非谓语语法第一讲

1、非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词讲解Nonfinite Verbs非谓语动词动名词动名词分词分词现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词动词不定式动词不定式1.谓语动词：谓语动词：概述：概述：2. 非谓语动词：非谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词在句子中担任谓语的动词 是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分作除谓语外的所有成分1 The teachers sitting there are from other schools.表语表语2 We saw some teachers sitting there. 宾语补足语宾语补足语3 We need to be active

2、 in class. 宾语宾语谓语谓语宾语宾语主语主语定语定语连系动词连系动词非谓语动词大都可在句中作主非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等定语、状语等.1. 作主语作主语2. 作表语作表语3. 作宾语作宾语4. 作宾语补足语作宾语补足语5. 作定语作定语6. 作状语作状语在句中承担的成分在句中承担的成分:v4.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. v5.I want to see you.v6.I want him to see you. v7.My hope is to see you.

3、v8.He is the man to see you.v9.Im glad to see you. 10.I went to see you. 11.He went so early as to see you（作主语）（作主语）(作宾语）作宾语）（作宾补）（作宾补）(作表语）作表语）（作定语）（作定语）（作原因状语）（作原因状语）（作目的状语）（作目的状语）（作结果状语）（作结果状语）v12.Swimming is his favorite sport. v13.He enjoys swimming. v14.I found him swimming in the river. v15.H

4、is favourite sport is swimming.v16.He is the man swimming in the river just now. v17. Swimming in Summer ,we can get cool.动词不定式（动词不定式（The Infinitive）一一. 动词不定式的基本构成：动词不定式的基本构成：由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成 肯定式：肯定式：to do sth 否定式：否定式：not to do sth. 被动式：被动式：to be done 完成式：完成式：to have done二二. 动词不定式的句法作用

5、法动词不定式的句法作用法动词不定式有副词，形容词和动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作名词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语定语、状语等成份。语定语、状语等成份。动词不定式动词不定式To do that sort of thing is foolish。I want to see you this eveningAll you have to do is to finish it quickly.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English.I warned the

6、 patient not to eat cold water after the operation. 主语主语 宾语宾语表语表语 定语定语 状语状语 宾补宾补(1)作主语作主语 不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。To see is to believe Not to get there in time is your fault.注：注：常用常用it做形式主语，将做形式主语，将to do放在位于放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。之后，使句子保持平衡。句型句型1：It + 谓语谓语 + to doIt takes us an hour _ get

7、there by bus.句型句型2：Its + n. + to doIts our duty _ help the poor. It is a great enjoyment _ spend our holiday in the mountains句型句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.It is + adj + for sb to do sthIt is + adj + of sb to do sth（是形容人的品质的是形容人的品质的 ）（是形容事物的性质的是形容事物的性质的 ）It is easy for me to finish this work

8、before ten. It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.You are very kind to give me some help.you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.用用it作形式主语作形式主语1. It is adj. (for/of sb) to do sth.2. It is + a pleasure/an honor/a pity to do.3. It

9、takes sb +time to do.(2). 表语表语 PredicativeMy jobYour task _(努力学习努力学习).is to study hardTo see is to believe.to teach you English.These days everyone wants to get rich fast.(3) 宾语宾语 Object常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有:fail, happen, mean, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, want, seem, promise, pr

10、etend, agree, afford, manage,expect, agree, ask, etc.+ to dov不定式和动名词作主语区别不大不定式和动名词作主语区别不大v不定式表示具体的、一次性的动作不定式表示具体的、一次性的动作v动名词表示抽象、习惯性的动作动名词表示抽象、习惯性的动作vRemember to do 记得去做某事记得去做某事vRemember doing 记得做过某事记得做过某事vForget to do 忘记去做某事忘记去做某事vForget doing 忘记做过某事忘记做过某事vRegret to do 很遗憾的去做某事很遗憾的去做某事vRegret doing

11、 遗憾做过某事遗憾做过某事vTry to do 设法做设法做vTry doing 试着做试着做vMean to do 打算、计划做打算、计划做vMean doing 意味着做意味着做vStop to do 停下来去做另一件事停下来去做另一件事vStop doing 不在做某事不在做某事vGo on to do 接着做不同的事接着做不同的事vGo on doing 继续做相同的事继续做相同的事1. Boys, dont forget _ the windows before you leave the classroom.A. closingB. closedC. to closingD. to

12、 close2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest4. Remember _ the lights when you leave the office.A. to turn offB. turning offC. turn offD. to turning offthink considerfind make feel形式宾语形式宾语4.我希望很快收到你的信。I hope to hear from you soon.5.我

13、决定不留下来。I decided not to stay.6.学生们认为玩电脑游戏很有趣。Students thought_.7.她觉得没有没有必要和他辩论。 She thought it unnecessary to argue with him.it interesting to play computer games.it + adj.+ to do 巩固练习2The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.(4). 宾补宾补 Complement三看三看 watch see look at observe notice三三使使 let make

14、have 二听二听 listen to hear一感觉一感觉: feel当遇到下列动词时当遇到下列动词时,不定式作宾补要省略不定式作宾补要省略to: allow, cause, ask, advise, expect, force, permit, persuade, tell, want, warn, teach等等. 医生建议他去南方医生建议他去南方.The doctor advised him to go to the south.sb to do一一注注一观察一观察I made him do his work.He _by me.He was seen _ from the tree

15、and get hurt.A.fall B. to fall C. falling D. fallen改错: He was heard talk to his mother for an hour.to talkwas made to do his work(5). 定语定语 Attributive (注意：注意：1动词不定式作定语，如果不定式中的动词动词不定式作定语，如果不定式中的动词 是不及物动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词则不定式中要有介词.)He is looking for_.（一间可以住的房子）There is nothing_.*我想要几本书在旅途中看。Id like_.a

16、few books to read during the journey-What do you think of the school?-It is a very good _.A. school to study in B. school for children to studyC. studying school D. school to studyto worry aboutThe topic to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is concerned about the Olympics 2008.（没有什么可担心的没有什么可担心的）a ro

17、om to live in注意：2下列名词后常接不定式作定语：chance, courage, decision, effort,evidence, measure, reason, right, way等But she gave up the chance to go abroad.He has the ability to work out the question.注意：3由only, first, last, next, second以及序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后，也常接不定式作定语。She was the first girl to come to the party.He i

18、s the only person to know the thing.I came here .He got up early to catch the train.(6) 状语状语 Adverbial1.1.表目的表目的注意注意v*表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用not to do,而用而用in order not to do或或so as not to do。 如：()In order not to be seen, he came into the room through the window ()Not to be seen, he came int

19、o the room through the window ()He came into the room through the window so as not to be seenv*so as to do一般不放在句首。一般不放在句首。 ()He get up at five this morning so as to catch the early bus (X) So as to catch the early bus，he got up at five this morning2.表原因表原因 不定式往往放在系表结构的后面，不定式往往放在系表结构的后面，表示产生某种情绪或状态的原

20、因。表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。We were very excited to hear the news.3.表结果表结果This room is big enough to hold us.enoughto, tooto, 不定式表示结果，有时不定式表示结果，有时指出乎意料的结果，不定式前常加上指出乎意料的结果，不定式前常加上only，以加强，以加强语气。语气。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.1.too与ready（易于）,easy, willing, eager, anxious等形容词连用，此时不定式没有否定意义，to

21、o相当于very。This problem is too easy to work out.这道题很容易做出来。2.too在 not, never, only, all, but后，不定式的意思是肯定的。Its never too late to learn.活到老学到老。Its not too much to say he is a fool. 说他是个傻瓜一点也不过分。有些不定式是用来表明说话者的观点和态度的，有些不定式是用来表明说话者的观点和态度的，放在句子之外，修饰整个句子。放在句子之外，修饰整个句子。to be honest说实话，说实话，to tell you the truth

22、实话告诉你，实话告诉你， to be sure毫无疑问，毫无疑问，to cut a long story长话短说，长话短说，to put it another way 换句话说等换句话说等4.4.作评论性状语作评论性状语I have never seen such a person, to tell you the truth .1._ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm.A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept 巩固练习2翻译：1935年,他离开家再也没回来。In 1935 he

23、 left home never to return.每个不定式都有其逻辑主语，它可能是句子的主语、宾语，也可能由for或of引出。1.逻辑主语是句中的某个代词或名词I will have a lot of work to do this Sunday.My father promised to take me to the seaside.2.由for引出的不定式的逻辑主语There is no reason for us to doubt his words.What I want is for you to talk to Tom.3.由of引出的不定式的逻辑主语It was silly

24、 of you to trust such a man.一般式一般式to doto be done 进行式进行式完成式完成式完成进行式完成进行式Tense and Voice （时态与语态） to be doing to have done to have been done - to have been doing-时态主动语态被动语态(1).They pretended not to see us.The next thing to be done is to get our classroom painted.(2). He pretended to be sleeping. ( (不定

25、式一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动不定式一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生作同时发生/ /发生在其之后。发生在其之后。) )( (不定式的进行时所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的不定式的进行时所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在进行。动作发生时正在进行。) )(3).She pretended to have known it before.He is said to have been praised.( (不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。示的动作之前。) )注意：若谓语为表示注意：若谓语为表示“愿望、

26、打算、意图愿望、打算、意图”的动词时，的动词时，如如hope, mean, intendhope, mean, intend等，其后可以跟不定式的完成等，其后可以跟不定式的完成时表示时表示“本来想要或打算做某事，而实际上未能实本来想要或打算做某事，而实际上未能实现现”。We meant to have stopped him doing such a We meant to have stopped him doing such a thing.thing.(4).Robin is known to have been studying abroad for a while, but we d

27、ont know which country.( (不定式的完成进行式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表不定式的完成进行式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前一直在进行。示的动作之前一直在进行。) )1.The boy pretended _ when his mother entered.A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read2. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_ everything. A. to tell B. to be told C. to be tell

28、ing D. to have been told巩固练习33. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having inventedwho, which, when, how, what,whom,whether who, which, when, how, what,whom,whether 等连用，等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。我不知道是否要接

29、受邀请。我不知道是否要接受邀请。I dont know whether to accept the invitation or not.(宾语宾语)How to solve the problem is very important.(主语主语)如何解决这个问题很重要如何解决这个问题很重要。我的问题是什么时候开始。我的问题是什么时候开始。My question is when to start.( (表语表语) )不定式与疑问词连用不定式与疑问词连用:关于省略关于省略 (1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要下文要 省略该动词省略该动词. e.g.: Would y

30、ou like to go with me ? (2). 不定式是不定式是to be 结构结构, be 不可省不可省. e.g.: Would you like to be a teacher? A. Id like to B.Id like to go Yes, _.A.Id like to be. B. Id like to.Yes,_. (3).当有两个或更多不定式并列使用时，通常当有两个或更多不定式并列使用时，通常只在第一个不定式前加只在第一个不定式前加to，后面不定式前的，后面不定式前的to常常省略。但如果二者有对比关系，每个不定式前都省略。但如果二者有对比关系，每个不定式前都应带应

31、带to。We ought to read more and have more practice.I came here not to play but to work. 1. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use.A. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned2. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D

32、. do not to巩固练习4(4).(4).不定式用在介词不定式用在介词but, except, besidesbut, except, besides（除了）（除了）后时后时, ,如果这些介词前有行为动词如果这些介词前有行为动词dodo的各种形式的各种形式, ,那么介词后的不定式不带那么介词后的不定式不带toto, , 相相反则带反则带toto. .v(1). She could do nothing but _ .(cry)v(2). I have no choice but_. (go)v(3).What do you like _ besides_ . (do, sleep)cry

33、to goto dosleep1.-I usually go there by train. -Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going2.Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding3. She cant help _ the house

34、because shes busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned4. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying5. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more diffi

35、cult. not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make6. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see7. The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.A. who B.

36、when C. how D. why 8. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning9.The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. turning it off B. turn it offA.C. to turn it off D. having turned it off10. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to

37、work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 11. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects12. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking13. The teacher asked us _ so much noise.A. dont make B. not makeC. not making D. not to make1.不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系，且与句子主语有主谓关系时We have lots of difficulties to overcome for the time being.2.在“be+性质形容词 +不定式”结构中。常见的此类形容词有easy, hard, interesting, difficult, heavy, pleasant, comforta