法合并

52、的句子中，仍用在研究目的和研究方法合并的句子中，仍用一般过去式一般过去式描述描述实验方法和研究导向型的研究目的或研究活动；用实验方法和研究导向型的研究目的或研究活动；用一般现在一般现在时时介绍模型或数学分析和论文导向性的研究目的或活动介绍模型或数学分析和论文导向性的研究目的或活动。(13) In the sensor part of the system, the quality of combustion(燃烧，氧化) inside the furnace is evaluated by means of three parameters-the Combustion Centre Poin

53、t (CCP), the Refuse Mass Energy (RME) and the Air Balance in Furnace (ABF).Methodology (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing312021-12-13将研究目的和研究方法合并成一句的另一种方法是将研究目的和研究方法合并成一句的另一种方法是采用位于句首或句末的短语来表示研究目的，并使采用位于句首或句末的短语来表示研究目的，并使用主句以描述研究方法。用主句以描述研究方法。(14) Laboratory compaction and triaxial compaction tes

54、ts(压实测试) were performed (methodology) to assess the compaction characteristics and load deformation response（荷载变形响应）（荷载变形响应）of a sandy silt（砂质粉土）（砂质粉土） reinforced with randomly（随机地）（随机地）oriented recycled carpet fibres. (HBUT) English Research Paper Writing322021-12-13通常使用通常使用一般过去式一般过去式概述概述主要结果主要结果（也

55、有一些作者用现在时）（也有一些作者用现在时）4) Results: simple past tense(15) The properties of hot water dried products were very sensitive to process temperature（加工温度).(16) The plants thermal efficiency（热效率） increased from 17.6% to 21.3% for the single Rankine cycle(兰金循环) by the adoption of the two-fluid(双流体) cycle, us

56、ing C2H6 as the working fluid under a constant condition of the topping steam temperature.(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing332021-12-13若作者认为自己的研究结果普遍有效，而不是在本次研若作者认为自己的研究结果普遍有效，而不是在本次研究的特定条件下才适用，则可以使用一般现在时态究的特定条件下才适用，则可以使用一般现在时态。 (17) The heat transfer capacity of the annular channel (环形通道) heat

57、exchanger with membrane(薄膜) spiral tubes is higher than that of the parallel channel heat exchanger with membrane serpentine tubes(蛇形管) under the same conditions.(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing342021-12-135. Conclusion: simple present tense, Modals of Probability and Possibility, auxiliary ver

58、bs使用一般现在时态般现在时态，推测动词推测动词或“may”,“should”,“could”等等情态动词情态动词来叙述结论或推论结论或推论 (18) In general, dry compression(干压缩) is more favourable than wet composition.(19) The result can be expected to be of great technical interest as basic data for the use of the ball bearing in space cryogenic(低温) instrument.(HBUT

59、) English Research Paper Writing352021-12-133.4 Steps for Writing Effective AbstractsReread the paper with the goal of abstracting in mind. -Look specifically for these main parts of the article: purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendation. -Use the headings, outline heads, and

60、 table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract. -If writing an abstract about another persons article, paper, or report, the introduction and summary are good places to begin. These areas generally cover what the article emphasizes.(HBUT) English Research Paper Writing362021-12-13After you h