呼吸内科常用英语(全)(共14页)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上询问病史 12case historyYou need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a

2、history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.General/biographical,baiu'ræfik,-kl data传记,marital婚姻 status, nativity出生, occupation, informant提供消息的人, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health st

3、atus(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spousesspaus 配偶 health status, menorrhea,men'ri:月经 (menarcheme&

4、#39;n:ki:, m- 初潮 age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual'menstrul月经周期 pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions流产 ,premature,prem'tju, ,pri:- delivery早产, stillbirths死产, dif

5、ficult labor, family history (any congenital先天性 diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings兄弟姐妹 and children)常用的症状 symptomsfeverCough 咳嗽Sputum (dry, purulent'pjurjulnt脓性的, copious'kupis green sputum大量绿色痰，tenaciousti'neis, t- yellow sputum 黄粘痰，frothy whi

6、te sputum白色泡沫痰，rusty sputum 铁锈色痰wheezingDyspnea during exertioni'z:n or at rest 呼吸困难Orthopnea:'pni 端坐呼吸Paroxysmal,pærk'sizml nocturnalnk't:nl dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难Shortness of breath （SOB）Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感Exercise intolerancepleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgiafærin'g

7、ældi ; pharyngodynia,færi'dini 咽痛Hemoptysis 咯血Bucking 呛咳Sneeze喷嚏snore 打鼾malaise mæ'leiz不舒服myalgiamai'ældi 肌痛insomnia in'smni 失眠hoarseness声嘶dysphonia dis'funi发声困难常见的体征 physical signsclubbed fingers杵状指 : increased longitudinal ,lndi'tju:dinl and transverse横向

8、 curvature 'k:vt弯曲 ,loss of concave 'knkeiv凹面的 nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx 'fælæks, 'fei-趾骨,指骨, drumstick- likenicotine stainingcyanosis ,sai'nusis发绀:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused wh

9、en mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin di:,ksi'hemu,lubin去氧血红蛋白 more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPaperipheral p'rifrl外围的,次要的 cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to cold exposurescentral cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lipsha

10、nd flap: due to CO2 retention潴留asterixis 扑翼样震颤papilloedema 视乳头水肿chemosis球结膜水肿enlarged supraclavicula锁骨上的r klæ'vikjul and axillary æk'silri腋窝 lymph nodesincreased respiratory ratetachycardia 心动过速pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)barrel chesthyperexp

11、anded, decreased expansionkyphosis kai'fusis 驼背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea ,tækip'ni: 呼吸急促accessory muscles of respiration,resp'rein: sternocleidomastoid'st:nu,klaid'mæstid 胸锁乳突肌muscle, arm support, alae flaringwide or narrow intercostal,int'kstl 肋间的 spacetactile触觉的 v

12、ocal声音的 fremitus震颤 触觉语颤subcutaneous crepitus 皮下捻发感Percussion:resonance清音dullness浊音flatness实音hyperresonance过清音tympany/timp2ni/鼓音lower borders: scapular'skæpjul肩胛的 line X left/right intercostal,int'kstl 肋间的 spacerange of mobilitymu'bilti移动Auscultation,:skl'tein:听诊vocal resonance 语

13、音共振ronchi: wheeze , stridor'straid 喘鸣 , crackles'krækl发出细碎的爆裂声, Velcro-like soundesmoist rales : coarse粗的, medium中等的, fine好的, crepitus捻发音pleural friction rubscomplete absence of breath soundsankle edemaweight loss，cachexiak'keksi恶病质，cachectick'kektik恶病质的decreased food appetite,

14、loss of appetite, anorexia,æn'reksi食欲减退常做的检查 examinations or laboratory findings(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)temperature charts 体温图 (take ones body temperature)sputum pot 痰盂Blood/urine/stool routine, occult'klt/ blood test潜隐血试验Blood biochemistrySputum /blood culture and d

15、rug sensitivity testsputum cytologysai'tldi细胞学Pulse oximeterk'simit 脉氧计：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturationArterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral'femrl股骨的 artery puncture穿刺PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hyperc

16、arbiaPaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemia,haipk'si:mi血氧不足respiratory failure:type 1: decreased O2 supply, PaO260 mmHg(millimeters of mercury'm:kjuri汞)due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction,

17、 fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism，pulmonary hypertension, shunttype 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO250 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)due to alveolar ventilation failureobstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasisrestrictive: neuromuscular,njuru'mskjul神经肌肉 (sedatives'sdtiv镇静剂 myasthenia,mais'i:ni

18、肌无力), structural'strktrl结构的 (ankylosing spondylitis,æki'luzi,spndi'laitis强直性脊柱炎), pleural diseases ,obesityChest X-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticularri'tikjul网状的, linear'lini线状的, military nodules粟粒样结节)coin lesions 硬币样cavities空腔：amphoric'æmfrik 空翁音的

19、(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)opacificationu,pæsifi'kein浑浊：consolidation (air space infiltrate):confluent'knflunt支流的,汇合的 shadowing and air bronchogramf支气管造影collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)segmental atelactasis肺不张pleural effusionmediastinal,mi:diæs'tainl

20、纵隔 mass: thyroid ,thymomaai'mum胸腺瘤, teratoma,ter'tum畸胎瘤, TB lymph nodes,terrible diagnoses including lymphomalim'fum淋巴瘤 and aneurysm动脉瘤Chest CT scan( computed tomography)Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography) 'pzitrn正电子Abdominal ult

21、rasound'ltrsaund超声skin prick test 皮肤点刺试验（dust mites尘螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂）tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivativedi'rivtiv 纯蛋白衍生物(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)Pulmonary function test : Spirometry spai'rmitri呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitationFEV1/FVC FVC

22、 RV and TLC KCO< 0.7 restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumesintraparenchymal >0.75 extraparenchymal variable normalFEV1: forced expiratoryiks'pairtri/ volume in 1 secondFVC: force vital capacityTLC: total lung capacityRV: residual volumeKCO: transfer fac

23、tor ( diffusion rate)PEFR: peak expiratory flow rateflow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration,ekspi'rein)bronchoprovocation/challenge test,prv'kein 支气管激发试验：histamine'histmmin 组胺or methacholine乙酰甲胆碱-inhalation,inh'leinbronchodilatation,dail'tein支气管舒张试验: salbutamol沙丁胺醇sæl&

24、#39;bju:tm(:)lfiberoptic bronchoscopybr'kskpi: biopsy'bai,psi活组织检查 bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)protected specimen brush (PStransthoracic,træns'ræsik,经胸廓的 percutaneous needle aspiration,æsp'rein吸引术pe

25、rcutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided'rækskup 胸腔镜 lung biopsyopen lung biopsypleural biopsybiopsy of enlarged lymph nodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram (ECG)心电图echocardiogram心动图V/Q isotope'aisutup 同位素 scan ( ventilation/perfusi

26、on scanning)spiral螺旋 CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography,ændi'rfi血管造影术)pulmonary angiographyDoppler'dpl 多普勒 USS thighai大腿 and pelvis'pelvis 骨盆 (USS: ultrasound scanning)cardiac monitorPSG( polysommography)常见的病名 diseasesacute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染common cold 普

27、通感冒influenza 流感,influ'enzpharynigitis 咽炎pharyngalgiafærin'gældi 咽痛acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎pneumonia 肺炎community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎pulmonary

28、emphysema 肺气肿chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘allergic rhinitisrai'naitis过敏性鼻炎respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭lung abscess 肺脓肿pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病lung cancer: 肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌squamous'skweims cell carcinom

29、a 鳞癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌'ædnu,k:si'numbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌small cell lung carcinoma （SCLC）小细胞肺癌pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤m'tæstsispulmonary embolism （PE） 肺栓塞pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症,rmbu'emblizmpulmonary infarction 肺梗死deep venous thrombosis ,DVT

30、 深静脉血栓形成empyema 脓胸,empai'i:mpneumothorax气胸pyopneumothorax 脓气胸'paiu,nju:mu':rækschronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病'spjurtiv, -reitivcongenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病,sai'ntikcor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病'k:,pum'nælipulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压pulmonary encephalopathy

31、 肺性脑病en,sef'lpiright heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特发性肺纤维化,idi'pæikcryptogenic,kriptu'denik 隐源性的 fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎connective tissue related l

32、ung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病systemic lupus'lju:ps狼疮 erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮rheumatoid arthritis, RA 类风湿性关节炎systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化scleroderma 硬皮病sjorens syndrome 感知综合征polymyositis 多发性肌炎dermatomyositis 皮肌炎sarcoidosis 结节病,s:ki'dusisPulmonary alveolar proteinosis,prutii'nusis, PAP 肺泡蛋白沉

33、积症Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis 'hi:mu,sid'rusis, ,hem-特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病'rænju,lum'tusisEosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿,i:sin'filikHistiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症XWegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽肿extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎pneumocon

34、iosis 尘肺'nju:m,kuni'usisdrug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病aspergillosisæ,sp:di'lusis 曲菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)pleural disease 胸膜疾病broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘'fistjuloral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮,kændi'daisisosteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变glaucoma

35、 青光眼cataract白内障acute lung injury ，ALI 急性肺损伤acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征urticaria 荨麻疹eczema 湿疹hypertension 高血压diabetes 糖尿病常用的药物 drugs or agentsbe administered, treat sb. withempirical 经验性的, prophylactic,prfi'læktik, ,pru-预防性, remedialri'mi:dil治疗性Expectorant 祛痰药eks

36、'pektrntMucolytics 粘液溶解剂,mju:ku'litikbronchodilator支气管扩张剂,brkudai'leitB2-agonists'ænist兴奋剂: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇sæl'bju:tm(:)llong-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗muscarinic,msk'rinik 毒蕈碱样的 antagonistsæn'tænist对抗剂: ipratropium bromide'brumaid 异丙托溴胺a

37、minophylline 氨茶碱,mi:nu'fili:nsteroids'stirid类固醇inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德， beclomethasone,beklu'mesun倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic: prednisolone'pred'nislun 强的松po(per os)., hydrocortisone,haidru'k:tizun 氢化可的松iv.mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠leukotriene,lju:ku'

38、;train白三烯 receptor antagonists: montelukast孟鲁司特respiratory stimulants:lobelinenikethamideni'kemaid, -mid尼可刹米cardiac tonic 强心剂diuretics 利尿剂,daiju'retikalbumin 白蛋白'ælbjuminantitussive agents 镇咳药,ænti'tsivammonium chloride 氯化铵'munjm铵'kl:raid氯化物ambroxol 氨溴索 （mucosolvan

39、沐舒坦）Pantoloc潘妥洛克常用的治疗措施low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae'kænjuli:鼻导管， Venturiven'tjuri文里氏 face-mask nebulizer'nebjulaiz喷雾器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial depositionmetered dose inhaler (MDI)定量雾化吸入器continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitti

40、ng mask (non-invasive)intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive(via intubation,intju:'bein插管 ，tracheostomy ,træki'stmi, ,trei-气管造口术，tracheotomy,træki'tmi, ,trei-气管切开术)sync

41、hronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术,:rksen'tesischest drain/drainage 引流术chemotherapy 化疗radiation therapy 放疗pneumonectomy 肺切除术,nju:mu'nektmilobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺叶切除术lu'bektmi叶切除术thoracotom

42、y 开胸术，胸廓切开术,:r'ktmipleurodesis胸膜剥脱术pleurectomy 胸膜切除术pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器常见的疾病chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputumbronchiectas

43、is:cystic'sistik囊性的/varicose'værikus曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样hemoptysisphysiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural'pstrl drainagelong term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonalemedical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibioticssurgic

44、al: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysislung abscessusually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;in the supine 'sju:pain 仰卧patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.pneumothoraxaccumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary pa

45、rtial collapse of subpleural胸膜下的 bleb bleb大疱 rupture 'rpt破裂lactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy br'kskpi支气管镜检查 ,esp. biopsytypes: closed, open, tensionmediastinal deviation :trachea and apex 'eipeks尖端 shift contralaterally对立的旁边CXR: translucency trænz'lju:snsi

46、 半透明+collapse倒塌: visible rim边缘 between lung and chest wall2 cm(centimeter) =50% lung volume lossaspiration ,æsp'rein吸引术，intercostal drainrefractory or recurrent周期性的: pleurodesis胸膜固定术, pleurectomyplu'rektmi胸膜切除术, bulla'bul 大疱 stapling装订 or lasering激光pleural effusionchest pain and pro

47、gressively worsening of shortness of breathTransudate,trænsju'deit漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics,daiju'retik利尿剂 can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L(gram/litre'li:t) or pleura: serum'sirm血清 protein <1/2 or pleura: serum L

48、DH<2/3;often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia,haipuæl,bju:m'ni:mi低蛋白血症, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism . ,haipu'airidizm甲状腺功能低下Exudate'eksjudeit渗出液：capillary permeability,p:mi'biliti 渗透 increases or lymph drainage decreasesoften s

49、een in infection ,neoplasia,ni:u'pleizi, -i瘤形成, surgery or trauma.CXR: meniscusmi'nisks弯液面-shaped,rises towards axillaæk'sil腋温Appearance: clear ,straw淡黄色的-coloured: suggests transduateturbid't:bid浑浊的, green: indicates exudates(pusps脓cells) or empyema,empai'i:m积脓症 (bacterial

50、infection)bloody( haemothorax,hi:mu':ræks血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis'pænkri'taitis胰腺炎, traumawhite( chylothorax,kailu':ræks乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic:'ræsik, duct胸导管, usually due to tumourTherapy: transudate: diureticsexudates: repeate

51、d drainage (thoracocentesis)intrathoracic,intr'ræsik胸廓内的 streptokinase,streptu'kaineis 链球菌激酶via chest drain: to lyselais溶解 fibrinous'faibrins 纤维蛋白的 adhesionsd'hi:n粘合pleural adhesion: tetracycline,tetr'saiklain四环素. bleomycin,bli:u'maisin博莱霉素lung cancerhoarseness: due to l

52、eft recurrent屡发的 laryngeal,lærin'di:l 喉的 nerve palsy'p:lzi麻痹dysphagiadis'feidi,-di吞咽困难pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate 'stelit, -leit 星形的ganglion'ælin神经节 resulting in Horner syndromehypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy,stiu:'rupi骨关节病superior vena cava obstr

53、uction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival edema, ,kndk'taiv结膜plethora'pler, vein dilation, pericardial tamponade,tæmp'neid心包 填塞( JVP,ABP,quiet HSparaneoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushings; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especial

54、ly squamous cell carcinoma),skin（dermatomyositis）immunocompromised e.g. shingles 带状疱疹squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp

55、secretion)adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable statesmall cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD ce

56、lls with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes commonbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputumNSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemother

57、apySCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.obstructive sleep apnoeaobstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention