英语句子成分分析及基本句型

1、句子成分句子成分定义定义 ：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有分。句子成分有主要成分主要成分和和次要成分次要成分；主要成分主要成分：主语和谓语：主语和谓语次要成分次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语补足语、同位语1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语主语（主语（subject）句子说明的人或事物句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano. She went

2、out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true. （名词）（名词） （代词）（代词） （数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式） （动名词）（动名词） （名词化的形容词（名词化的形容词） （句子）（句子）找出句中主语找出句中主语The sun rises in the east. Twenty years is a short time in histo

3、ry. The poor are now living in the shelter. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. He likes dancing. What he needs is a book.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（名词）（名词） （代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（动名词）（动名词） （不定式）（不定式） （句子）（句子）(名词化的形容词）名词化的形容词）（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓

4、语谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语简单谓语:由由动词动词或或动词词组动词词组组成组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语复合谓语 由由情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词+动词动词; He can speak English well. She doesnt seem to like dancing Show your passport, please. She didnt say anything. How many do you want? - I w

5、ant two. They sent the injured to hospital. They asked to see my passport. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? （名词（名词 ）( 代词）代词）(数词数词)(名词化的形容词名词化的形容词)(三三)宾语宾语动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者及物动词或介词的宾语及物动词或介词的宾语（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子） 宾语分为宾语分为直接宾语直接宾语和和间接宾语间接宾语.直接宾语指直接宾语指物或事物或事,间接宾语指人或动物

6、间接宾语指人或动物. He gave me some books.间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.（四）表语（四）表语在在系动词系动词后的部分就是表语后的部分就是表语The war was over.They seem to know the truth.Time is precious.Im not quite myself today.That remains a puzzle.1. I dont feel at ease. （五）定语（五）定语修饰或限制名词或代词的

7、词、词组或从句修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句 He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel work. There are 54students in our class. Do you known bettys sister? He bought some sleeping pills. There is a sleeping baby in bed. His spoken language is good.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词的所有格名词的所有格)(动名词动名词)(现在分词现在分词)(过去分词过去分词)定语后

8、置：定语后置：如果定语是由如果定语是由一个单词一个单词表示时，通常要前置。表示时，通常要前置。而由而由一个词组或一个句子一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置表示时，通常则后置The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now? （六）状语（六）状语状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、

9、方式和伴随状况等。结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 I will be back in a while. They are playing on the playground. He was late because he got up late. He got up so late that I missed the train. I waited to see you. He often went to school by bus. His parents died, leaving him an orphan. Please call me if it is necessary

10、. This book is very interesting. He went to school in spite of his illness. I found the book interesting. Do you smell something burning? He made himself known to them. （六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语有些有些及物动词及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有

11、使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有 ：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let. She asked me to lend her a hand.同位语同位语 位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况 We young people should respect the old.He himself will do the experiment.He is the oldest among them four.He told me the news that our team won

12、 the game.名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句Exercises:分析句子结构分析句子结构1）You are a student.2）He felt happy today.3）What you said made me happy.4）Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?5）After he finished his homework, he went away.6）He likes pop music.7）The sound sounds strange.8）The food tastes good.9

13、）He gave me a book yesterday. 10）We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. 系动词系动词1）状态系动词状态系动词（be动词）动词） 例如：例如： He is a teacher. （is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）与补足语一起说明主语的身份。） 2）持续系动词持续系动词 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand 例如：例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。3）表像系动词表像系动词 seem, ap

14、pear, look, 例如：例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。他看起来很累。 4）感官系动词感官系动词 feel, smell, sound, taste 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。这种布手感很软。注意：系动词不用于被动语态注意：系动词不用于被动语态. .5）变化系动词变化系动词 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如：例如： He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。自那之后，他疯了。6）终止系动词终止系动词 p

15、rove, turn out, 表达表达“证实证实”，“变成变成”之意之意例如：例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。 英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。基本句型，是掌

16、握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：英语五种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一：基本句型一： + （主谓）（主谓） 基本句型二：基本句型二： + + （主系表）（主系表） 基本句型三：基本句型三： + + （主谓宾）（主谓宾） 基本句型四：基本句型四： + +IO +（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾） 基本句型五：基本句型五： + + +（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）基本句型基本句型 一一 此句型的句子有一个共同特此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词

17、短语、状后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。语从句等。 （不及物动词）（不及物动词）1. Time 2. The moon 3. The man4. We all 5. Everybody 6. I 7. They 8. He 9.He10.Theyflies. rose. cooked. eat, and drink.laughed? woke. talked for half an hour.walked yesterday is playinghave gone基本句型 二 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加

18、上一个动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：词分两类：be, look, feel,smell,taste,soundbe, look, feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类，表示情况；等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, get, grow, become, turn,goturn,go等属另一类，表示变化。等属另一类，表示变化。be be 本身没有什本身没有什么意义么意义,

19、,只起连系主语和表的作用。其它系动词只起连系主语和表的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义另仍保持其部分词义另:stay,prove,remain,stand:stay,prove,remain,stand（是系动词（是系动词）(表语表语)1. This 2. The dinner3. He 4. Everything5. He 6. The book 7. The weather 8. His face is smells(闻闻)fell looks is is becameturned an English dictionary. good. happy. different. tall an

20、d strong. interesting.warmer. red. 基本句型基本句型 三三 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。做及物动词。（实义动词）（实义动词）(宾语宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. He 8. He 5. They 6. Danny 7. I 4. He knows laugh at underst

21、ands made ate likes want said the answer? her. English. cakes. some apples. donuts.to have a cup of tea. Good morning. 基本句型基本句型 四四 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。（及（及物）物）（多（多指人）指人）（多指物）（多指物）1. She2. She 3. He 8. He 5. I 6. I 7. I 4. He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himher husband you her him him mea new dress. a delicious meal