南京城市夜间景观照明的城市生态学分析

1、1.1.2 The plans and documents may be submitted by stages and batches.1.1.3 For ensuring that the ship design and construction could be completed in time, the ship owner shall review and return the plans and documents duly approved according to the time schedule and requirement set forth in the shipb

2、uilding contract.1.2 Plans and documents to be submitted for review and approval The plans and documents to be submitted for review and approval are divided into four categories according to their professions (see table 2-1-1 through table 2-1-4 as: a General, hull construction and painting; b Hull

3、outfitting; c Machinery installation, and d Electric installation. In the following tables, the items marked with symbol “” are the items that are to be reviewed and approval, and that with the symbol “” means the items for reference.Table 2-1-1 General, hull construction and paintingNo.ItemsFor cla

4、ssification societyFor ship owner1Technical specifications (including hull, machinery and electric parts2General arrangement 3Lines plan and offsets table4Hydrostatic curves5Loading condition and stability Calculation6Damage stability calculation7Freeboard calculation8Tonnage calculation9Speed and p

5、ower estimation10Propeller calculation11Capacity plan for tanks and holds12Tank sounding table 13Propeller plan 14Fire zone division plan15Inclining test report 16Lightship weight measurement report 17Arrangement plan of marks of loadline, draft and bulbous bow18Fire control plan19Longitudinal stren

6、gth calculation20Midship section21Main structure plan22Shell expansion23Longitudinal and transverse bulkhead24Bow structure25Stern structure26Cargo space structure27Engine room structure28Superstructure29Stem plan30Stern frame plan31Crane post and foundation structure32Tightness test diagram of the

7、ship33Mooring test program34Sea trial program35Painting and coating specificationTable 2-1-2 Hull outfittingNo.ItemsFor classification societyFor ship owner1Inventory of hull outfitting, spares and accessories2Equipment number calculation3Arrangement of anchoring equipment4Outfitting and marks of an

8、chor chains5Arrangement of mooring equipment6Arrangement of steering equipment 7Arrangement of cargo gear 8Arrangement of metal doors, windows and covers of the ship9Arrangement of hatch covers10Arrangement of rails and ladders of the ship11Arrangement of natural ventilation12Arrangement of life-sav

9、ing and fire-fighting appliances on board the ship13Arrangement of safety marks14Arrangement of cabins15Arrangement of deck coverings16Arrangement of insulation17Arrangement of radar mast and foremast18Arrangement of magnetic compass19Arrangement of cathodic protection20Bilge and ballasting piping s

10、ystem21Fire-fighting piping system22Air sounding and injection piping system( including coaming23Drainage system diagram24Potable water system diagram25Water supply system diagram26Arrangement of steering gear room27Air conditioning system and schematic diagram28Arrangement of air conditioning ducts

11、29Arrangement of equipment in air conditioning roomTable 2-1-3 Machinery installationNo.ItemsFor classification societyFor ship owner1List of machinery equipment 2Estimation (calculation of machinery equipment 3Calculation of lateral vibration of shafting4Calculation of longitudinal vibration of sha

12、fting5Calculation of shafting alignment6Calculation of torsional vibration of shafting7Calculation of propeller and shaft connection8Engine room arrangement (including workshop, store and funnel9Calculation of deck foam for oil tanker10Emergency fire pump room arrangement and piping system 11Install

13、ation drawing of main engine and reduction gearbox12Arrangement of emergency generator room13Piping arrangement of emergency generator room14Hydraulic (pneumatic system and arrangement of deck machinery15Sea chest arrangement and construction16Shafting arrangement (including intermediate and thrust

14、shaft17Tail shaft and stern tube assembly18Shafting strength calculation19Layout of propeller shaft and intermediate shaft20Fuel oil system21Lubrication oil system22Stern tube lubrication oil system23Sea water cooling system 24Fresh water cooling system 25Compressed air piping system26Control air pi

15、ping system 27Engine room steam piping system28Feed water piping system29Condensate water piping system30Engine room water supply piping system31Engine room bilge, ballast and fire extinguishing system32Engine room venting, sounding and filling piping system33Engine room ventilation piping arrangeme

16、nt34Exhaust piping system35Steam piping for room heating and miscellaneous usage36Engine room fresh water generating system37Calculation of oil tank heating pipeline38CO2 fire extinguishing system and CO2 store room arrangement 39Calculation and operation instruction of CO2 fire extinguishing system

17、40Sewage treatment system41Remote control device of quick closing valve (including parts42Board side opening arrangement and structure43Provision refrigeration room arrangement 44Provision refrigeration system 45Cargo pump room arrangement 46Cargo oil control room arrangement 47Arrangement of deck f

18、oam fire extinguishing system48Arrangement of hydraulic pump station for cargo oil and ballast control system 49Cargo oil and ballast water piping system 50Control system for cargo oil and ballast water51Insert gas venting pipeline for cargo tank52Cargo tank heating pipeline53Deck steam and condensa

19、te pipeline54Draft, oil level sounding and oil temperature measuring pipeline 55Tank washing machine arrangement and tank washing pipeline56Insert gas pipeline57Deck foam fire extinguishing system58Oil and water discharge monitoring pipeline59Operation manual for oil and water discharge monitoring p

20、ipeline60Operation manual for cargo oil tank washing operation 61Operation manual for cargo oil tank stripping operationTable 2-1-4 Electrical installationNo.Items For classification societyFor ship owner1List of major electrical equipment 2Calculation of alternating current short circuit current3El

21、ectric load calculation4Calculation of capacities for storage batteries5Electric power primary system diagram 6Electric power secondary system diagram7Normal lighting system 8Emergency lighting system 9Navigation light and signal light system10Radio communication system 11Interior communication syst

22、em12Navigational aid system13Arrangement of fire alarm and general alarm system 14Single-line diagram of main switchboard15Single-line diagram of emergency switchboard16Electric equipment arrangement17Lighting equipment arrangement 18Interior communication system arrangement 19Navigational aid equip

23、ment arrangement 20Wheelhouse arrangement21Chart room arrangement22Radio room arrangement 23Antenna arrangement 24Main cable layout 25Engine room monitoring and alarm system 26List of spare and fittings for electric installation (including supplies 27Dangerous zones division (for oil tanker and chem

24、ical tanker28Electric system diagram of wheelhouse control console(panel29Electric system diagram of engine control room console30Engine control room arrangement 31Storage battery charging-discharging diagram and outline plan32Electric equipment room arrangement 33Voltage drop calculation34Audio and

25、 visual signaling device arrangement 2 INSPECTION AND TESTS FOR ACCEPTANCE 2.1 General2.1.1 The inspection and tests listed in this standard are those to be examined and surveyed by the classification society and the ship owner for acceptance, and are subject to proper adjustment as the case may req

26、uire for ship of different types, designed for different navigation zones and areas and flying different flags.2.1.2 Generally, the builder shall, according to the construction schedule, notify the supervisor of the ship owner and the surveyor of the classification society to attend the inspection a

27、nd test in the following procedures:a A “Test Notice” shall be forwarded to the supervisor and surveyor one day before the inspection and test. In special case, this “Test Notice” may be sent to the supervisor and surveyor at the commencing of work of the test day.b The builder shall notify the supe

28、rvisor and surveyor of any temporary postponement of the schedule inspection and test as early as possible.c The inspection and test for painting may be proceeded in different procedures.2.1.3 The supervisor and surveyor shall sign their names to the “Test Notice” after surveyed the test together wi

29、th their opinion of accepting or not accepting the result of survey so as to let the builder to proceed with the work accordingly.2.2 Items of inspections and testsThe following inspections and tests are grouped under five parts according to their professions (see table 2-2-1 through table 2-2-5 as

30、hull construction and painting, outfitting, machinery installation, electric installation and automatic and remote control. In the tables, the items marked with symbol “” are the tests to be done for acceptance.PART 3 CONSTRUCTION ACCURACY1 HULL CONSTRUCTION1.1 Steel materials1.1.1 Surface defects o

31、f steel plates are to be kept within the limits as defined in table 3-1-1.Table 3-1-1ItemsRequirementsPits,Flaking,Scars,Scratches and air bubblesDefect area ratio(%(1 Zone A is in excellent order, with very slight surface defects less than 0.15mm and no repairing is needed(2 Zone B is in good order

32、, with a certain amount of permissible surface defects, and no repairing is needed. Area enclosed by full lines denotes plate with thickness less than 20mm and area enclosed by dotted lines(including straignt linedenotes plates with thickness from 20 to 50mm(3 Zone C is in disorder and repairing is

33、needed. I.e. there are certain amount of impermissible surface defects that shall be repaired according to the requirement(4 Repairing method for surface defects:For d4-5.80.35.5-7.50.47.5-130.713-250.825-300.930-401.11.1.3 Lamination of steel plate is to be treated according to table 3-1-3.Table 3-

34、1-3Xinjiekou, Xuanwu Lake Park, Longjiang Subdistrict and Qinhuai scenery with Confucius Temple are respectively the typical representative of functional commercial region, scenic region, residential region and mixing region (which functions as a combination of all the 3 types of region mentioned ab

35、ove. Taking the measures of questionnaire survey, combined with field observation and document analysis, the landscape lighting system in each region still need to be improved on luminance, aesthetic level, and the distribute of energy resources. In order to improve the degrees of satisfaction in lu

36、minance, aesthetics and integrality, it is necessary to standardize lighting types, encourage energy conservation, coordinate the landscape and functional lighting, and to develop the lighting styles and characteristics fitting the functions of each regions, with the guidance of urban ecology and lo

37、w carbon economy.Key words: Nanjing City; Urban Ecology; Landscape Lighting; Degree of Satisfaction 1 引言随着我国经济发展和人们对生活质量要求的提高，景观照明近年来得到了较好的发展。但在塑造城市形象、丰富市民生活的同时也对生态环境造成了影响，一些城市追求高亮度、多色彩、大规模、超豪华的亮化工程，浪费能源的同时甚至造成了光污染1。由于我国现阶段城市规划的理论和实践尚处于发展阶段，法律法规不健全，控制依据模糊，控制手段弱化2，城市景观照明出现了以下几个误区：（1）缺乏特色。大城市夜景建设基本上完成

38、了量的积累，但精品很少，中小城市照搬大城市模式，比“亮”情况严重3。每个城市都有自身的历史传统和文化特色，城市景观照明在设计时应将城市文化背景融入物质景观，使市民对自己的城市产生文化认同，也使外来者产生不一样的体验。（2）缺乏整体性。景观灯的设计风格自我意识强烈，加剧了道路景观的混乱，也造成了视觉污染。（3）高能耗。越来越多的景观照明工程浩大，超出现阶段经济发展水平，资源过度消耗，环境受到严重威胁4。作者之一最近考察了日本名古屋市区的景观照明，全都采用了节能灯具（LED 照明），并以适度为限。（4）其他环境影响。根据 USEPA 的数据, 每消耗一千瓦时电力平均将产生680g 的CO 2、5.

39、8g 的SO 2和2.5g 的NO x 5。2009年8月20日，武汉市政府通过武汉市景观灯光设施建设和管理办法，该1通讯作者：朱晓东 办公电话02583594534 Email：xdzhu办法明确提出应设法控制景观照明的光污染问题6。随着经济社会的发展，人们的焦点从经济建设逐渐转移到景观生态城市的打造7。美丽的夜景给市民视觉和心灵的双重享受，展现城市区别于白天繁忙景象的另一种迷人风采，因此城市夜间景观照明的设计规划日趋重要。南京市作为我国重要的省会城市，其景观照明被寄予了节能环保和城市名片的双重期许8。大量文献调研显示，目前没有结合节能减排和城市形象塑造，针对城市的不同功能区域对景观照明的现

40、状和改进方向进行的系统研究。本文试对南京市的四个典型功能性区域的景观照明设计进行分析，对现有景观灯布局，密集程度，美观以及色彩选择等加以评估，提出相关改进建议，以期提高南京的整体城市品位和形象9。 2 调研方法区域的功能决定其景观照明的设计规划，因此将研究划分为对南京商业区、风景区、住宅区和混合区（集商业、风景、住宅功能为一体的区域）四种区域的研究，分别选择典型代表区域新街口、玄武湖公园、龙江小区和夫子庙秦淮风光带10。研究从实地考察、问卷调查、市民访谈三个角度在四个区域分别进行，辅以对南京市城市管理局的走访：（1）实地踏看主要考察四个区域景观照明用灯的布局和风格，密集程度和明亮程度，灯具的样

41、式和色彩等；（2）问卷发放按随机抽样原则，每区发放50份问卷，共计200份11。问卷内容包括对该区域内景观用灯的满意度及对未来的期望和改进建议等。问卷调查同时加入访谈，以深入了解市民想法，获取更完整的信息。问卷数据运用Office Excel 和SPSS 软件进行处理分析。表1 四个功能区受访市民基本信息（单位：人次）Item 整体规划有关。混合区：夫子庙秦淮风光带。夫子庙秦淮风光带位于南京城南，是南京最繁华的地段之一。由于兼具景观带和商业区的功能，该区域的景观照明以景区装饰灯和店面招牌霓虹灯为主。整个区域景观照明稍显俗艳与凌乱。大多受调查者对夫子庙片区的整体亮度满意，但美观方面明显不足。该区

42、域不利影响主要来自景观照明尤其是商业照明过分艳丽的颜色。另外，作为混合区，夫子庙的商业照明和风景照明在融合上稍有不慎，就会给人带来明显的冗杂感，使人厌烦。被调查市民大多选择热闹能体现古城韵味的红黄色系作为区域景观照明主色调，并建议尽量保留景区装饰灯，店面招牌霓虹灯和部分地灯应适当削减。 4 不同功能区综合比较分析4.1评价方法及结果亮度和美观满意度的计算公式：NPi 选择第i 项的人数；S 第i 项对应的分值；N 总人数各区域得分情况如表2(b：表2 各指标评分标准及四区得分情况(a:各指标评分标准;b:四区得分情况 a b根据以上得分情况，得到南京市不同功能区景观照明情况的亮度、美观及综合满意度比较分析（如图1所示）。图1 四个功能区亮度、美观及综合满意度比较4.2结果与讨论（1）亮度满意度：四个功能区亮度满意