托达罗发展经济学todaroSm5ppt

1、Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Chapter 2Comparative Development: Differences and Commonalities among Developing CountriesCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-2Defining the Developing WorldnThe UNs SystemnWorld Banks System Classification by levels

2、of GNI per capita (Table 2.1)nThe UNDPs Human Development Index Classification by levels of human development (Table 2.9) nThe OECDs systemCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-3Table 2.1Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-4Table 2.1 (contd)Copyright 2

3、006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-5Table 2.1 (contd)Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-6Figure 2.1Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-7Figure 2.1 (contd)Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-8The Structural Div

4、ersity of Developing EconomiesnSize and income level (Table 2.2)nHistorical backgroundnPhysical and human resourcesnEthnic and religious compositionnRelative importance of public and private sectorsnIndustrial structure (Table 2.3)Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-9Table 2

5、.2Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-10Table 2.3Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-11Common Characteristics of Developing NationsnLow levels of living Per capita national income (Figure 2.2)Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

6、.2-12Figure 2.2Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-13Table 2.4Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-14Common Characteristics of Developing NationsnLow levels of living Per capita national income Relative growth rates of national and per capita income (

7、Table 2.5)Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-15Table 2.5Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-16Common Characteristics of Developing NationsnLow levels of living Per capita national income Relative growth rates of national and per capita income Distri

8、bution of national income (Table 2.6)Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-17Table 2.6Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-18Common Characteristics of Developing NationsnLow levels of living Per capita national income Relative growth rates of national a

9、nd per capita income Distribution of national income Extent of poverty (Table 2.7)Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-19Table 2.7Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-20Common Characteristics of Developing NationsnLow levels of living Per capita nation

10、al income Relative growth rates of national and per capita income Distribution of national income Extent of poverty Health (Figure 2.3 and Table 2.8)Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-21Figure 2.3Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-22Table 2.8Copyri

11、ght 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-23Common Characteristics of Developing NationsnLow levels of living Per capita national income Relative growth rates of national and per capita income Distribution of national income Extent of poverty Health Education The Human Development Index

12、Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-24Table 2.9Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-25Table 2.10Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-26Common Characteristics of Developing NationsnLow levels of livingnLow levels of productivity

13、nHigh rates of population growth and dependency burdens (Table 2.11)Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-27Table 2.11Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-28Common Characteristics of Developing NationsnLow levels of livingnLow levels of productivitynHig

14、h rates of population growth and dependency burdensnSubstantial dependence on agricultural production and primary exports (Table 2.12 and Figure 2.4)Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-29Table 2.12Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-30Figure 2.4Copyr

15、ight 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-31Common Characteristics of Developing NationsnLow levels of livingnLow levels of productivitynHigh rates of population growth and dependency burdensnSubstantial dependence on agricultural production and primary-product exportsnPrevalence of im

16、perfect marketsnDependence and vulnerabilityCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-32How Developing Countries Today Differ from Developed Countries in Their Earlier Stages nPhysical and human resource endowmentsnPer Capita incomes and levels of GDP in relation to the rest of th

17、e world nClimate nPopulation size, distributions and growthnHistorical role of international migration nInternational trade benefitsnBasic R&D capabilitiesnStability and flexibility of political-social institutionsnEfficacy of domestic economic institutions Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

18、 All rights reserved.2-33Convergence?nEvidence of unconditional convergence is hard to find (Figure 2.5)nThere is some (controversial) evidence of conditional convergence Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-34Figure 2.5Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserv

19、ed.2-35Concepts for ReviewnAbsolute povertynBrain drainnCrude birthratenConvergencenDeath ratenDependency burdennDeveloped worldnForeign exchangenGross domestic product (GDP)nGross national product (GNP)nHuman Development Index (HDI)nImperfect marketsnIncome gapnIncome inequalitynIncomplete informationCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.2-36Concepts for Review (contd)nInfant mortality ratenInternational poverty linenLabor productivitynLeast developed countries (LLDCs)nLevels of livingnLow income countries (LICs)nMalnutritionnMiddle-income countrie