备战2021届高考英语二轮专题复习爱尚阅读话题篇专题07科普与信息技术含解析

1、备战2021届高考英语二轮专题复习爱尚阅读话题篇专题07科普与信息技术含解析备战2021届高考英语二轮专题复习爱尚阅读话题篇专题07科普与信息技术含解析备战2021届高考英语二轮专题复习爱尚阅读话题篇专题07科普与信息技术含解析专题07 科普与信息技术【美文阅读1】导读：妈妈总是告诉我们如果我们在暗处看书会弄坏眼睛。这种说法有科学依据吗?Some facts about vision scienceMom always told us wed go blind if we read in the dark。 Does science back her up? Jim Sheedy， a doc

2、tor of vision science and director of the Vision Performance Institute at Oregons Pacific University， sets his sights on the truth.Dark MatterTurns out, our parents were wrong. “There is no reason to believe nor evidence to support that any long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to

3、 the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark,” Dr. Sheedy says.That is not to say that nocturnal turning wont lead to discomfort or fatigue。The lack of light will cause the pupils to dilate， resulting in a smaller depth of field-the distance between the nearest and farthest object that the eye con

4、siders to be in focus. Dr。 Sheedy says the added effort to change focus and the effort to change the angle of the lines of sight between the two eyes will likely make your eyes feel tired and your body spent. But， of course, thats often the object of reading under the covers。Seeing ClearlyDr。 Sheedy

5、 says he assures his students that there isnt enough evidence to argue that what you do with your eyes leads to myopia. The predominant determinant of myopia is genetics. No link to longterm damage has ever been conclusively shown, says Dr. Sheedy. Its an old tale， a ploy used by moms to get kids to

6、 go to sleep when they wanted them to, he says.Electronic AgeReading on a tablet device wont damage your eyes， Dr. Sheedy says. His team has studied various fonts, computer displays and pixel resolutions, and found the difference in effect on the eye between reading e-ink and the printed word to be

7、negligible。He adds that pixel density and screen resolution have reached the point at which the eye doesnt know which it is seeing。 So if reading a printed book in dim light is fine, so is reading a Kindle or iPad。Moving from Dark to LightThe eyes adapt quickly when going to the light-emerging from

8、a tunnel into the sun， saybut going to the dark requires the regeneration of photo pigments， and that takes some time to reach full dark-adaptation, says Dr。 Sheedy。Adjusting to the dim light next to your bed should only take seconds。 But when going from bright light to maximum darkness, studies hav

9、e shown， eye sensitivity continues to change for up to 25 minutes， he says。Ever wonder why a pirate wears patches？ Its not because he was wounded in a sword fight， says Dr. Sheedy. Seamen must constantly move between the pitch black of below decks and the bright sunshine above.视觉科学的一些事实妈妈总是告诉我们如果我们在

10、暗处看书会弄坏眼睛。这种说法有科学依据吗?俄勒冈太平洋大学视觉功能学院所长、视觉科学医生吉姆希迪为我们揭示真相.暗处阅读原来，我们的父母是错的。希迪博士说:“我们没有理由认为，也没有证据证明，在暗处阅读会造成眼睛的长期损害，或引起眼睛的生理变化。”但这并不意味着在夜间昏暗光线下看书不会引起不适和疲劳.光线不足会引起瞳孔扩张，导致景深变小,即眼睛能聚焦的最近和最远的物体之间的距离变小。希迪博士说,费力地去变焦（通通过眼睛的调节系统）和费力去地改变两眼之间的视角(通过眼睛的收缩系统）可能会使你的眼睛和身体感到疲倦.当然，这通常是在被窝里看书的后果。看清楚希迪博士说他告诉他的学生现在还没有足够的证据

11、能说明用眼习惯会导致近视。“近视的主要决定因素是遗传。”他说并没有确凿的证据证明长期损害跟近视之间存在关联。希迪博士说：“这只是一个古老的传说，是妈妈们希望孩子们去睡觉时常用的一个说辞.电子时代希迪博士说，在平板设备上阅读文字不会伤害眼睛。他的团队对各种字体、电脑显示器和像素分辨率进行了研究，发现阅读电子读物和印刷文字对眼睛影响的差异是可以忽略不计的.他补充说，像素密度和屏幕分辨率已经发展到了让眼睛分辨不出电子读物和印刷文字之间差异的程度.如果在昏暗的光线下阅读印刷书籍没什么问题的话，在Kindle或iPad上阅读也不会有问题。从暗处到亮处希迪博士说，从暗处到亮处时眼睛适应起来非常快,比如从隧

12、道里出来重见天日时，但从亮处到暗处时“需要新生成光色素,因此需要一些时间来完全适应黑暗”。他说，你对自己床边暗光灯的光线的适应只需要几秒钟的时间。但有研究表明，如果从亮如白昼转到漆黑一片,眼睛的感光度要持续变化长达25分钟的时间。希迪博士说：“想知道为什么海盗总是戴着眼罩吗？这并不是因为他在剑战中受了伤。真正的原因是水手必须经常在漆黑的甲板下和明亮的阳光下这两处地方之间变换位置.【重点单词】1。 pupil pjupl； p（)l n. 瞳孔2. dilate dalet; d- vi。 扩大；膨胀3. spent spent adj。 精疲力尽的4。 myopia map n。 近视5. p

13、redominant prdmnnt adj. 主要的6. ploy pl n. 策略7。 negligible negldb（)l adj. 微不足道的，可以忽略的【重点短语 / 亮点句式】1。 back up 支持.如:They try their best to back up the educational cause.他们尽全力支持教育事业.2。 There is no reason to believe nor evidence to support that any long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology

14、to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark.我们没有理由认为,也没有证据证明，在暗处阅读会造成眼睛的长期损害，或引起眼睛的生理变化.该句子中 that any longterm damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark为宾语从句。如：He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学。3。 result in 导致

15、，引起。如：Stress and tiredness often result in a lack of concentration.紧张和疲劳常使人精神不集中。A minimal error or deviation may result in wide divergence.失之毫厘,谬以千里。4。 emerge from 出现；从显露出来。如：The rabbit will not emerge from its hole while you are there.你在那儿,兔子是不会出洞的。【练习】1. Restaurants in every corner of Mianyang no

16、t only provide job opportunities but_ lots of taxes as well。A. bring in B. bring about C. result in D。 result from2。 How long does it take to go from bright light to maximum darkness?【答案】1. A句意：绵阳各个角落的饭店不仅提供工作机会而且带来许多税收.bring in带来。bring about引起,导致；result in导致,结果是；result from起因于。根据句意选A。2。 It takes fo

17、r up to 25 minutes.【美文阅读2】导读：随着电脑网络的普及应用，网络虚拟世界成为人们生活的一个重要组成部分。有人认为虚拟世界一无是处，但事实并非如此。Virtual worlds are also useful for childrenA research report says that virtual worlds can be important places where children practice what they will do in real life。 The research was done with children using the BBCs

18、 Adventure Rock virtual world， aimed at those aged 6-12. It surveyed and interviewed children who were the first to test the game。The online world is a theme island built for the BBCs children channel by Belgian game maker Larian. Children explore the world alone but they use message boards to share

19、 what they find and what they do in the different creative studios in virtual space。At times children were explorers and they were social climbers eager to connect with other players。 Some were power users looking for more information about how the virtual space really worked。 The children could try

20、 all kinds of things without having to be afraid of the consequences that would follow if they tried them in the real world。 They learned many useful social skills and played around with their identity in ways that would be much more difficult in real life。According to the study what children liked

21、about virtual worlds was the chance to create content such as music， cartoons and videos.The publishers of the report say that virtual worlds can be a powerful, engaging and real interactive alternative to more passive media. They urged creators of virtual spaces for children to get young people inv

22、olved very early on because they really do have good ideas and they are very good critical friends。虚拟世界对孩子也有用根据一份研究报告,虚拟世界也是很重要的地方.孩子们可以在其中练习他们在现实生活中的所作所为。该研究是以儿童为实验对象，使用BBC的冒险摇滚虚拟世界系统,旨在研究6岁至12岁的儿童.该项研究中所调查和采访的孩子都是第一次参加测试游戏。网络世界是一个由比利时的游戏厂商Larian为BBC的儿童频道创建的主题岛.儿童独自探索世界,但他们使用留言板来分享他们的发现以及在虚拟空间中各创意工

23、作室的所作所为.有时候孩子们是探险家，他们想法进入上流社会，渴望与其他玩家取得联系。一些高级用户寻找更多有关如何在虚拟空间起作用的信息。孩子们可以尝试各种事物，而不必害怕他们在现实世界中他们尝试这样做可能出现的结果。他们学到了很多有用的社会技能以及用他们喜欢的身份玩耍,而这种方式在现实生活中要困难得多。根据研究中孩子所喜欢的虚拟世界，这就提供了创造出如音乐,漫画和视频等内容的机会。根据出版商的报告，虚拟世界对于那些被动的媒体来说,它是一个强大而吸引人的，它具有相互性。他们呼吁为儿童创造虚拟空间，让年轻人早早地参与其中，因为他们真的有好的想法,并且他们是很好的诤友。重点单词:1. identit

24、y adentt n. 身份2. engaging nged； en- adj. 迷人的3。 interactive ntrktv adj。 交互式的；相互作用的重点短语 / 亮点句式：1。 It surveyed and interviewed children who were the first to test the game。该项研究中所调查和采访的孩子都是第一次参加测试游戏。该句子中who were the first to test the game为定语从句修饰children。在定语从句中be the first to do sth.为固定结构，表示第一次做某事。如：He i

25、s always the first to come to school. 他总是第一个到校的人。2. be eager to 渴望.如:The company is eager to gain a foothold in Europe。这家公司急于在欧洲取得一席之地。3。 be afraid of 害怕.如：Theres nothing to be afraid of. The sky wont fall down.没有什么好怕的，天不会塌下来。4. They urged creators of virtual spaces for children to get young people

26、involved very early on because they really do have good ideas and they are very good critical friends。他们呼吁为儿童创造虚拟空间，让年轻人早早地参与其中,因为他们真的有好的想法,并且他们是很好的诤友。该句子中They urged creators of virtual spaces for children to get young people involved very early on 为句子主句,其中urge sb。 to do sth。为固定搭配，表示催促某人做某事；because

27、they really do have good ideas and they are very good critical friends为原因状语从句；在该从句中包含强调句they really do have good ideas。如：I do like this book. 我确实喜欢这本书.练习：1. William Beebe，one of the first men_ the depth of the sea in a bathysphere，got interested in oceanography because of one book。A。 exploring B. ha

28、ving exploring C. to be exploringD. to explore2。 Why do children like the virtual space when learning social skills？答案：1。 D the first man to do sth。为固定结构，表示第一次做某事的人。2。 Because they neednt be afraid of the consequences。 【话题解读】“科普与信息技术”是高中新课程标准话题之一.该话题包括各领域计算机网络知识、新闻媒体等方面。互联网与信息传媒技术已经影响渗透到我们生活的方方面面，例如

29、智能手机、WiFi、微信、QQ、APP等。 “科普与信息技术”话题是历年高考英语的必考话题，分值所占比重也比较高。例如：20182020年高考试题均有所涉及；且2017年浙江卷七选五、2016年全国卷七选五,2016年全国卷阅读理解D篇；2015年全国卷的阅读理解B篇和七选五;2012年江苏卷完形填空；2009年江苏卷书面表达等，都与这个话题有关.【相关词汇】.写作必记单词1.acquire v.获得2.advance v。进展；进步； n.进展；进步；前进advanced adj。先进的,高级的3.advantage n。优点4。challenge n。挑战5。convenient adj。

30、便利的，方便的convenience n.方便，便利6。debate n.& v.争论7。explore vt。探索exploration n。检测；探险8。expose vt。揭露9。matter vi。有关系;要紧10。predict v.预言;预先;预报prediction n。预测，预告predictor n.预言家11.disturb vt.打扰；扰乱；使心神不宁12.provide vt。提供13。replace v.取代14。support vt。 n.支持，赞助supporter n。支持者；拥护者。阅读识记单词15。cover vt.采访;报道；遮掩；盖上16.breakth

31、rough n.重大进展，突破17.broadcast n。广播节目；vt.广播18。connect vt.连接，把联系起来19。convenience n。方便20.download v.下载21.experiment n.实验22.feature n。特写；花絮23。globe n。地球仪;地球24.hopeful adj.有希望的；有前途的25.instant adj.立即的；即时的26.intelligent adj.智能的intelligence n。智力;理解力27。mobile adj。移动的28。process n.& vt。过程；加工，处理29.spread v。传播；蔓延；

32、流传30。scientific adj。科学的science n.科学scientist n。科学家31.signal n.信号32。update vt.更新；使现代化33。system n.系统；体系34。technology n.技术35.worldwide adj。遍及全球的,世界范围的【高频短语】1。be addicted to沉迷于2。by this means以这种方式3.catch on了解；理解;流行4。come out出版;发行;结果是5.have access to使用；接通；可以利用6。have an effect on/upon对有影响7。keep in touch w

33、ith与保持联系8。keep pace with跟上9。land on the moon登月10。log in/on登录；进入11.shut down/off关掉12。with the development of随着的发展13.改变某人的生活 change ones life14。提高人类的生活质量 improve the quality of human life15。赶上世界先进水平 catch up with the advanced world levels16。有很大影响，有很大差别 make a great difference17.使得生命有可能发展了 make it poss

34、ible for life to develop18.能使用 have access to/be accessible to19.使某人能做某事 enable sb to do sth。20.在某方面起重要的作用 play an important role in21。 代替 take the place of22。 与 有关联 be related/linked to23. 得益于；从受益 benefit from24。 实现，成为现实 come true25。 随着科技的迅速发展 with the rapid development of science and Technology【话题

35、佳句】佳句一：1。 I think a stricter administration will be of considerable help in making better use of Internet. 我想,更加严格的管理对于更好应用网络会大有帮助.2.Telecommunications have been involved in nearly every aspect of modern life and are fast changing the way we live.电信已经进入了现代生活中几乎每一个方面,并且正迅速地改变我们的生活方式。3。 When a new pro

36、duct comes into being, it must be tested out before it is put into use.当有新产品问世时,在投入使用之前,一定要进行检验。4. Search engines have become one of the most important tools for WWW。 搜索引擎已经成为互联网上最重要的工具之一.5。It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society， w

37、hich make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious。 人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。佳句二:1。 In todays society， the computer plays an important role. 在当今社会,电脑扮演一个重要角色。2.An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont cause any pollution。 使用太阳能的优点是它不会导致污染。3.On one

38、 hand， using mobile phones will distract users attention， thus increasing the chance of terrible accidents。 On the other hand, talking loudly on the phone in public places is far from being polite。一方面，使用手机会分散注意力，因此增加发生交通事故的可能性,另一方面，在公共场大声地打电话也不礼貌。4。Compared with traditional letters， email ahs many a

39、dvantages， such as being fast and costing nothing。和传统信件相比，电子 邮件有很多优点,如速度快，不花钱。5.Therefore， I think we should take full advantage of net information to broaden our horizons.因此，我认为，我们应该充分利用网络资源来开阔我们的视野.【连句成篇】1。随着科技的迅速发展，各种各样的高科技产品吸引了全世界人们的注意。(非限制定语从句)2.通过这些产品，人们可以更方便地使用网络。网络在人们的生活中起重要的作用3。越来越多的人受益于网络，

40、网络改变了人们的生活。(非限制定语从句）4.人们可以在网上浏览信息,下载信息.(Not only倒装句）5。网络使人们不出门就能聊天、购物、工作、学习等等成为现实。（强调句）With the rapid development ofscience and technology, a variety of hightech products have drawn the attention of people all over the world,with whichit is moreconvenientfor people to use network. As we all know, ne

41、twork plays an important role in peopleslife. An increasing number of people benefit from network，whichhas greatly changed our life.Not only can peoplesurf the internet,but also we candownload information from the Internet。It isnetworkthatmakes it become reality for people to chat, shop， work, study

42、 and do other things without going out of our homes。 I阅读理解阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。AMany science fiction stories tell about explorers arriving in a new world。 The explorers then use some kind of high-tech device to test for breathable air or signs of life。 But here on Earth, science fiction

43、is becoming reality through a new sampling technology called environmental DNA, or eDNA for short. Scientists can use it to identify rare species or estimate fish populations with just a little air or water。Environmental DNA can be used in two ways。 One is to identify the creatures that live in a ce

44、rtain place. The other is to confirm the presence or lack of a specific creature。Caren Goldberg is one of the first biologists to take the technology from the testing stage to actually using it. She sees eDNA as a way to get answers more efficiently and with less destruction compared to traditional

45、survey techniques. Until recently， scientists depended on snorkeling ( 潜水）, netting or using an electric current to temporarily catch fish。This newer way to identify what lives in the environment is becoming popular around the world. Animal experts in Vietnam are using the eDNA to find the last， wil

46、d Yangtze giant softshell turtles。 One researcher on the Caribbean island of Trinidad is using the sampling technology to find endangered golden treefrogs. In Madagascar， it is being used to identify amphibian（两栖动物）diseases.Ms Goldberg has used eDNA testing to confirm the local extinction (灭绝) of a

47、leopard frog in the American state of Idaho. She has also been asked to document the spread of the New Zealand mudsnail in the state of Washington。 The creature has been found in lakes and other waterways across the state。Scientists working with the technology say they do not expect robots to replac

48、e field biologists anytime soon. But the oldfashioned field work could soon be more targeted。1。Compared to traditional survey techniques， eDNA is more_。A.complexB。eco-friendlyC。dangerousD.convincing2。By using eDNA， Caren Goldberg has_。A。succeeded in catching many fishesB.found the existence of golde

49、n treefrogsC。documented the spread of softshell turtlesD。confirmed the disappearance of the leopard frog in Idaho3。What can we infer from the last paragraph ？A。Robots will replace scientists soon。B.Some scientists are against using eDNA。C。The old-fashioned field work may disappear。D。Many biologists

50、are unwilling to do the field work.4.What is the best title for the text？A。Science Fiction Becomes Reality for Species SurveysB.Biologists Explore Space with the Help of eDNAC.Scientists Found Methods to Test for Signs of LifeD.New Technologies Are Presented in Science FictionsBPeople are less willi

51、ng to rely on their knowledge and say they know something when they have access （接近) to the Internet， suggesting that our connection to the web is affecting how we think。Professor Evan Risko， of the Department of Psychology at the University of Waterloo， led a recent study where the team asked about

52、 100 participants （参与者） a series of general-knowledge questions， such as naming the capital of France. For half of the study， participants had access to the Internet。 They had to look up the answer when they responded that they did not know the answer。 In the other half of the study, participants di

53、d not have access to the Internet.The team found that the people who had access to the web were about 5 percent more likely to say that they did not know the answer to the question. Furthermore， in some cases, the people with access to the Internet reported feeling as though they knew less compared

54、to the people without access。“With the popularity of the Internet， we are almost frequently connected to large amounts of information。 And when that data is within reach, people seem less likely to rely on their own knowledge，” said Professor Risko。Studying the results， the researchers thought that

55、access to the Internet might make it less acceptable to say you know something but are incorrect。 It is also possible that participants were more likely to say they didnt know an answer when they had access to the web because online searching offers an opportunity to confirm their answer， and the pr

56、ocess of finding out the answer is rewarding。“Our results suggest that access to the Internet affects the decisions we make about what we know and dont know，” said Risko. “We hope this research helps us understand how easy access to large amounts of information can influence our thinking and behavio

57、ur。5.The study by Professor Risko shows that _.A.we are easily cheated by the webB。the web is making our life harderC.we are becoming dependent on the webD。the web helps us make correct decisions6。What do we know about the questions asked in the study?A。They were funny。B。They were simple。C.They were

58、 personal。D。They were difficult。7.In the study, the participants with access to the web _。A。made more progressB.showed less confidenceC.gave wrong answersD.showed more optimism8。What does the word “data” in paragraph 4 probably mean?A。Goal。B。Dream.C.Distance。D。Information。CThe sun shows its face eve

59、ry day， but an amazing new telescope is giving us a whole different view of it. And guess what？ Our familiar friend in the sky has some impressive features！ Seen from the earth without a fancy telescope, the sun resembles a pale disc, sort of like a big sugar cookie shining in the sky. However， in d

60、etailed photos and video captured by the new telescope， the suns surface looks lumpy(块状的)and bumpy。The incredible instrument responsible for these eye-popping images is the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST), the most powerful solar telescope in the world。 A project of the National Science Fou