语言学习与语言教学的原则

1、Issues in First Language Acquisition RevisitedCompetence and PerformanceComprehension and ProductionNature or Nurture Universal Systematicity and Variability Language and ThoughtImitationPracticeInputDiscourseCompetence and PerformanceWhat are the language competence and performance?Chomsky(1965) re

2、garded competence as an idealized speaker-hearer who does not display performance variables.Tarone proposed heterogeneous competence.How does one infer this unobservable, underlying level?(language competence)direct methodsindirect methods(p32) ImplicationsADULT: Now Adam, listen to what i say. Tell

3、 me which is better to say.some water, or a water.ADAM: Pop go weasel. Comprehension and ProductionComprehension and ProductioncompetenceperformancecomprehensionlisteningreadingproductionspeakingwritingC1: comprehension production; productioncomprehension(examples)Implications : lag , bothW.R.Miller

4、: Whats your name ?A three-year-old child: Litha.M: Litha?C: No, Litha.M: Oh, Lisa. C: Yes, Litha.Rice(1980) :What color is this? skinnerChomsky: LAD,the innate TheoryNature or NurtureNature or NurtureImplication : both adults and children have the capacity to acquire a second language at any time.

5、Stimulus and responsereinforcement TheoryLearning TheoryUniversalUniversal Werner Leopold: phonological and grammatical universalsMaratsos: universal linguistic categories word order tone agreement(eg. of subject and verb) nouns and noun classes verbs and verb classes Is there a universal deep struc

6、tures, common to all languages?Implications: (a) simply to look for commonalities between first and second language .(b) to consider a few possible universally applicable cognitive processes of acqusition.From pivot grammar to three-and four-word utterances, and to full sentences of almost indetermi

7、nate length.Systematicity and Variability Systematicity and Variability The process of acqusitionC1, A2 ( examples)difficultImplications:lateralization of the brain; psychomotor, cognitive, affective and linguistic considerations.Past tense:separate items: walked, broke, drank-ed morpheme: walked, b

8、reaked, drinkedregular and irregular: two classessaussure(1916:9) : speech is many-sided and heterogeneous: straddling several areas simultaneously-physical, physiological, and psychological.Language and ThoughtLanguage and ThoughtLanguage Thought Jerome Bruner, Benjamin WhorfPiaget1 Unity Theory2 L

9、inguistic Determination3 Thought Determination4 Language and Thought are independent and interrelated with each otherImplicationImitationImitationC1: early, phonological acquisition surface structure( forms)Two typesdeep structure (meaning)CHILD: Nobody dont like me.MOTHER: No, say nobody likes me.C

10、HILD: Nobody dont like me. (eight repetitions of this dialogue)MOTHER: No, now listen carefully; say nobody likes me.CHILD: Oh! Nobody dont likes me. 朱曼殊等（1986）曾对一名一岁八个月的幼儿进行追踪研究。他们每天问小孩“xx是谁给你买的？”之类的问题，一连几天，小孩的回答总是“xx是妈妈（或阿姨、老师等）买给你的。”虽然每次给予纠正，但她还是不能把“买给你的”改正为“买给我的”。PracticePracticeWhat color.What

11、color blanket.What color mop.What color glass.Mommys home sik.Mommys home sick.Wheres Mommy home sick.Wheres Mikey sick.Mikey sick.(Ruth Weir.1962)Brown and HanlonMcNeill and nativistsImplication: contextualized, appropriate, meaningful practicespeakingspeakingComprehension frequencydeep structureC1

12、: parental and older siblingsInputInput Semigrammatical: McNeillGrammatical : Labov, Brown and DrachreactionDifferent language input C1 : parental, authentic , sufficient , natural.A2 : teacher, inauthentic, limitedImplication : meaningful , communicativeDiscourseDiscourseexposureinteractionconversa

13、tioninitiationsresponsesImplication for second language learning : communicative competenceStrategetic competenceDiscourse competencePragmatic competenceLinguistic competenceFive components of communicative competence(Hedge, 2000)Teaching must enable learners to grasp the five components of communicative competence, but not just the linguistic competence.FluencyBibliographyAdamson,H.D.1988.Variation Theory and Second Language Aquisition.Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.H.D.Brown. 2001.Principles of Language Learning a