定语从句复习提要

1、定语从句复习提要引入定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词，起“定语”的作用。He who laughs last laughs last. 谚笑在最后的才是笑得最好的。句中who laughs last 就是定语从句，修饰代词He。复习提要定语从句用于修饰说明名词、代词或主句全部内容，对人、物或事物进行具体的描绘或说明，提供相关的信息。定语从句通常置于被修饰的词语（先行词）之后。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句用于限定说明先行词，与先行词密不可分，且不用逗号分开；非限制性定语从句用于补充说明先行词，与先行词关系比较松散，它们之间通常有逗号分开。一、正确使用关系词，掌握各种

2、关系词引导的定语从句定语从句由一定的连接词引导，简称关系词。定语从句中的关系词包含关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who、whom、whose、that、which、as等，关系副词有when、where、why等。关系代词的用法见下表：关系词先行词在从句中能担任的成份关系代词who人This is the girl who won first prize in the competition. （关系代词作主语）whom人This is the girl whom I mentioned a moment ago. （关系代词作宾语）whose人/物This is the girl whose

3、 performance has been praised by the experts. （关系代词作定语）which物You can read the book which is on the desk. (关系代词作主语) The storybook which I bought yesterday is really interesting. (关系代词作宾语)that人/物e.g. Can you pass me the book that is on the desk over there? （关系代词作主语）Is this the book that you are lookin

4、g for? (关系代词作宾语)She is no longer the girl that she used to be.（关系代词作宾语） as人/物That is such a touching novel as you can imagine.（关系代词作宾语）I am surprised to find the same washing machine as was advertised in the evening paper.（关系代词作主语）定语从句中的关系代词有三个作用：1）引导定语从句（在从句之首）；2）代替先行词（从句中不能再以代词的形式再现先行词）；3）在定语从句中充当

5、主语或宾语。关系副词的用法见下表：关系副词关系词先行词在从句中担任的成份when时间She still misses the times when she spent her holidays in Hainan. （关系副词作时间状语）where地点This is the school where I studied ten years ago.（关系副词作地点状语）why原因Do you know the reason why she was unhappy?（关系副词作原因状语）二、运用定语从句时应注意的要点：1、“介词+关系代词”结构引导的定语从句关系代词前面常常可以加上一个介词。这个

6、介词属于定语从句的一个部分, 只是把它移到了关系代词的前面。介词前提时，只能用关系代词which 与whom 来引导定语从句，此时不能省略关系代词。选取介词的三个依据是：1）根据从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配；2）根据先行词的特殊用法；3) 根据这个结构在从句中的作用。2、正确区分关系代词与关系副词在选择关系词的时候一定要根据定语从句中所缺的成份来确定使用关系代词还是关系副词。不能因为先行词是时间名词就用when, 地点名词就用where, 先行词是reason就用why来确定。 如：May,12 is a day that most Chinese people will never forg

7、et.（先行词day作定语从句的宾语，不能用when引导） The film was set in a town which is now part of Jiangsu Province. （先行词town作定语从句的主语，不能用where引导） The reason which Mike explained to his teacher is hard to accept. （先行词reason作定语从句中explain的宾语，不能用why引导） 3、通常只能用that或which 引导定语从句的情况:当定语从句的先行词是序数词、最高级、不定代词、既有人又有物时，要用关系代词that来引导

8、定语从句。此外，如果主句是以“here， there”开始的句子或先行词是从句的表语时，也要用关系代词that来引导定语从句。如： This is the first English novel that she has read. Sally is the most creative student in this class There is nothing that can be used to replace the work of human brains. The little money that he had was stolen on the crowded bus. The

9、 old man often talks about the things and persons that he remembered there. Here is the suitcase that you left behind the other day. Mary is not the girl that she was three years ago. 非限制性定语从句、介词放在关系代词之前时，用which引导定语从句。此外，还要遵循不重复原则。如： I wish I could fly like a bird, which is impossible. There are occ

10、asions on which you may find yourself lost in heated discussions.Which of you that has been to the Great Wall can tell us something about it? 4、关系代词as和which/that的区别在限制性定语从句中，先行词前有“same”、“such”来修饰时往往要用关系代词as来引导。如： Can you show me the same CD as is displayed in the shop window？在非限制性定语从句中，主要要分清as 和whic

11、h的区别。如果从句在主句之前或句中只能用as来引导；在主句之后一般which 和as都可以。如： As is expected, the job interview is quite satisfactory. The job interview，as is expected，is quite satisfactory Robert is good at language, as/which we all know 5、正确区分定语从句与同位语从句当一个名词后连接着一个that引导的从句时，对定语从句和同位语从句的区别的掌握是帮助解题的关键。如： The proposal （that）/（wh

12、ich） he put forward at the meeting led to heated discussion The proposal that the cost of advertising should be cut down led to heated discussion 第一个句子的关联词可以省略是因为它引导的是一个定语从句，用来修饰和限制先行词，proposal在从句中作put forward的宾语，因此关联词之后的句子是一个不完整的句子。第二个句子的关联词不可以省略是因为它引导的是一个同位语从句，用来说明proposal的具体内容，关联词之后的句子是一个不完整的句子。p

13、roposal虽然在从句中没有充当成分，根据同位语从句的语法规则它却不可以省去。6、关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词时态和语态与先行词保持一致，而不能误解为与主句的主语一致。e.g. ( The bear is one of the animals that need to hibernate during winter.) need 与animals 构成主谓一致。三、典型试题解析1、定语从句与其他句式（如状语从句、强调句）的重叠使用使句子的结构看上去有些似是而非，往往引起误解和误用，需要引起注意。e.g. (It is on the ferry boat where he me

14、t Mary for the first time that they will hold the wedding ceremony. ) （在强调结构中含有定语从句）e.g. (Hangzhou is such a nice city as can be described as “paradise” that it attracts millions of tourists every year.) （such-as 与such-that 分别引导定语从句和结果状语从句）2、定语从句与名词性从句的转换我们可以用不同的从句表达相同的意思。除了同位语从句之外，定语从句还可以用其他名词性从句替换

15、，如定语从句还可以和状语从句替换（常见的是地点状语从句）。了解这一点能举一反三、灵活地运用不同的句式。一般名词性从句用一个关联词，而相对应的定语从句往往有先行词加关联词，有时省去关联词。That is exactly what I am looking for. (表语从句)That is the vase which I am looking for. （定语从句）基础训练I. 单项选择1. Barack Obama became the 44th President of the United States of America at the inauguration ceremony _

16、 took place on January 20, 2009. A. whichB. whatC. asD. whom2. The man _ is sitting by the window in the cafeteria is our new boss. A. whomB. whichC. whoD. whose3. Haier, Lenovo and other Chinese brands are becoming increasingly popular in the United States, _ more than 1,200 Chinese companies now d

17、o business. A. where B. that C. which D. there4. Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan, _ names mean "reunion" in Chinese when put together, have become a popular attraction at Taipei Zoo. A. whichB. whoseC. thatD. of which5. A Chinese cargo ship escaped from two pirate boats _ were pursuing it in the I

18、ndian Ocean on Friday. A. whereB. /C. thatD. in which6. Writers may combine facts and opinions in a way _ makes it hard to tell where facts end and opinions begin. A. in whichB. thatC /D. what7. The reason _ we obey the unwritten rules of society is not easy to explain. A. whyB. whatC. with whichD.

19、which8. _ is often the case, the spectators continued celebrating their teams victory long after the match was over. A. WhichB. ItC. AsD. what9. I dont want a flat next to a construction site _ the noise and lights would stop me sleeping. A. whenB. whereC. thatD. from it10. Of the many customs _have

20、 been kept for centuries in this region, one is that a bride should not see the groom the day before their wedding. A. thatB. for whichC. /D. among which 11. Jack is keen on coffee, _ he has always been able to work efficiently. A. under the influence of itB. with its influence C. as is influenced b

21、y itD. under the influence of which12. For safetys sake, all the handbags _ are carried on board have to be carefully checked.A. that B. which C. with whichD. in which13. In France, the tradition of hanging Christmas stockings by the fireplace dates back to the time _ children wore wooden peasant sh

22、oes. . A. whichB. for whichC. whenD. as14. I was so distracted by the man _ that I stopped to watch, forgetting I was about to arrive late for work.A. which amused all the passers-by with their performanceB. who was amusing all the passers-by with his performanceC. that the performance of them amuse

23、d all the passer-byD. the performance of whose amused all the passers-by15. People in Beijing are fond of talking about current affairs, and _ the taxi drivers are the most passionate. A. among them B. among whomC. in them allD. among which16. Robert is such a sensitive person _ you have to try very

24、 hard to avoid hurting. A. thatB. /C. whomD. as17. _, eight people were rescued from a burning building in Los Angeles. A. Which was reported in the morning newsB. It was reported in the morning news that C. What was reported in the morning newsD. As was reported in the morning news18. The roots of

25、the tree, _ water is absorbed, should be well protected. A. of whichB. from themC. through whichD. from that19. _ visits the wildlife park must stay on the special bus in case of sudden attack from one of the animals. A. WhoeverB. Those whoC. AnyoneD. Who20. People all over the world hold the belief

26、 _ the economy will soon recover and life will improve. A. whenB. whichC. in whichD. that21. In overcrowded cities _. A. where land is precious for the housing problemB. where land is precious the housing problem is seriousC. land is precious for the housing problem which is seriousD. land is precio

27、us where the housing problem is serious22. A problem _ a number of European countries are now facing is _ they can cope with their ageing populations. A. which; whenB. that; whatC. that; howD. which; why23. Everyone has heard of William Shakespeare, _wrote some of the worlds most famous plays.A. who

28、m B. that C. which D. who24. The growth of the road network means my town is no longer _ I remember. A. the one whatB. thatC. whichD. the one25. The books, most _are brand new, have been donated to children in the disaster zone by the students of this school. A. of whichB. whichC. areD. that areII.

29、阅读下列短文，在空白处填上适当的关系代词或关系副词使语法与意义都通顺。Gap YearsMany students will follow a straight forward path into university when the entrance exams are over. They will study for three or four years and after that get a job _1_ matches their qualifications. However, there are students _2_ make different choices. F

30、or some, the idea of a gap year a break from studying for a year or sois very appealing.A gap year can help people make choices about further studies and finding jobs _3_ are suitable for them. Todd Willis, an American student, used his gap year to help him decide on a career _4_ he wanted to pursue

31、. He worked voluntarily at a large company for six months, and then as an assistant to a ranger in a national wildlife park. At the end of the year, he decided to go back to university and study environmental management. For people like Todd, a gap year is an important experience _5_ helps them unde

32、rstand the skills and talents they have. This can help them develop a more definite plan for the future, _6_ makes them more attractive to potential employers.There are other reasons _7_ people take gap years. Many young people decide to travel. Some even combine their desire for travel with the nee

33、d for work experience by going on a working holiday. There are specialist companies and websites _8_ help young people plan trips like these. Other activities can include such things as home stays in other countries to learn a new language or, increasingly, volunteer work in areas _9_ people are aff

34、ected by poverty or natural disasters. For example, many students delayed their university studies to help the victims of the 2004 tsunami(海啸). Furthermore, the idea of a gap year, _10_ used to be something exclusively for students, is becoming more common for people in the working world too. People

35、 sometimes take a gap year before they enter work or change their career. A crisis areaA month ago, an earthquake hit south-west Pakistan. The area around the city of Quetta, _1_ many people lost their homes, was hit hardest. After the earthquake there were news reports showing the many people _2_ h

36、ad been hurt. I have been sent here as part of a team of aid workers from the Red Cross, to help the victims. I will never forget the morning _3_ we arrived. We found that large groups of people, _4_ homes had been destroyed by the earthquake, were living outside with nowhere to go. They were tired

37、and hungry, and freezing cold. Also, many people had serious injuries like cuts and broken bones. Thousands of people needed emergency housing and medical help. We were afraid that our supplies of tents and medicine would not be enough.We are trying our best to cope with the problems. The government

38、 has also sent many soldiers to help. Some of them were surprised to see us. However, the reason _5_ we are here is to help people _6_ are desperate. The soldiers seem to appreciate our efforts. Life here is not easy though. There are not many aid workers in our group, _7_ means we have to work long

39、 hours every day. We also have to live in tents, just like the people we are helping. Cooking facilities are limited and the food is quite basic, just rice and some vegetables. The most difficult part, for me, is being away from my family, _8_ I probably wont see for several months.I can accept all

40、these problems, however. I understand that they are part of my life as a Red Cross aid worker. As our work is helping to ease the problems facing these people, my own problems and hardships seem less important. I will go home sooner or later, but the people here have to stay. Many of the people _9_

41、lives were already affected by poverty and hardship before the earthquake now have nothing. I realize that we cant help everyone, but I think that we should do as much as we can to help people live a normal life again.III. 根据中文提示，完成下列句子。1. _ (正在打羽毛球的男孩们) are from Class seven.2. _（昨天在选举中败北的政治家）has lo

42、st his position of political influence.3. I was woken up by the noise of a car at midnight, _ (这让我非常恼火).4. _ (想去上海博物馆参观的人) must be at the school gate no later than 7 tomorrow morning.5. _ (你等了一上午的那位教授) has come.6. Mother Teresa, _ (她的简朴的生活很少为人所知)，was perhaps the most selfless woman who ever lived.7.

43、 _（文化影响教育的方式）need to be explored thoroughly.8. _ (正如古话所说的那样), the early bird catches the worm.9. _(每年来桂林游玩的人数) has reached one million.10. My neighbour has two pet dogs, _ (它们以前都是警犬).11. It was in the barbers _(我经常去的理发的) that I saw the man wanted by the police.12. The factory owner, _(他的大部分员工是农民工)，w

44、ill invite some famous actors and actresses to give a performance on New Years Eve.13. _(我父亲从日本回来那天) happened to be my birthday.14. Last summer I visited the Great Hall of the People, _ (每年许多重要的会议都在那里召开).15. Have you taken down all the _(英语老师在复习课上提到的要点)？16. He decided what he would do with his life

45、_(他被北京大学录取的那一天).17. Scientists are trying to find the reason _(为什么北极的冰融化得那么快).18. One of the factors _ (使亚洲学生学业成绩优秀) is a commitment to hard work.19. Some of Lu Xuns writings, _(人们以为已经丢失了的), were discovered again in the mid 1980s.20. Which of the chain stores _ (以前是小企业) have become world-famous ente

46、rprises?Part III: Integrated skills综合技能训练I. Rewrite the following passage by changing the underlined parts. The first one has been done for you. Toyota Center, (1) which is located at 1510 Polk Street, Houston, Texas, is a top basketball stadium with a capacity of 18,300. One of the newest venues in

47、 the NBA, the Toyota Center has been a huge success since it opened six years ago. In addition to the Houston Rockets, Toyota Center is home to two teams (2) which are from other sports leagues. Toyota Center is a very special place (3) where you will be given the chance to see one of the NBAs talle

48、st players, Yao Ming. You can also see other skilful players, and enjoy some of the most comfortable seats available to NBA fans. located at 1510 Polk Street The Rockets team, (4) which features some of the biggest names in the game, is one of the best supported teams in the NBA. It has also enjoyed

49、 a lot of success. In the 1994 season it won the NBA title.The NBA All-Star Game, (5) which was last held in Houston in 1989, is set to return soon. An NBA All-Star Weekend features a variety of exciting events for lucky spectators. It is one event that no NBA fan will want to miss. You can also see

50、 a diverse selection of music and other entertainment at Toyota Center. We regularly stage live events, (6) which range from Hip Hop to Rock, Jazz to Pop and even poetry readings. You can enjoy all of this at Toyota Center, so be sure to visit when you come to Houston. II. Rewrite the following pass

51、age. I) Before reading, list out some features of the city of Shanghai. Give some details.II) Rewrite the following passage by joining sentences with relative pronouns or relative adverbs, such as which, that, who, whose, where and when. The final sentence has been rewritten as an example. The BundT

52、he Bund is the first stop for most visitors to Shanghai. It is a historic site. It is in the eastern part of Huangpu district. This part runs along the western side of the Huangpu River. The area is famous for its old buildings. Many of these old buildings were built by foreign powers in the early 2

53、0th century.The Bund contains a long walkway. This walkway runs for about 1.5 kilometres. People walk along here. They can see the old buildings, like the HSBC building and the Customs house, as well as the modern buildings in Pudong. Pudong is just on the other side of the river. It contains such f

54、amous modern buildings as the Jinmao Tower, the Oriental Pearl TV Tower, and the Shanghai World Financial Centre. You can catch a ferry to Pudong. The ferry costs less than two yuan.The Bund is crowded with families, school groups and young couples during the day. They fly kites, take photos and enj

55、oy the views of old and new Shanghai. Many people also like to visit the Bund at night. The lights light up both sides of the river and give many of the old buildings a new look. There are also many bars and restaurants in the old buildings. They are popular with many people at night.To experience Shanghai, you must go to the Bund. Here you can appreciate both Shanghais past and its future.Example:To experience Shanghai you must go