student抽象与具体-英汉语言对比课件

1、Part VAbstract vs. ConcreteI English: AbstractII Chinese: Concrete Abstract style is used widely in English, especially inSocial Science WorksOfficial ArticalsNewspaper RemarksLeagal StyleCommercial LettersTranslate the following sentences:1 管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。2. 行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了，每年都证明确实如此。3只要有什么恶作剧，总

2、免不了有彼得在内。4我知道他在申请公司的一个职位。5要是你妈妈看到你的裤子撕破了，你准得吃苦头。6如果这次买卖可以赚到钱，我打算凑一份7因为乔治向老师报告鲍勃考试作弊，鲍勃就对乔治怀恨在心。 Abstract EnglishMain Characteristics:1 Norminalization2 Preparation1 Norminalization1.1 prefix and suffix1.2 lexicalization1）读写能力2）把-从其所处的环境（语境）中分离出来3）冒险把危急局势推到局限，玩弄边缘政策的手法4）不用脑子，愚笨，无知；不注意，粗心大意；无需动脑筋5）保护消

3、费者利益运动；（主张以消费刺激经济的）消费主义6）新闻节目主持人的语言风格或用语 An excessive reliance on the noun at the expense of the verb will, in the end, detach the mind of the writer from the realities of here and now, from when and how and in what mood the thing was done, and intensibly induce a habit of abstraction, generalizatio

4、n and vagueness. 这类名词含义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广，往往有一种“虚、泛、隐、暗、曲”的魅力，因而便于用来表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。1). 管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。2). 行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了，每年都证明确实如此。2 Preparation 介词本来就是虚词，在英语里十分活跃。介词可构成各种各样的短语或成语，其意义有时虚幻得难以捉摸。1) 只要有什么恶作剧，总免不了有彼得在内。2) 我知道他在申请公司的一个职位。3) 要是你妈妈看到你的裤子撕破了，你准得吃苦头。4) 如果这次买卖可以赚到钱，我打算凑一份。5)因为乔治向老师报告鲍勃考试作弊，鲍勃就对乔治

5、怀恨在心。 Why Abstract style is so popular in English?I Abstract Mind1 Logical and rational-abstract As O. Jesperson pointed out: An Englishman does not like to commit himself by being enthusiastic or too distressed, and his language accordingly grows sober, too sober perhaps, and even barren when the o

6、bject is to express emotions.2 Abatract mind is regarded as superior mind which is a mark of civilized man.As O. Jesperson pointed out: Civilization means among other things increase of abstrct terms and decrease of superfluous special words. The more advanced a language is, the more developed is it

7、s power of expressing abstract or general ideas.1)The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments.2)Was this the realization of an anticipated liability? 3)必须等到有了这批新设备，才能购买这批货4)医院某些医护人员在手术前后都非常粗心5)缺乏数据会使准确的统计变得很困难。II Application of abstract words can avoid subjective mood.

8、1) Survival of the Fittest Those individuals of a species are preserved that are best adapted for their enviroments 2) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 3) Beauty is Truth, Truth Beauty III Many abstract nouns which are derived from adjectives and verbs can produce miniaturiz

9、ation of complex structures. Jesperson said this is handy expressions for complex thoughts.最基本礼貌的缺乏会导致一个愤怒与混乱的社会。The fact that we lack manners which are standardized results in an often angry, chaotic society.The lack of standadization of manners results in an often angry, chaotic society. (College

10、English) Conclusion: Abstract style is used excessively in English. Some stylists recommend mixed diction Concrete Chinese The concern with abstraction characteristic of ancient Greek philosophy has no counterpart in Chinese philosophy. Chinese philosophers quite explicitly favored the most concrete

11、 sense impressions in understanding the world. In fact, the Chinese language itself is remarkably concrete. 1.汉语的哲学背景是儒、道、佛的悟性。悟性有直觉性和形象性的特征，因而中国人自古以来就擅长直觉思维和形象思维。采用意象-联想-类比来替代概念-判断-推理的逻辑论证。 They put greater emphasis on sense, feeling,impression,imaginery,figuration,metaphorization,imagination, asso

12、ciation etc. rather than reason, rationality, logic, concept, judgement, inference, etc.2.汉语是意象性语言，文字符号具有象形，会意和形声的特点。2.1汉字模拟自然现象和客观事物。2.2成语、谚语、典故、歇后语有丰富的形象色彩。2.3叠词生动逼真地表现听觉、视觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉林语堂： 将英语的科学论文翻译为汉语是最难的，因为充满抽象词语。将汉语的诗歌，优美的散文，翻译成英语也是最难的，因为每个名词都是一个意象。I 汉译英时可采用如下手段来表达英语的抽象意义。1动词取代抽象名词2用范畴词使抽象概念具体化。

13、3用具体的词语阐释抽象的词义。4用形象词语使抽象意义具体化(figuration)。1 动词取代抽象名词 英语大量的行为抽象名词(action-noun)表示行为或动作意义，由这类名词构成的短语相当于主谓结构或动宾结构。 汉语若用相应的名词表达，不自然，不通顺。在英汉转换中，汉语可以充分利用其动词优势，以动代静，以实代虚。1) I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.2) He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.3) High blood pr

14、essure is a contraindication for this drug.4) These problems defy easy classification.5) In handling the materials of history, each act of selection is also an act of judgment, and therefore the charge of bias is never completely answerable.2 用范畴词使抽象概念具体化。范畴词(category words)用来表示行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴，是汉语常

15、用的特指手段。 complexity relativity display corrosive jealousy arrogance eccentricity lightheartedness1) We have winked at these irregularities too long2) He was described as impressed by Dengs flexibility.3) What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties4) He discussed greatness and excellence5) He sp

16、oke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes at times were dim.6) This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of greatness which can build a new and a better world. 3 用具体的词语阐释抽象的词义。 英语抽象词的含义比较笼统、概括、虚泛，在汉语里往往找不到对应的词来表达，这时常要借助具体的词语来解释其抽象的词义。 As Peter Newmark pointed out : A

17、s a last resort, explanation is the translation.1) No country should claim infallibility2)The stars twinkled in transparent clarity3) This rambling propensity strengthened with years4) To help myself live without fault, I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues. These virtues are 1 Temperanc

18、e 2 Self-control 3 Silence 4 Order 5 Firmness of mind 6 Savings 7 Industry 8 Honesty 9 Justice 10 Cleanliness 11 Calmness 12 Morality 13 Humbleness4 用形象词语使抽象意义具体(figuration) 汉语虽缺乏抽象词语，但形象性词语（比喻、成语、谚语、歇后语）相当丰富。汉语常借助这类生动具体的词语表达英语抽象笼统的意义。disintegrationardent loyaltyfar-sightednessperfect harmonyimpuden

19、cecareful considerationtotal exhaustionfeed on fancieswith great eagernessoffend public decencymake a little contributionon the verge of destructionawait with great anxietylack of perseverance1) He was open now to charges of willful blindness.2)He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation3) I talked to him with brutal frankness.4) When young he quitted his home and traveled to the metropolis, which he reached in a state of almost utter destitution. 英译汉时，“化虚为实”可通行文，添文采，增加译文的可读性；汉译英时，“化实为虚”可化症结、消梗滞，提