2021天津同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试模拟卷

1、第 页2021天津同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试模拟卷本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Passage One Gravity is a slippery beast. We dont know how strong it is, how it works or how fast its effects move. But this year we made progress. October saw the most accurate measurement yet of

2、Newtons gravitational constant(引力常数 ), G, a measure of the strength of the gravitational interaction between two objects. A Swiss team calculated Gs value by measuring how the gravitational pull of two huge tanks of mercury affected the weights of test masses. However, there are discrepancies betwee

3、n measurements of G made in different labs. This year a highly contentious(有争议的) explanation for this was proposed. A group of string theorists proposed that gravity is subtly affected by magnetic fields, and that G should be larger near Earths poles where the magnetic field is stronger. Sure enough

4、, this fits with the measurements so far. So Gs varying values might just be the first proof of the hidden dimensions predicted by string theory. Equally tantalising is possible evidence for the existence of gravitational waves, the ripples in space-time supposedly caused by abrupt, violent cosmic e

5、vents. An Italian team reported that two massive aluminium bars, one at CERN(欧洲粒子物理研究所) near Geneva, the other in Italy, had once vibrated in unison(一致)perhaps as a result of a passing gravitational wave, they suggest. The claims will be closely scrutinised by gravity researchers in Washington state

6、. They got to turn on a very expensive toy this year. LIGO, one of the biggest scientific instruments ever built. Its twin sets of intersecting 4-kilometre-long laser beams should be very sensitive to any waves. But so far the $400-million machine has not seen anything. At least one gravitational my

7、stery has (hopefully) been wrapped up this year. when you move something, how long before its new position will affect its gravitational pull on surrounding objects In other words, what is the speed of gravity Newton thought the effect instantaneous, but Einstein said it could travel no faster than

8、the speed of light. Astronomers have finally devised a way to test which one of them was right, based on the way gravity bends radio waves from a distant quasar(类星体). They finished the experiment in September. We dont yet know the answer but our money is on Einstein.Why is gravitation considered to

9、be a slippery beast ABecause it gives people so much trouble.BBecause it is much stronger than expected.CBecause no progress has been made about it.DBecause it remains largely unknown to people. 2.Passage Four Dollars and cents are the basic units of American money. The back of all dollar bills are

10、green (hence greenbacks). The commonly used coins are one cent (penny) ,five cents ( nickel), 10 cents(dime),and 25 cents (quarter), 50 cents (half dollar) and silver dollars (not really silver anymore) are gaining in usage, while there has been talk of phasing out the penny thats inflation for you.

11、 Always carry plenty of quarters when traveling. Very useful for phones, soda machines, laundry machines, etc. There is generally no problem in using US dollars in Canada, but this is never possible in reverse. Its useful always to carry small change for things like exact fare buses, but do not carr

12、y large sums of cash. Instead keep the bulk of your money in travelers checks which can be purchased both in the US and abroad and should be in dollar denominations. The best known checks are those of American Express, so you will have the least difficulty cashing there, even in out of the way place

13、s. Thomas Cook travelers checks are also acceptable, especially as lost ones can be reclaimed at some car rental companies. Dollar denomination checks can be used like regular money. Theres no need to cash them at a bank: use them instead to pay for meals, supermarket purchases or whatever. Ten or t

14、wenty dollar checks are accepted like this almost always and youll be given change just as though youd presented the cashier with dollar bills. Be prepared to show I.D. when you cash your checks. Credit cards can be even more valuable than travelers checks, as they are often used to guarantee room r

15、eservations over the phone and are accepted in lieu of deposit when renting a carindeed without a credit card you may be considered so untrustworthy that not only a deposit but your passport will be held as security too. The major credit cards are VISA, Master Charge and Access, Diners Club and Amer

16、ican Express. If you hold a bank card, it could well be worthwhile to increase your credit limit for travel purposesyou should ask your bank manager.Why is it useful to carry enough 25-cent coins with you AThey can act as small change for the-exact bus fares.BThere is generally no problem in using t

17、hem in Canada.CAs a basic unit of money, they are gradually gaining in usage.DThey may come in handy for pay phones or laundry machines. 3.Passage Five Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late st

18、arters are often long listeners. Most children will obey spoken instructions some time before they Can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by ge

19、stures and by making questioning noises. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particul

20、arly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the babys intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months

21、 they are able to add new sounds to their store. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arisen so to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech. It is a problem we need not ge

22、t our teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular ,situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world. Thus the use,at say seven months, of mama as a greeting for his mother cannot be

23、dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes. Playful and apparently meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself. I doubt, however; whether anything is gai

24、ned when parents cash in on this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds. (370w)Children who start speaking late _. Amay have problems with their hearingBusually pay close attention to what they hearCoften take a long time in learning to listen properlyDprobably do not hear enough language spoken

25、around them 4.Passage Two What makes teenagers moody and impulsive The answer used to be raging hormones plus a dearth of(短缺) life experiences. But three years ago this simple equation was blown apart by evidence from brain scans of strange goings-on behind the teenage forehead. Till then, scientist

26、s had thought the brains internal structure was fixed by the end of childhood. The new scans showed the brains frontal cortex(皮层) thickening just before puberty(青春期), then slowly shrinking back to normal during the teenage years. Suddenly, the erratic huffiness(发怒) seemed to make sense: the teenage

27、brain was a work in progress, a house in the process of being rewired. Now comes more evidence of neural turmoil. According to psychologists in California, the speed with which youngsters can read the emotional expressions on peoples faces dips suddenly at around the age of 11 or 12 and takes years

28、to get back on track. The latest study, like the brain scan research before it, is a welcome and necessary part of building up a picture of a typical teenage brain so that scientists can get a better handle on what might be happening in the mental illnesses that appear to be afflicting children and

29、adolescents in ever greater numbers. But there are dangers. Scientists still have no idea how to interpret the subtle changes seen in adolescent brain scans. Yet in the wrong hands, these findings could be used to justify hothousing, impulse control training and other dubious attempts to get the mos

30、t out of malleable teenage brain cells. The science could also spark a new wave of moralising based on a perceived need to protect teenagers evolving brain connections from evil or toxic influences. Incredibly, some scientists have already suggested in the press that the brain scan evidence somehow

31、proves that it is biologically bad for teenagers to play video games or lie on the couch watching MTV. A hundred years, ago one well-known expert urged teenage boys to drink six to eight glasses of hot water a day to flush impure thoughts from their bodies. Have we really learned so littleIn the las

32、t line, paragraph two, a house in the process of being rewired indicates that _. Ateenagers like to live in a house rewiredBteenagers brain structure like a houseCteenage brain is working in progress like a house being rewiredDteenager tend not to get erratic huffiness if the house ,is rewired 5.Pas

33、sage Four Dollars and cents are the basic units of American money. The back of all dollar bills are green (hence greenbacks). The commonly used coins are one cent (penny) ,five cents ( nickel), 10 cents(dime),and 25 cents (quarter), 50 cents (half dollar) and silver dollars (not really silver anymor

34、e) are gaining in usage, while there has been talk of phasing out the penny thats inflation for you. Always carry plenty of quarters when traveling. Very useful for phones, soda machines, laundry machines, etc. There is generally no problem in using US dollars in Canada, but this is never possible i

35、n reverse. Its useful always to carry small change for things like exact fare buses, but do not carry large sums of cash. Instead keep the bulk of your money in travelers checks which can be purchased both in the US and abroad and should be in dollar denominations. The best known checks are those of

36、 American Express, so you will have the least difficulty cashing there, even in out of the way places. Thomas Cook travelers checks are also acceptable, especially as lost ones can be reclaimed at some car rental companies. Dollar denomination checks can be used like regular money. Theres no need to

37、 cash them at a bank: use them instead to pay for meals, supermarket purchases or whatever. Ten or twenty dollar checks are accepted like this almost always and youll be given change just as though youd presented the cashier with dollar bills. Be prepared to show I.D. when you cash your checks. Cred

38、it cards can be even more valuable than travelers checks, as they are often used to guarantee room reservations over the phone and are accepted in lieu of deposit when renting a carindeed without a credit card you may be considered so untrustworthy that not only a deposit but your passport will be h

39、eld as security too. The major credit cards are VISA, Master Charge and Access, Diners Club and American Express. If you hold a bank card, it could well be worthwhile to increase your credit limit for travel purposesyou should ask your bank manager.It is not necessary to carry cash instead of travel

40、ers checks because the latter can be _. Aused for phones, bus fares and hotel reservationsBused to pay in restaurants and big storesCused like credit cards, even in remote areasDexchanged easily, even at car rental companies 6.Passage Five Language learning begins with listening. Individual children

41、 vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will obey spoken instructions some time before they Can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usuall

42、y shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gestures and by making questioning noises. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises

43、, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the babys intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too,

44、that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their store. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arisen so to the point at which one c

45、an say that these imitations can be considered as speech. It is a problem we need not get our teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular ,situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the

46、world. Thus the use,at say seven months, of mama as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes. Playful and apparently meaningless imitation of what other people say continues a

47、fter the child has begun to speak for himself. I doubt, however; whether anything is gained when parents cash in on this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds. (370w)How many months old does child play with sounds not only for enjoyment Athree monthsBtwo monthsCfive monthsDsix months 7.Passage O

48、ne Gravity is a slippery beast. We dont know how strong it is, how it works or how fast its effects move. But this year we made progress. October saw the most accurate measurement yet of Newtons gravitational constant(引力常数 ), G, a measure of the strength of the gravitational interaction between two

49、objects. A Swiss team calculated Gs value by measuring how the gravitational pull of two huge tanks of mercury affected the weights of test masses. However, there are discrepancies between measurements of G made in different labs. This year a highly contentious(有争议的) explanation for this was propose

50、d. A group of string theorists proposed that gravity is subtly affected by magnetic fields, and that G should be larger near Earths poles where the magnetic field is stronger. Sure enough, this fits with the measurements so far. So Gs varying values might just be the first proof of the hidden dimens

51、ions predicted by string theory. Equally tantalising is possible evidence for the existence of gravitational waves, the ripples in space-time supposedly caused by abrupt, violent cosmic events. An Italian team reported that two massive aluminium bars, one at CERN(欧洲粒子物理研究所) near Geneva, the other in

52、 Italy, had once vibrated in unison(一致)perhaps as a result of a passing gravitational wave, they suggest. The claims will be closely scrutinised by gravity researchers in Washington state. They got to turn on a very expensive toy this year. LIGO, one of the biggest scientific instruments ever built.

53、 Its twin sets of intersecting 4-kilometre-long laser beams should be very sensitive to any waves. But so far the $400-million machine has not seen anything. At least one gravitational mystery has (hopefully) been wrapped up this year. when you move something, how long before its new position will a

54、ffect its gravitational pull on surrounding objects In other words, what is the speed of gravity Newton thought the effect instantaneous, but Einstein said it could travel no faster than the speed of light. Astronomers have finally devised a way to test which one of them was right, based on the way

55、gravity bends radio waves from a distant quasar(类星体). They finished the experiment in September. We dont yet know the answer but our money is on Einstein.What kind of metal did the Swiss team use to calculate the Gs value AgoldBsilverCmercuryDlead 8.Passage Three Is nothing sacred Even the idle week

56、end pastime of skimming stones on a lake has been taken apart and reduced to a mathematical formula. Everyone knows a stone bounces best on water if its round and flat, and spun towards the water as fast as possible. Some enthusiasts even travel to international stone-skimming competitions, like wor

57、ld champion Jerdone Coleman-McGhee, who made a stone bounce 38 times on Blanco River, Texas, in 1992. Intuitively,a flat stone works best because a relatively large part of its surface strikes the water, so theres more bounce. Inspired by his eight-year-old son, physicist Lyderic Bocquet of Lyon Uni

58、versity in France wanted to find out more. So he tinkered with some simple equations describing a stone bouncing on water in terms of its radius(半径) ,speed and spin, and taking account of gravity and the waters drag. The equations showed that the faster a spinning stone is travelling, the more times

59、 it will bounce. So no surprise there. To bounce at least once without sinking, Bocquet found the stone needs to be travelling at a minimum speed of about 1 kilometre per hour. And the equations also backed his hunch(直觉) that spin is important because it keeps the stone fairly flat from one bounce t

60、o the next. The spin has a gyroscopic(陀螺的) effect, preventing the stone from tipping and falling sideways into the water. To match the world record of 38 bounces using a 10-centimetre-wide stone, Bocquet predicts it would have to be travelling at about 40 kilometres per hour and spinning at 14 revol