the silent way 默示教学法

1、The Silent Way Tell me and I forget, teach me and I remember, involve me and I learn. Benjamin Franklin 不闻不若闻之，闻之不若见之； 见之不若知之，知之不若行之； 学至于行而止矣。 荀子儒效篇TheSilentWayisalanguage-teachingmethodcreatedbyCalebGattegnothatmakesextensiveuseofsilenceasateachingtechnique.Themethodemphasisestheautonomyofthelearne

2、r;theteachersroleistomonitorthestudentsefforts,andthestudentsareencouragedtohaveanactiveroleinlearningthelanguage.Toputitsimply,theSilentWayisamethodoflanguageteachingwhichisbasedonthepremisethattheteachershouldbesilentasmuchaspossibleintheclassroomandthelearnershouldbeencouragedtoproduceasmuchlangu

3、ageaspossible.1. DefinitionSilentWayoriginatedintheearly1970sandwasthebrainchildofthelateCalebGattegno.ThelastlineofBenjaminFranklinsfamousquoteaboutteachingandlearningcanbesaidtolieattheheartofSilentWay.Thethreebasictenets(原则)oftheapproacharethatlearningisfacilitatedifthelearnerdiscoversratherthanr

4、emembersorrepeats,thatlearningisaidedbyphysicalobjects,andthatproblem-solvingiscentraltolearning.2.BackgroundTheuseofthewordsilentisalsosignificant,asSilentWayisbasedonthepremisethattheteachershouldbeassilentaspossibleintheclassroominordertoencouragethelearnertoproduceasmuchlanguageaspossible.Asfara

5、sthepresentationoflanguageisconcerned,SilentWayadoptsahighlystructuralapproach,withlanguagetaughtthroughsentencesinasequencebasedongrammaticalcomplexity,describedbysomeasabuilding-blockapproach.3.Principles 1.Teachersshouldconcentrateonhowstudentslearn,notonhowtoteach. 2.Imitationanddrillarenotthepr

6、imarymeansbywhichstudentslearn. 3.Learningconsistsoftrialanderror,deliberateexperimentation,suspendingjudgement,andrevisingconclusions. 4.Inlearning,learnersdrawoneverythingthattheyalreadyknow,especiallytheirnativelanguage 5.Theteachermustnotinterferewiththelearningprocess.4、Aims&Goals Thegeneralgoa

7、loftheSilentWayistohelpbeginning-levelstudentsgainbasicfluencyinthetargetlanguage,withtheultimateaimbeingnear-nativelanguageproficiencyandgoodpronunciation. Animportantpartofthisabilityisbeingabletousethelanguageforself-expression;studentsshouldbeabletoexpresstheirthoughts,feelings,andneedsinthetarg

8、etlanguage. Studentsareencouragedtoactivelyexplorethelanguage,andtodeveloptheirowninnercriteriaastowhatislinguisticallyacceptable5.Theroleoftheteacher Theroleoftheteacheristhatoftechnicianorengineer.Theteacherstaskistofocusthestudentsattention,andprovideexercisestohelpthemdeveloplanguagefacility;how

9、ever,toensuretheirself-reliance,theteachershouldonlyhelpthestudentsasmuchasisstrictlynecessary. AsGattegnosays,Theteacherworkswiththestudent;thestudentworksonthelanguage.Forexample,teacherswilloftengivestudentstimetocorrecttheirownmistakesbeforegivingthemtheanswertoaquestion.Teachersalsoavoidpraiseo

10、rcriticism,asitcandiscouragestudentsfromdevelopingself-reliance.6.TheroleofthestudentsGattegno:languagelearningisaprocessofpersonalgrowthresultingfromgrowingstudentawarenessandself-challenge.Learnersareexpectedtodevelopindependence,autonomy,andresponsibility.InTheSilentWay,alearneralsomustbeateacher

11、,astudent,partofasupportsystem,aproblemsolver,andaself-evaluator.Anditisthestudentwhoisusuallyexpectedtodecideonwhatroleismostappropriatetoagivensituation.7.Teachingmaterials 1.TheCuisenairerodsarewooden,andcomeintendifferentlengths,butidenticalcross-section;eachlengthhasitsownassignedcolor.TheSilen

12、tWaymakesuseofspecializedteachingmaterials:coloredCuisenairerods,theSound-colorchart,Wordcharts,andFidelcharts. Therodsareusedinawidevarietyofsituationsintheclassroom.Atthebeginningstagestheycanbeusedtopracticecolorsandnumbers,andlatertheycanbeusedinmorecomplexgrammar.Forexample,toteachprepositionst

13、heteachercouldusethestatementThebluerodisbetweenthegreenoneandtheyellowone.Theycanalsobeusedmoreabstractly,perhapstorepresentaclockorthefloorplanofahouse. 2.TheSound-colorchartconsistsofrectanglesofcolor,withonecolorrepresentingonesoundinthelanguagebeinglearned.Theteacherusesthischarttohelpteachpron

14、unciation;aswellaspointingtocolorstorefertodifferentsounds,shecanalsotapparticularcolorsveryhardtohelpstudentslearnwordstress.Laterinthelearningprocess,studentswillpointtothechartthemselvestochecktheirownprogress.Thechartmakesstudentsawareofthenumberofthesoundsinthelanguagebeinglearntandhowmanyarene

15、wtothem.Studentspracticemakingthesesoundswithoutrelyingonmechanicalrepetition. 3.TheWordchartscontainthefunctionalvocabularyofthetargetlanguage,andusethesamecolorschemeasthesound-colorchart.Eachletteriscoloredinawaythatindicatesitspronunciation.TheWordchartsallowtheteachertocreatesentencesillustrati

16、nggrammaticalpointswhileremainingsilent.InGattegnosoriginaldesign,thereweretwelvewordchartsinEnglish,containingatotalofaroundfivehundredwords.8.TeachingtechniquesJustasthenameimplies,silenceisakeytooloftheteacherintheSilentWay.Fromthebeginninglevels,studentsdo90percentormoreofthetalking.Beingsilentm

17、ovesthefocusoftheclassroomfromtheteachertothestudents,andcanencouragecooperationamongthem.Italsofreestheteachertoobservetheclass.Silencecanbeusedtohelpstudentscorrecttheirownerrors.Teacherscanremainsilentwhenastudentmakesamistaketogivethemtimetoself-correct;theycanalsohelpstudentswiththeirpronunciat

18、ionbymouthingwordswithoutvocalizing,andbyusingcertainhandgestures. Whenteachersdospeak,theytendtosaythingsonlyoncesothatstudentslearntofocustheirattentiononthem. ASilentWayclassroomalsomakesextensiveuseofpeercorrection.Studentsareencouragedtohelptheirclassmateswhentheyhavetroublewithanyparticularfeatureofthelanguage. Thishelpshouldbemadeinacooperativefashion,notacompetitiveone.Oneoftheteacherstasksistomonitortheseinteractions,sothattheyarehelpfulanddonotinterferewithstudentslearning.9、Advantages&Disadvantages Advantages： 1.Studentsarethemainpartoflearn