WestCan6加拿大西部历史

1、Development in the West and the World Wars (1890 39)Lillooet, British ColumbiaCase Study: Lillooet, BC Gold Rush town established in 1858- Fraser River Gold Rush 1858-59- “Mile 0” on the Cariboo Wagon Road- Largest town west of Chicago and north of San Francisco Cayoosh Creek Gold Rush 1884- Europea

2、ns pushed Chinese away from main area- Chinese get claims along Cayoosh Creek- several Chinese find large amounts of gold Chinatown major into 1930s- initially a starting point to other gold rush areas- became a large centre for Chinese until the 1930s- after 1945 many Chinese displaced for war vete

3、rans Chinese References in Lillooet Chinese Rock Pilings- in 3 areas in Lillooet: Cayoosh Park, Fraser River, and Hangmans Tree Park- Chinese miners would clean the rocks: gold flakes- sometime to 30 feet deep for the rocks- did find agate/black jade: sent to China for profit- regardless of results

4、rocks moved to current places- some miners equipment kept in the local museum Hangmans Tree Park- Used by Judge Matthew Begbie- one trial where Chinese were involved- 1 murdered another, thought was going to murder him- first reference in Canada where a defendant pled guiltyLillooetEnglish French Re

5、lationsin Canada Two main issues (until today) The Trial of Louis Riel (1885)- Trial moved from Red River to Regina (Ottawa)- Guilty and hanged for Treason (Thomas Scott) Manitoba Schools Question (1890)- Changes since 1870, more English in Manitoba- Manitoba Schools Act, funding cut to Catholic sch

6、ools- French no longer official language in Manitoba- Goes to Supreme Court, supports original 1870 position- British Privy Council, supports 1890 ActOttawa could fight but, decides not to interfere Klondike Gold Rush and Yukon Territory Aug 1896 a small party finds gold Klondike River 1897 Publishe

7、d in Canada and the US- 30,000 40,000 come for gold - too many for North West Territories government Canada creates Yukon Territory June 1898- after 1901 many leave, territory remains Cultural Importance until today- movies The Gold Rush- books Jack London White Fang- peak of the RCMP Klondike Gold

8、Rush TrailsPrime Minister Wilfred Laurier July 1896 Oct 1911 First French Canadian Prime Minister- Unite Canada more independent of Britain- no more total loyalty to Britain- Did get Canada involved in the Boer War 1896 1911 Worlds Fastest Growing Economy- industrial growth in Eastern Canada (Ontari

9、o & Quebec)- agricultural boom in Western Canada (grains)- due to more immigrants “opening up” land- trade improves CPR through Vancouver Naval Service Bill 1910 - Opposed by both English and French Canadians- Brought down Lauriers Government in 1911Alaska Boundary Dispute Between US and Canada-

10、 had existed when Russia owned Alaska - Americans adopted when US bought Alaska in 1867- had tried to resolve 1898, but failed 1903 Negotiations to settle the issue- due to Yukon and Alaska gold rushes - 6 delegates: 3 US, 2 Can, 1 UK British give into US - UK delegate supports US told to by London-

11、 US Pres. Teddy Roosevelt threatened to use force Canada unhappy: wants foreign policy independence- similar situation as the Pig War 1859Alaska Boundary Dispute 1903Canada in 1895Push for “Provincehood” in NWT North West Territories were formed in 1870- combination of Ruperts Land (old HBC) and Nor

12、th-Western Territory (former British)- incorporated July 15, 1870 (minus Manitoba) 1880 British Arctic Territories added- islands to the far North, claimed by Britain- claim based on Martin Frobishers discoveries (1500s)- was searching for the Northwest Passage By late 1800s population growth in the

13、 South- more immigration due to free land - cities began to grow along the CPR- some begin to call for more representative government and “provincehood” due to population and potentialDistrict of Keewatin District established 1876 (taken from NWT)- new district allow for governance and development C

14、ouncil of Keewatin from 1876 77- 6 members to deal with small pox outbreak- met at Upper Fort Garry, Manitoba (only once)- no political parties or representative government New Iceland settlement and development- attempt at European settlement due to similar conditions- resulted in a small settlemen

15、t in Northern Manitoba- never grew due to lack of roads and climate Return to Northwest Territories in 1905- 1912 south split between Manitoba and Ontario- First attempt to split up the Northwest TerritoriesDistrict of KeewatinAlberta and Saskatchewan Negotiations began early 1900s- Frederick Haulta

16、in wanted 1 province “Buffalo”- Premier of the North West Territories knew potential- PM Wilfred Laurier did not like the idea- did not want a province equal to Ontario or Quebec Different options- 1 too big, 3 not big enough- Laurier decides on 2 provinces September 1, 1905 both provinces join Cana

17、daAlberta and Saskatchewan Enter Confederation Sept 1905Early Federal Politics Dominated by 2 parties: Liberals and Conservatives- Liberals: centre of politics, middle class, try to get all groups- Conservatives: right of politics, pro-business, upper class Both parties have basis in Eastern Canada-

18、 based in Province of Canada politics (pre 1867)- represented mostly Eastern issues- both went West after provinces founded Result: limited choices- some Western issues are dealt with, but East comes first- only 2 party options: some people left out- representatives of the left of politics have no p

19、arty- some Western Canadians feel Ottawa ignores themSocialist Party of Canada (SPC) First third option party in Canada- alternative to Liberals and Conservatives- different areas of support across Canada- but focus on British Columbia for ideology and guidance Party Ideology Impossibilism (3rd Way

20、of Socialism)- capitalism cannot be reformed enough: has to be replaced- common ownership of means of production- get rid of money and wage system- felt democracy was “out of the hands of people”- state represents the rich and their interests- no real choice among other parties- leadership no leader

21、: undemocratic- a leader means there are followers not democracy Development of theSPC Unification of SPC in Dec 1904- brought together all socialist groups across Canada- unions, socialists, leftists, others that did not fit (other parties) Factions in SPC- Reformers: felt reform was necessary (ele

22、ctions)- Socialists: reform should not be done (education) Fixing SPC ideological focus- Parker Williams elected 1903 from Revolutionary Socialist Party (a splinter group) showed strength of impossibilism- helped to make Socialists stronger in the early years- however Reformers still wanted to be el

23、ected- supported by unions main political base- focus left unresolved until 1920sSPC Split, Fall, and Rebirth Elections were contested when money available- outdoor meetings popular way to get support- several journals and articles created to educate Ran into police problems that weakened party rank

24、s- governments afraid of the SPC- police broke up meetings; arrested party members- worse during WWI: SPC was against the war (pacifists) Russian Revolution 1917 & Social Democracy- rise of Communism appealed to many SPC members- social democracy for Reformers (could get elected/power)- 1925 the

25、 party dissolves due to lack of money and members 1931 restarted by SPC Socialists- some unhappy with social democracy and communism- ideology fixed on Socialism - Socialist Party of Great Britain Socialist Party of CanadaNew Parties Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)- Founded 1932 (Calgary,

26、 Alberta) - Economic Reform and Public Co-operation- Ran in 1935 Election, won 7 seats- Still exists today as the New Democratic Party (NDP) Communist Party of Canada (CPC)- Founded May 28 29, 1921 (Guelph, Ontario)- 1920s & 30s Alternated Legal and Illegal- Workers Party of Canada (when illegal

27、)- Help arrange the On-to-Ottawa Trek and the Mackenzie Papineau Battalion - Still exists today Canada at World War I (1914)World War I 1914 - 1918 Canada was automatically involved- no independent foreign policy Many volunteered to fight for Britain- 620,000 served 215,000 died or wounded- Fought i

28、n many battles, suffered from conditions Billy Bishop won the Victoria Cross - “Top Ace” shot down many German planes Conscription Act 1917- Men have to join the Army, before voluntary- Almost brought down the government Halifax explosion Dec 6, 1917- Accidental but, destroyed HalifaxVimy Ridge Apri

29、l 9 12, 1917 Major significance to the development of Canada- 1st time Canadians fight as a single group (4 Divisions)- before divided among British soldiers Vimy Ridge: strong German position- French and British tried several times but, failed to take Canadians try “Running Fire”- new idea, send tr

30、oops while cannon firing Canadian Success- Canadians take German positions and prisoners- Could have been more but, not enough support (British) “Made Canada an Independent Nation”The Battle of Vimy RidgeWomen right to vote Women during World War I (WWI)- Women leave home to work, husbands at war- M

31、any traditionally male jobs go to women Extends to politics- Late 1800s some moves for women to vote- Grows in early 1900s, especially during WWI- Manitoba 1st province to give women the vote (1916) 1917 1919 All women get the vote- Provinces follow, except Quebec until 1940 1921 Agnes Macphail elec

32、ted to Canadian ParliamentWinnipeg General Strike 1919 Many Canadian companies did well from WWI- But no changes to wages or working conditions Winnipeg (Red River) city workers want better pay- Eventual resolution through negotiation- Other industry workers want similar improvements May 15, 1919 wh

33、ole city on strike- 1st Organized large-scale strike “Bloody Saturday” June 17- 10 Strike leaders arrested- Causes more violence and protests Strike continues until June 26- Although mostly over on June 17Balfour Declaration &Statute of Westminster Balfour Declaration 1926- Put forward by PM King and South African PM Hertzog- Governor-General no longer British ambassador to the Dominions (Canada, Australia, Irelan