2021年湖北联考博士研究生英语入学考试模拟题2笔记

1、Practice Examination 2Part I Reading Comprehension (40 %)Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage：The National Trust in Britain，together with similar voluntary organization，plays an increasingly important part inthe preservation for public enjoyment of the best that is left unspoiled of B

2、ritish countryside.Although the Trust has received practical and moral support from the government，it is not a rich government，supported by public taxes. It is a voluntary association of people who care for the unspoild countryside and the ancient sites to preserve them for the permanent enjoyment o

3、f the public. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary support from members of the public. It has 160,000 members in England，Wales and Northern Ireland who pay a small subscription each year，and its primary duties are to protect for the nation places of great natural beauty and p

4、laces of historical interest andpreserve them from the dangers of modern development and extinction.英国国民托管组织，和类似志愿者组织一起，在保护公众最爱慕未被破坏英国乡村中起着越来越重要作用。尽管这个组织受到政府实际和精神上支持，但不是一种资金充裕政府，没有公众纳税支撑。这是一种志愿者协会，是某些关怀未被破坏乡村和古物遗迹人们联合在一起，为大众保护这些东西。这是一种慈善团队，由公众成员自愿支撑其运转。这个组织在英国有160,000 位成员，威尔士和白爱尔兰每年捐款很少，她们重要责任是保护国家自

5、然景观和名胜古迹，保护她们不被当代开发破坏，保护她们使她们免于消逝。Walesweilz n. 威尔士（英国大不列颠岛西南部地区） Northern Ireland 北爱尔兰自治区（在爱尔兰东北部） place of historical interest 名胜古迹The attention of the public was first drawn to the dangers threatening the great old houses and castles of Britain by the late Lord Lothian，who in 1935 said that，as a

6、result of taxation and estate duty，most of these ancient houses were under sentence of death. When he died he left his great seventh century house and all its contents to the Trust together with 4,500-acre park and estate surrounding it.This gift attracted wide publicity，and it started the Trusts “C

7、ountryHouse Scheme”. Under the scheme，with the cooperation of the government and thanks to thegenerosity of the generalpublic，the Trust has been able to save and make accessible to the public about one hundred and fifty of these old house，stogether with often very valuable contents.Whenever possible

8、，the Trust seeks to maintain continuity and to preservethese as living realities rather than as dead museums. It is the view of the Trust that the families who give them to the nation and whose ancestors created them make the best possible curators.公众头一次开始注意到大使洛锡安勋爵 Lord Lothian1935 年所说话，她说课税和遗产税威胁到

9、英国古房屋建筑，这些古建筑濒临灭绝。她去世时候，把她宏伟 7 世纪房子及里头所有陈设，尚有周边 4500 英亩院子都留给了国民托管管组织。这一馈赠，吸引了大量公共宣传，促使该组织发起了“乡村住宅筹划”。按这个筹划，与政府合伙，得益于大众慷慨解囊，该组织能保护并且可以容许公众参观这些 150 年前房子了，这些房子里大都尚有贵重陈设。只要也许，该组织尽量保存这些建筑持续性，把它们作为真实生活场合来保存，而不是死气沉沉博物馆。国民托管组织以为，那些把古建筑赠送给国家人，以及这些房子建造者后人们，是管理这些古建筑最佳人选。taxation tksein n. 课税，征税；税款estate duty 遗

10、产税Lord Lothian 大使洛锡安勋爵publicitypblisiti n. 宣传，宣扬；公开；广告；注意castle k:sl n. 城堡；车(象棋) vt. 置于城堡中；筑城堡防御curator kju reit n. 馆长；监护人；管理者generosity,den rs ti n. 慷慨，大方；宽宏大量general public 公 众whenever possible 只要也许continuity ,kntinju:iti n. 持续性；一连串；分镜头剧本In addition to country houses and open spaces the Trust now

11、owns some examples of ancient wind and water mills，gardens，Roman antiquities，farms and small villages，as well as complete villages. In these villages no one is allowed to build，develop or disturb the old village environment and all houses maintain their original sixteenth-century style. The public h

12、as free access to these areas and is only asked to respect the peace ，beauty and wildlife.出了乡村住宅和露天场地以外，信托组织当前尚有了某些风力和水力磨粉机、花园、罗马古董、农场、小村子，完整村庄也有。这些村庄里，不准再建房屋，以免变化或影响了村庄环境，让所有建筑保持它们 16 世纪风格。公众都可以免费进入那些场合，但她们必要尊重那里宁静、美和野生动植物。in addition to 除之外open spaces 空地；露天场合water mill 水磨，水力磨粉机The National Trust i

13、s B.a government departmentFa charityTa group of areas of great natural beauty Fone organization of great natural beauty FNational Trust n. 国民托管组织（英国保护名胜古迹私人组织）Lord Lothian said most of the ancient houses wereD .to be protected by the government Fdecaying through lack of money for their repair Fkept

14、 in good condition for the time being Fdoomed to decay without good preservation TWho takes up the responsible managerial work of the old house? BThe directors of the local branches of the Trust FThe ex-owners of the structure. TThe members of the organization appointed for the post. FThe men who en

15、joy the prestige in the local places. Fprestige prestid n. 威望，声望；名誉Which of the following may be not allow to be done by a visitor? BTaking pictures of the scenes. TPicking flowers in the gardens. FHaving a complete view of the area. TSinging quietly while visiting T这篇文章较为简要，各个提问也很清晰。生词不多。可以依照词根推测一种

16、大概。Questions 5 to 8 are based on the following passage：Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed，i. e.，worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years

17、ago “being employeed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand，the employee oftoday is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education，holding a professional or managementjob requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed，two things have characterized American

18、society during theselast fifty years ： middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population-growing so fast that the industrial worker，that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution，has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of indu

19、strial production.咱们社会已成一种雇员社会。约 1 前，在美国，五个有工作人中只有一种是受雇，为她人打工。而今，每五个有工作人中只有一种是不受雇，为自己干活。50 年前，“受雇”意味着做工厂工人或者农场帮手，而当前受雇人，已经越来越多是中产阶级人士，她们接受了良好教诲，从事是需要知识和技术专业性或管理性工作。事实上，美国近来 50 年有两个明显特性：在咱们劳动人口增长中， 中产阶级和上层阶级雇员增长是最快，她们增长如此之快，虽然工业生产也在扩张，但仍旧使产业工人工业革命最大孩子，在数量上已经不占多大比例了。farmhand f:mhnd n. 农经 农场工人industria

20、l worker 产业工人industrial production 工经 工业生产Yet you will find little of anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can find a great deal of work in a chosen field，whether it is the mechanists tra

21、de or bookkeeping. Everyone of these trades requires different skills，set different standards，and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly，especially in the large business or in government，employeeship is more important to success than the special

22、professional knowledge or skill.Certainly people fail more because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade ；the higher you climb the ladder ，the more you get into administrative orexecutive work，the greater the emph

23、asis is on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical ability orprofessional knowledge.你也许找不到任何写什么是雇员文字资料。但你可以找到诸多教人们如何找工作、如何升迁叫人半信半疑资料。在求职市场，你可以找到大量工作，从事机械贸易或者当账房先生。各个行业需要不同技能，有不同原则，需要不同准备。但是她们所需要雇员素质相似。特别是在大型公司或者政府部门，对个人成功而言，雇员素质越来越比专业知识和技能更重要。固然，失败人，更多是由于她们不懂得作为雇员必要条件，而不是由于她

24、们从业所需知识和技能不够。你爬得越高，你就越多从事行政或管理工作，与组织协同工作能力就越发显得比专业知识技能更重要。bookkeeping buk,ki:pi n. 记帐，簿记in common 共同；共有dubious dju:bj s adj. 可疑；暧昧；无把握；半信半疑hip hip n. 臀部；蔷薇果；忧郁 adj. 熟悉内情；非常潮流employeeship 员工素质administrative dministr tiv adj. 管理，行政executive izekjutiv adj. 行政；经营；执行，经营管理 n. 经理；执行委员会；执行者；经理主管人员It is impl

25、ied that fifty years ago D .eighty percent of American working people were employed in factories Ftwenty percent of American intellectuals were employees Fthe percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers Fthe percentage of intellectuals workin

26、g as employee was not so large as that of industrial workers F50 年前受雇重要是当工人，没多少知识分子。50 年前知识分子最为雇员比例没有产业工人作为雇员比例大。According to the passage，with the development of modern industry， D.factory laborers will overtake intellectlectual employees in number F 劳工变少了，白领变多了there are as many middle-class employe

27、es as factory laborers F 中产阶级雇员增多了，没说和过去劳工相等了employers have attached great importance to factory laborers F 没提这事，但劳工处在下滑地位，不也许得到更注重the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreased T 劳工人数比例下降了According to the writer，professional knowledge or skill is A.less important

28、than awareness of being a good employee T 作者的确这样说，说很明确as important as the ability to deal with public relations Fmore important than employer-employee relations F 没提这个关系as important as the ability to cooperate with others in the organization FFrom the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps o

29、ne A .to be more successful in his career Tto solve technical problems Fto be more specialized in his field Fto develop his professional skill Fspecialize in 专门研究；专攻；专门经营Questions 9 to 12 are based on the following passage：During the second half of the nineteenth century ，in the United States both t

30、he stimulus to produce landscape art and the subject of landscape altered appreciably as the pressure of events surrounding the Civil War witnessed the emergence of a new national consciousness. It was a time when certain fundamental religious beliefs were assaulted by new scientific theory and when

31、 new critical writing，particularly those of John Ruskin，exercised an important influence on art. The landscape painting from the Ganz collection provides an opportunity to examine the shifts in taste and the pluralities of style that characterized American landscape painting，especially in the latter

32、 part of the century.19 世纪下半页，在美国，与美国内战南北战争有关种种事件，产生了逼人形势，使人们亲眼目睹了新民族意识浮现，风景画创作和风景画主题均有明显变化。这个时期，新科学理论抨击人们基本宗教信奉，批判性著作，特别是像作家约翰罗金斯作品，对艺术创作有重大影响。从甘茨 Ganz 收集风景画藏品，人们可以鉴别出美国风景画风格和情趣转变，以及成为美国风景画特色流行风格， 特别是对 19 世界下半页。The Civil War南北战争（美国内战）national consciousness 民族意识；国族意识appreciably pri:bli adv. 明显地；相本地；

33、可察觉地produce landscape art 创作风景画fundamental religious beliefs 基本宗教信奉critical writing 批判性写作John Ruskin (英国作家)约翰罗斯金landscape painting 风景画，山水画pressure of events逼人形势(指局势骤变，规定人从速抉择) landscape art 风景画assault s:lt n. 袭击；袭击 vt. 袭击；袭击；抨击 vi. 袭击；动武In the early years of the nineteenth century American landscape

34、 painting was closely associated with the republicanideals of the new nation and took on significance in the popular imagination as a form of national propaganda. Landscape painting was conceived of as a vehicle for the presentation of the new republics unique historical and moral position in world

35、history. This position was supported byThomas Cole，the dean of the Hudson River School，and was based on a religious interpretation of wilderness themes. While the American concern for the founding of a school of historical landscape was most assertive in the first half of the century and was confirm

36、ed in such grandly ambitious paintings as Cafes famous instructive moral one portraying the COURSE OF EMPIRE，the interest in creating a national art based on American nature continued to influence the formal evolution of landscape painting.19 世纪初，美国风景画艺术与崭新国家共和抱负紧密有关，对把风景画作为国家宣传资料来说具备重大意义。风景画被看作一种载体

37、，体现了崭新共和国在世界历史上独特历史地位与道德地位。哈德逊河学院院长托马斯 Thomas Cole 支持这种地位，建立在对荒野主题宗教解释之上。19 世纪上半页，美国对开办一所历史风景学院是很期待，像卡菲 Caf 知名画，具备道德教诲意义，对“帝国之路“恢弘描绘，是很受美国关注。人们对创立基于美国特性民族艺术兴趣继续影响着风景画形式上变革。republican ideals 共和党抱负，共和抱负national propaganda 国家宣传presentation ,prez ntein n. 描述，陈述；简介；赠送conceive of 设想；想象national art 民族艺术Tho

38、mas Cole 托 马斯American nature 美国特性Hudson river 哈德逊河（位于纽约州东部）wilderness wild nis n.大量，茫茫一片；荒野；荒原assertive s :tiv adj. 必定；独断；坚定而自信found faund v. 找到（find 过去分词）vt. 创立，建立；开办the founding of a school 一所学校开办concern for 关 怀portray p:trei vt. 描绘；扮演formal adj. 正式；形式上republican ripblik n adj. 共和国；共和政体；共和主义；拥护共和政

39、体 n. 共和主义者；共和党With what topic is the passage primarily concrned? DThe moral position of the Unite States in world history F 不 是John Ruskins influence on the nineteenth-century art.F 只但是是一种例子而已，不是主旨A religious interpretation of wilderness themes. FThe evolution of landscape painting in the United Sta

40、tes. TWhat phenomenon does the author mention as occurring at the time of the Civil War? DThe revival of fundamental religious beliefs.An increased interest in nation geography(地理).FA period of depression on the arts and sciences.FThe emergence of a new national consciousness.TAccording to the autho

41、r，why is the Ganz collection significant? AIt reflects changes in American landscape painting. TIt includes many critical writings of the era. FIt appeals to the popular imagination of republicans. FIt documents the painting of the Hudson River School.FAccording to the author，landscape painting earl

42、y in the nineteenth century was used to C.finance a school of historical landscape painting Ffurther the ambitions of young politicians Frepresent and reaffirm a new nation Trealistically portray the physical beauty(人体美) FQuestions 13 to 16 are based on the following passage：The earliest controversi

43、es about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photographys fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century，the defense of photography was identical with the struggle

44、 to establish it as afine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless，mechanical copying of reality，photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing，a revolt against commonplace vision，and no less worthy an art than painting.照相与艺术之间关系争论最早是环绕如下问题展开：照相与否真实再现事物外观，照相是一种精

45、细艺术还是一种实用艺术取决于所使用相机。整个19 世纪，为照相辩护人强调：照相是可以与艺术相媲美。反对者以为，照相没有灵魂，只是机械地复制现实场景。照相家以为：照相是一种看方式特权，是对毫无创立想象一种反叛，称得上是与绘画不相上下艺术形式。controversy kntr ,v :si n. 争论；论战；辩论photography f tr fi n. 照相；照相术center on集中在；觉得中心fidelity fideliti n. 保真度；忠诚；精准；尽责be identical with与相似，与一致struggle to 竞 争revolt against 反感；厌恶；对反叛no

46、less 依然；不相上下；仍旧soulless s ullis adj. 没有灵魂；没有精神；卑鄙；无情commonplace km npleis adj. 平凡；陈腐 n. 老生常谈；司空见惯事；普通东西；毫无创见vision vin vt. 想象；显现；梦见 n. 视力；美景；眼力；幻象；想象力Ironically，now that photography is securely established as a fine art ，many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serio

47、us photographers variously claim to be finding ，recording，impartially observing， witnessing events ， exploring themselves anything but making works of art.In the nineteenth century ， photographys association with the real world placed it in an ambivalent relation to art； late in the twentieth centur

48、y ， an ambivalent relation exists because of the Modernist heritage in art. That important photographers are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a free art，except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art，shows the extent to which they simply take for granted

49、the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism： the better the art，the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.具备讽刺意味是，当前照相已经牢固地树立了自己作为精细艺术地位，诸多照相家却以为如此标榜照相很做作或者无关紧要。严肃照相家以为，照相就是发现、记录、公正地观测、见证某些事件、亲自探究绝不是什么艺术创作。在 19 世纪，照相与现实世界联系使照相与艺术之间关系矛盾。20 世纪晚些时候，矛盾是由于艺术中当代主义遗风。某些重要照相家声明自己工作

50、与艺术无关， 不再乐意去争论照相与否是一种自由艺术。她们仅仅想固然地以为是当代主义胜利把艺术概念强加给人们，艺术越好，就越是老式艺术颠覆目的。securely sikju li adv. 安全地；牢固地；安心地；有把握地pretentious pritens adj. 自命不凡；炫耀；做作impar imp: adj. 不成对，奇数impartially impa:li adv. 公平地；无私地works of art 艺术品irrelevant to 与.不有关ambivalent ,mbiveil nt adj. 矛盾；好恶相克the Modernist heritage 当代主义遗产 l

51、abel it as 标记为proclaim pr ukleim vt. 宣布，发布；声明；表白；赞扬take for granted 以为理所固然；对不予以注重modernism md niz m n. 当代主义；当代思想；当代作风subversive sbv :siv n. 危险分子；颠覆分子 adj. 破坏性；从事颠覆anything but 主线不，决不For example，those photographers who suppose to that，Photographers disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us mo

52、re about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art.by taking pictures，they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of thoseAbstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the

53、 intellectual austerity of classicalModernist painting by concentrating on the physical art of painting. Much of photographys prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art，particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting du

54、ring the 1960s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist paintingthat is，abstract art as developed in different waysby Picasso，Kandinsky，and Matissepresupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarit

55、y with otherpaintings and the history of art.Photography，like Pop painting， reassures viewers that art is not hard；photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art.照相家放弃这个争论更多是告诉咱们当代艺术概念纷乱，而不是照相究竟是不是艺术。例如，有照相家，通过拍照，她们挣脱了艺术做作，被绘画举为例证，提示咱们那些抽象体现主义画家，觉得她们集中注意关注人体绘画艺术，就脱离了典型当代绘画知识性朴素。诸多照相家

56、威望来自把目的集中在近来艺术，特别不考虑在 1960 年代流行绘画艺术中暗藏抽象艺术。欣赏照片可以缓和欣赏抽象艺术带来心理劳顿。典型当代绘画抽象艺术朝几种不同方向发展了，毕加索 Picasso，康定斯基 Kandinsky，马蒂斯 Matisse假定她们有高超观测能力，并且对其她绘画流派和绘画历史都很了如子掌。照相，就像流行绘画艺术，是人们确信艺术不难，照相比艺术让读者看到更多东西。disclaimer diskleim n. 不承诺，免责声明；放弃，回绝，弃权，弃权者convergence with 汇聚于harriedhrid adj. 被掠夺；受折磨the contemporary no

57、tion of art 艺术当代概念pretension pritenn n. 自负；规定；主张；借口；骄傲get away from 避免，挣脱；逃离exemplify izemplifai vt. 例证；例示take pictures 拍照；照相Abstract Expressionist 【绘画】；抽象体现主义画家austerity ster tin. 紧缩；朴素；苦行；严肃prestige prestid n. 威望，声望；名誉derive from 源出，来自，得自；衍生于convergence k nv :dns n. 数 收敛；会聚，集合dismissal dismis l n.

58、 解雇；撤职；不予考虑sensibility ,sensibiliti n. 情感；敏感性；感觉；辨认力exertion iz :n n. 发挥；运用；努力presuppose ,pri:s p uz vt. 假定；预料；觉得先决条件familiarity f ,miliriti n. 熟悉，精通；密切；随便highly developed skills 精湛技术手法reassure ,ri: u vt. 使安心，使消除疑虑ManyPhotography，however，has develop ed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a c

59、lassic Modernist fessionals privatelyhave begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of thetraditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public willforget that photography is a distinctive and exaltedactivityin short，an art.然而，照相已经让典型当代主义艺术全面形成焦急和自觉意识

60、。诸多专业人员私下开始紧张：照相艺术发展，颠覆老式艺术骄傲， 公众会忘了照相是独具特色、崇高活动简言之，艺术。anxietyzai ti n. 焦急；渴望；挂念；令人焦急事privately praivitli adv. 私下地；秘密地self-consciousness ,selfknsnis n. 自觉意识distinctive distiktiv adj. 有特色，与众不同develop divel p vt. 开发；进步；使成长；使显影 vi. 发育；生长；进化；显露exaltedez:ltid v. 高举；赞扬；使激动（exalt 过去分词）adj. 崇高；尊贵；兴奋subversi