专题十定语从句课件-高考英语一轮复习

1、专题十 定语从句一、定语从句的定义1. 定语从句：在复合句中对名词、代词、名词性短语、句子进行修饰、限定的从句2. 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词二、定语从句的分类限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句意义上从句与主句关系紧凑，从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，缺少从句会影响句意的完整从句与主句的关系相对松散，从句对先行词或主句起补充说明作用，去掉不影响句意的完整功能上修饰先行词，先行词只能是名词或代词修饰先行词或整个句子，先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子结构上主句与从句之间不用逗号关系词作从句的宾语可省略可用that 引导主句与从句之间多用逗号隔开关系词作从句

2、的宾语不可省略不能用that引导二、定语从句的分类限制性定语从句： He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)他有两个在同一家公司上班的儿子。非限制性定语从句：He has two sons, who work in the same company. (He has only two sons.)他有两个儿子，他们在同一家公司上班。定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类三、定语从句的关系词关系代词先行词作用备注who人主语、宾语关系代词whom, which, tha

3、t在从句中作宾语时常可以省略，但在介词后不能省略。whom人宾语whose人、物定语that人、物主语、宾语which物、句子主语、宾语as人、物、句子主语、宾语、表语as作宾语时一般不省略定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类三、定语从句的关系词关系副词先行词作用备注when时间时间状语相当于“介词+which”where地点地点状语相当于“介词+which”why原因原因状语相当于“for+which”（1）who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略例：Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recog

4、nizing their own strengths.幸福和成功经常属于那些善于认识自己长处的人。（2）whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略例：Do you know the boy (whom) we met at the gate?你认识我们在门口碰到的那个男孩吗？三、定语从句的关系词（3）whose既可以指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，表示“人的；物的”先行词是人时，whose + n.相当于the + n. + of whom或of whom + the + n.先行词是物时，whose + n.相当于the + n. + of which或of which + the + n

5、.三、定语从句的关系词（3）whose既可以指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，表示“人的；物的”例：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.门坏了的那间教室将很快得到修缮。三、定语从句的关系词（4）that 指人相当于who 或whom；指物相当于which。在定语从句

6、中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略例：She is the writer (that) I want to see very much.她就是那位我非常想见的作家。Among the many dangers (that) sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.在海员们必须要面对的许多危险中，最严重的可能就是雾。三、定语从句的关系词（5）which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略例：The exact year (which) Angela and her family spent together in C

7、hina was 2019.安杰拉和她的家人在中国共同度过的确切年份是2019年。三、定语从句的关系词（6）as既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语 引导限制性定语从句，通常要与as, the same, so, such搭配，即构成such. . . as, the same. . . as, as/ so. . . as这样的固定搭配，as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语例：It was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out. (as作work out的宾语)这个问题很难以至于我们班里没有人能解出来

8、。三、定语从句的关系词（6）as既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语注意：so/ such.that结构中，that引导结果状语从句，只起连接作用，不充当从句的任何成分例：It was so difficult a problem that nobody in my class could work it out. (work out 已经有宾语，that只起连接作用)三、定语从句的关系词（6）as既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语 as可以引导非限制性定语从句，代指整个主句的内容，从句中常用的谓语动词为see, say, hear, expect, know, re

9、port等，常译为“正如，正像”，其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。例：The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.正如所报道的，吸烟者的数量在仅仅一年中下降了百分之十七。三、定语从句的关系词（7）when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词通常为time, day, morning, night, week, month, year等表示时间的名词，常用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。例：As th

10、e smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.作为家中最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是渴望自己能够独立的日子。三、定语从句的关系词（8）where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词通常为place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等表示地点的名词或point (地步), case (情况), situation (情形), position (位置), stage

11、(阶段), activity (活动)等表示抽象地点的名词，可以用“介词+关系代词”代替。三、定语从句的关系词例：The house where/ in which he lives is near the river.他住的房子在河边。Students should involve themselves in community activities where/ in which they can gain experience for growth.学生应该参与社区活动，在这些活动中他们能获取成长的经验。三、定语从句的关系词（9）why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，可用for whi

12、ch来替代。why不可引导非限制性定语从句。例：Tell me the reason why/ for which you came late.告诉我你来晚了的原因。三、定语从句的关系词练习1. The students benefiting most from college are those _ are totally engaged in academic life, taking full advantage of the colleges chances and resources.解析：句意：从大学中受益最多的学生是那些完全参与到学术活动中的人，他们充分利用了大学（所提供）的机会

13、与资源。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是those(指代students)，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who或that。who/ that练习2. Many young people, most of _ were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.解析：句意：许多年轻人，他们当中的大多数受过良好教育，前往边远地区去追逐他们的梦想。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词是Many young people，指人，关系词在从句中充当介词of的宾语，故填关系代词whom。whom练习3. Self-dri

14、ving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.解析：句意：在自动驾驶领域，中国和世界其他国家在同一起跑线上。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是an area，在此处表示抽象的地点概念，表达“在领域”之意，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。where练习4. We have entered into an age _ dreams have the best chance of coming true.解析：句意：我们已进入一个最有可能实现梦想的时代。设空处引导定语从句，先

15、行词是age，指时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语，故填关系副词when。when练习5. Mike didnt attend the meeting on time. Do you know the reason _ he was late?解析：句意：迈克没有按时参会，你知道他迟到的原因吗？设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the reason，指原因，关系词在从句中作原因状语，故填关系副词why。why四、关系代词which和that的区别1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况（1）当先行词是不定代词all, little, few, much, everything,

16、 anything, nothing, none, some等时例：Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？四、关系代词which和that的区别1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况（2）当先行词前面有the only, the very（恰恰，正好）, any, every, no, all, few, little, much, the right, the last等词修饰时例：This is the very bus that Im waiting for.这就是

17、我正在等的公共汽车。四、关系代词which和that的区别1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况（3）当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时例：This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。四、关系代词which和that的区别1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况（4）当先行词是序数词或先行词的前面有序数词修饰时例：He was the second person that told me the secret.他是

18、第二个告诉我那个秘密的人。四、关系代词which和that的区别1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况（5）当先行词既有人又有物时例：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的事和人吗？四、关系代词which和that的区别1. 限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况（6）当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时例：Which is the bike that you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车？四、关系代词which和that的区别1.

19、限制性定语从句中，用关系代词that而不能用which的情况（7）有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词用which，另外一个用that。例： This is the book that you bought which you have lost.这就是你买的并且丢了的那本书。四、关系代词which和that的区别2. 当先行词指物时，定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况（1）在非限制性定语从句中例：The sports meeting was put off，which astonished me.运动会被推迟了，这使我很吃惊。四、关系代词which和that的区别2. 当先行词指物

20、时，定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况（2）当动词短语中的介词提前时注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。例：This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子（之一）。This is the pen (which/ that) Im looking for. 这是我正寻找的那支钢笔。四、关系代词which和that的区别2. 当先行词指物时，定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况（3）先行词后面有插入语时例：Here is the English grammar

21、 book which, as Ive told you, will help you improve your English.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书，它能帮你提高你的英语水平。四、关系代词which和that的区别2. 当先行词指物时，定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况（4）先行词本身就是that时例：Whats that which flashed through the sky just now?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？练习1. Many elderly people consider school days as their golden days to

22、 _ they cannot return again.解析：句意：许多老年人认为上学的日子是他们再也回不去的黄金时代。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是days，代入并补充从句应为return to days，关系词位于介词to之后，故填which。which练习2. The super typhoon in the Philadelphia has winds of up to 250 kilometers per hour, _ is considered one of the most severe hurricanes in North America.解析：句意：费城的超级台风风速高达每

23、小时250公里，被认为是北美最严重的飓风之一。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词是The super typhoon，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which。which练习3. While out hunting for ducks near Perry Lake, Jake and his friends accidentally got trapped in a sinking mud, _ they unknowingly walked right into.解析：句意：杰克和他的朋友们在佩里湖附近猎鸭时，不小心陷入了一处正在下沉的泥沼中，他们不知不觉地径直走了进去。此处为非限制性定语从

24、句，先行词是mud，指物，关系词在从句中作into的宾语，故填which。which练习4. There seems to be nothing _ is impossible to him in the world.解析：句意：对他来说，世界上似乎没有什么不可能的事情。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词nothing，故填关系代词that。that练习5. This is the first train _ will go to Beijing.解析：句意：这是去北京的第一趟火车。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是train，被序数词the first修饰，故填关系代词that。that五、关系

25、代词as和which的区别as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，有时两者可以互换。五、关系代词as和which的区别1. 关系代词用as不用which的情况（1）当定语从句置于主句前时例：As you see, the Chinese people are hard-working.正如你所看到的，中国人民是勤劳的。五、关系代词as和which的区别1. 关系代词用as不用which的情况（2）关系词作主语且定语从句为被动语态形式时，从句谓语通常为：be known, be said, be reported, be announ

26、ced, be mentioned等。例：She has been absent again, as is expected.她又缺席了，这在预料之中。五、关系代词as和which的区别1. 关系代词用as不用which的情况（3）在下列习惯用语中as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens, as (it) was pointed out, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as I understand (it), as (it) appears, as is often the case,

27、 as anybody can see, as we have expected五、关系代词as和which的区别1. 关系代词用as不用which的情况（3）在下列习惯用语中例：Jack has won first prize, as it often happens.像往常一样，杰克得了一等奖。She has read widely in Romantic Literature, as it appears from her essay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学，这从她的文章中可以显现出来。五、关系代词as和which的区别2. 关系代词用which不用as的情况（1）关系代词代表前面主句

28、中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语带有一个复合宾语结构时例：I dont think that he will come to see me, which makes me sad.我认为他不会来看我了，这使我伤心。Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.汤姆一次又一次上学迟到，这使得他的老师很生气。五、关系代词as和which的区别2. 关系代词用which不用as的情况（2）当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时例：He came here very late, which was unex

29、pected (not expected).他来这里很晚，这是意料之外的。五、关系代词as和which的区别2. 关系代词用which不用as的情况（3）当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时例：He pretended not to know me, which I didnt understand.他假装不认识我，我真不明白。五、关系代词as和which的区别2. 关系代词用which不用as的情况（4）非限制性定语从句中的be动词不能省略时用which；反之用as例：Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie.简告诉我她赢了比赛，这是谎

30、话。（was不可省略）As (was) planned, we met at the airport.按照计划，我们在机场相见了。（was可省略）练习1. _ our English teacher says, As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, you will master English sooner or later.解析：句意：正如我们英语老师所说的：“只要你们养成每天学英语的习惯并且坚持不懈，你们迟早会掌握英语”。此处为非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内

31、容，且定语从句置于主句前，故填关系代词as。As练习2. Such problems _ are often mentioned should be solved.解析：句意：类似这样经常被提及的问题应该得到解决。设空处引导定语从句，且such. . . as为固定结构，故填关系代词as。as练习3. He would like to use the same pen _ I used yesterday.解析：句意：他想用我昨天用过的同一支笔。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是pen，被 the same修饰，故填关系代词as。as练习4. The key is aerobic exercisej

32、ogging, cycling, walking, swimming or other repetitive and sustained activities, _ boost the heart rate, increase circulation and improve the bodys utilization of oxygen.解析：句意：关键是有氧运动慢跑、骑自行车、步行、游泳或其他重复和持续的活动，这些都能增加心率，增强血液循环及促进身体对氧气的利用。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故填which。which练习5. It will bring pe

33、ople in Hong Kong, Macao and Guangdong within a one-hour living circle, _ is expected to attract more visitors to the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.解析：句意：它将把香港、澳门和广东三地的人带入“一小时的生活圈”，预计这将吸引更多的游客到粤港澳大湾区。此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代主句的内容，并且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词which。which六、“介词关系代词” 的用法当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词常用whi

34、ch或whom。“介词which/whom”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。六、“介词关系代词” 的用法1. 常见结构：（1）介词关系代词例：Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice.曼德拉是我向其征求建议的一位黑人律师。I still remember the day on which we had a big party.我仍然记得我们举行一场盛大聚会的那一天。六、“介词关系代词” 的用法注意

35、：介词的选择与先行词或者从句的谓语动词有关。把先行词放到从句里写出一个完整的句子，然后再将先行词换成对应的关系代词。固定短语中的介词不能提到关系代词的前面。例：He is the man that/ whom your mother took care of last month. 他是你母亲上个月照顾的那个人。六、“介词关系代词” 的用法1. 常见结构：（2）名词/ 代词/ 数词介词关系代词例：Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.Last Sunday I

36、 bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels.上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中3本是英文小说。六、“介词关系代词” 的用法1. 常见结构：（3）形容词最高级介词关系代词例：China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。六、“介词关系代词” 的用法2. 介词的选择（1）根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词例：Is this the car for which

37、you paid a high price?这就是你花高价买的小汽车吗？(payfor sth.)This is the man to whom I referred.我指的就是这个人。(refer to sb.)六、“介词关系代词” 的用法2. 介词的选择（2）根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词例：He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied.他带来了老板满意的结果。(be satisfied with)六、“介词关系代词” 的用法2. 介词的选择（3）根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。先行词往往是表示时

38、间、地点、原因、方式等的词例：Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time?你还记得我们第一次见面的那天吗？(on the day)I cant remember the age at which he won the prize.我记不起他获奖时的年龄了。(at the age)六、“介词关系代词” 的用法2. 介词的选择（4）根据句子的意思来确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样，定语从句中的谓语动词不是由固定的动词短语构成的，这时需要根据句子所要表达的意思来选择介词例：This is the pilot wi

39、th whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我的弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。六、“介词关系代词” 的用法注意：1. 关系代词which或whom不能省略。例：He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.他付给男孩10美元擦洗10个窗户，这10个窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。六、“介词关系代词” 的用法注意：2. 在非限制性定语从句中，“介词which/ whom从句”结构中的介词不能移到从句的后面。例：He has visited No.1 High School for several times, in