英语句子成分与基本句型课件

1、句子成分与结构语法复习专题一第1页，共32页。一、介绍与其重要性句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八种： 主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。 学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。第2页，共32页。主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 第3页，

2、共32页。谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.第4页，共32页。英语的句子成分： 一） 主语： Walls have ears. He will take you to

3、 the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. To see is to believe. Smoking is not allowed in public places. Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.二）谓语由_担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。 Action speaks louder than words. The chance may never come again. Mary has been working at the dress sh

4、op since 1994. 动词/动词短语名词代词数词to do不定式doing动名词句子第5页，共32页。The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（ 第6页，共32页。表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般

5、由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：第7页，共32页。My father is a professor. Whos that? Its me. Everything here is expensive. The match became very exciting. The story of my life may be of help to others.Three times five is fifteen.His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you sh

6、ould hide your feelings. 三）表语 它的位置在_之后。是用来说明主语的_,_, _的.系动词、连系动词性质特征状态名词 n代词 pron形容词 adjadj介词短语数词to do不定式句子第8页，共32页。Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach Englis

7、h.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）第9页，共32页。宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected

8、 him their monitor.第10页，共32页。（四）宾语 表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在_之后。_词后也会跟宾语。She covered her face with her hands. We havent seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening the window? Give me four please. He wants to dream a nice dream. We need to know what others are doing. We should care more about our fri

9、ends. 动词/动词短语介词名词 n代词 pron动名词代词和数词to do不定式句子介词+名词第11页，共32页。（五）定语 是修饰_词.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之_；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之_。They are woman workers. Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. Mary is a beautiful girl. The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing country. I

10、 have nothing to eat. Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. 名/代前后 名词名词所有格形容词 adj数词形容词 /序数词 /to do 不定式现在分词 doingto do 不定式从句第12页，共32页。六）状语 状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。 The best fish swim near the bottom. I left the village five years ago. I arrived late because of the traffic

11、jam . Well send a car to fetch you. The fish can eat a person in two minutes , leaving only bones The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. If he goes, so will I . Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 地点状语时间状语原因状语目的状语结果状语伴随状语条件状语让步状语第13页，共32页。七）宾语补足语。英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使

12、句子的意义完整。They elected me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advise you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken into.名词形容词介词短语to do 不定式现在分词 doingdone 过去分词宾语和宾语补足语一起构成动词的复合结构第14页，共32页。八）主语补足语 如果上述结构变

13、成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语I was elected captain of the team. Our country will be made strong.与宾语补足语一样第15页，共32页。二.五种简单基本句型主语+谓语+宾语主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语动词系动词不及物动词及物动词主语+系+表语主语+谓语第16页，共32页。1）Our city is at the crossing of some important railways. 主语 系动词 表语 2）The city will become rich. 主语 系动

14、词 表语在这类结构中最常用的系动词是： “变化”类：_. “感官”类: _. “持续”类：_. 其他：（似乎）_ _ (证明是)_get/ become/ turn/grow/go/cometaste/ smell/ feel/look/soundstay/ keep/remainSeem appearturn out/ prove(to be)1主语 + 系动词 + 表语第17页，共32页。此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。 第18页，共32页。 （是系动词） 1.

15、This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2. The dinner smells good. 3. Everything looks different. 4. He is growing tall and strong. 5. The troubleis that they are short of money. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. 第19页，共32页。2主语 + 谓语1）The accident happened yesterday2）The train leaves at

16、7:40. 主语 谓语The teacher teaches well. The child walks very slowly.第20页，共32页。此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。第21页，共32页。 （不及物动词） 1. The sun was shining. 2. The moon rose. 3. The universe remains. 4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 5. Who cares? 6. What he said does not ma

17、tter. 7. They talked for half an hour. 8. The pen writes smoothly 第22页，共32页。3主语 + 谓语 + 宾语1）The boss employed five more workers. 主语 谓语 宾语2）My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.3）Few students like taking exams.4）He forgot to close the door.第23页，共32页。此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，

18、必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。第24页，共32页。 （及物动词） 1. Who knows the answer? 2. She smiled her thanks. 3. He has refused to help them. 4. He enjoys reading. 5. They ate what was left over. 6. He said Good morning. 7. I want to have a cup of tea. 第25页，共32页。4主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语1）He has fetched us

19、some new textbooks. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语2）Grandma cooked us a nice meal. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 3）The man told the girl the whole story. 4）The boy asked me a question.第26页，共32页。此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词被省略。 第27页，共32页。可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise1. She ordered herself a new dress. 2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 3. He brought you a dictionary. 4. He denies her nothing. 5. I showed him my pict