化学专业英语3课件

1、AbstractAn abstract is a short description(描述), or an accurate condensation (浓缩) of the contents of a piece of writing. The abstract allows the reader to determine the nature and scope of the paper and help editors identify key features for indexing and retrieval. Part 31Abstract 通常由以下几方面组成一、简要介绍研究背

2、景 e.g. Traditional electrode materials for lithium-ion storage cells are based on materials which have both mixed electron and ion transport (for Li +).AbstractMain Parts of the Abstract2Abstract3The dendritic polymer seems to be a promising carrier for the controlled release of antitumor drugs（抗癌药物

3、）. antitumor = anticancer dendritic polymer （树状高分子）两个词合并成为 dendrimersAbstract一、简要介绍研究背景5Tomalia DA, Polymer J. 1985, 17, 117Abstract67Abstract8 二、叙述做了哪方面的研究 根据具体内容通常用一般过去时的被动态:Poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) was synthesized by diethylzinc-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of 1,3-trimethy

4、lene carbonate. The polymer was characterized by measurement of its thermal and mechanical properties, permeability（渗透性）, and susceptibility（敏感性） to hydrolytic chain scission（断链作用） in vitro（体外） and in vivo（体内）. Trimethylene 环丙烷Abstract10The effect of polymer chemistry on adhesion, proliferation（再生，增

5、殖）, and morphology of human articular cartilage (HAC,人类关节软骨) was evaluated.In order to study the degradation mechanism of these polycarbonates in more detail, a series of small model compounds were designed that mimic（模拟） the repeat unit of the polymer.Abstract二、叙述做了哪方面的研究12The mechanism of decarbox

6、ylation (去羧酸基) was discussed from the viewpoint of Based on the symmetrical(对称) structure of these products, a mechanism for chain initiation（链引发） and was proposed.Abstract二、叙述做了哪方面的研究14根据具体内容有时要用一般现在时或其它The novel convergent（会聚） growth approach to topological macromolecules based on dendritic fragme

7、nt is described.In present paper plasma (等离子体) methods are discussed with respect to other techniques which also induce micropatterned cell growth.Abstract二、叙述做了哪方面的研究15也有少部分用主动态： 1. We investigated the effect of cell temperature on the electrochemical reaction behavior of LiFePO4. We evaluated its

8、electrochemical characteristics by using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance（阻抗） spectroscopy (EIS).Abstract二、叙述做了哪方面的研究162. We have investigated the ability of these dendrimers to function as an effective delivery system3. This paper describes the synthesis and evaluation of biodegrada

9、ble derivatives（派生物） of poly-L-glutamic acid as suitable vectors (媒介) for gene therapy (基因疗法）. glutamic acid 谷氨酸Abstract二、叙述做了哪方面的研究17 三、阐明得到了哪些主要结论时态根据具体情况而定These results strongly suggest that the cyclic carbonates(碳酸化) are activated by trifluoro acetic acid(三氟乙酸).Et2Zn/ethylene glycol was found to

10、 be exceptionally effective as a catalyst for this copolymerization.Abstract18The highest poly(TMC) molecular weight was obtained by conducting the polymerization at 55.Increasing the water content resulted in enhanced polymerization rates and decreased molecular weights.三、阐明得到了哪些主要结论Abstract20The d

11、imension (尺度) and surface area of the devices influenced the initial degradation rate, but did not significantly affect the overall rate of degradation.A carbonate-modified acrylic (丙烯酸) polymer showed excellent hydrolysis (水解) resistanceAbstract三、阐明得到了哪些主要结论21The results from this study can be used

12、 to explain the degradation behavior of the corresponding polycarbonates as well as their degradation mechanisms.Abstract四、也可以说明本研究结果的意义23Some Methods to Writing an AbstractAbstract24“5A Strategy”Q1: What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field?Q2: What research topic is the pap

13、er to focus on?Q3: What method or materials do you use to support your main point of view?Q4: What conclusion will you draw?Q5: What is the main contribution of the paper?Abstract26The structure of “5A strategy”Q1: Background Sentence(0 or 1)Q2: main topic Sentence(2)Q3: specific investigation Sente

14、nce(3)(4)Q4: result and conclusion Sentence(5)(6)Q5: contribution Sentence(7)Abstract27Example 1 Thermoelectric Bi2Te3 nanotubes synthesized by low-temperature aqueous chemical method Y.Q. Cao, T.J. Zhu, X.B. ZhaoState Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China2

15、8Example 2 Preparation of Water-Soluble Magnetite Nanocrystals from Hydrated Ferric Salts in 2-Pyrrolidone: Mechanism Leading to Fe3O4 Zhen Li, Qiao Sun, and Mingyuan Gao*Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun, Beiyijie 2, Beijing 100080 (P.R. China)30Abstract Water-soluble

16、 magnetite (磁铁矿) nanocrystals was synthesized by refluxing （回流冷凝） inexpensive FeCl36H2O in 2-pyrrolidone （吡咯烷酮）. Differently sized and shaped magnetite nanocrystals can be obtained simply by varying the reaction time. Carbon monoxide generated during the reaction plays a critical role in the formati

17、on of magnetite nanocrystals, since it partly reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+. We believe this novel synthetic approach will not only pave a new way for the preparation of water-soluble magnetite nanocrystals but also provide a new route for mass production of high-quality magnetic nanocrystals, since much mor

18、e concentrated colloidal （胶体的）solutions can be directly obtained by the current method.313132 KeywordsFunctions （功能） As the name implies, keywords are the most important words and phrases representative of the theme of the paper, and frequently used in a paper. Readers can find out the theme of the

19、paper by looking at the keywords.Part 433 KeywordsFunctions （功能） The function of keywords is to facilitate the information retrieval and emphasize the gist (要点) of the paper. Part 4342) Linguistic Features (语言特征)a) Nominalization Keywords are usually used in the form of nouns, instead of verbs. For

20、example, “investigation” is used instead of “investigate”; “fabricate” should be replaced by “fabrication”; and “synthesize” ought to be replaced by “synthesis”. nominalization,名词化语素Keywords352) Linguistic Features (语言特征)b) Limited Number The number of keywords for a paper should be limited. Four to

21、 six keywords are the average. In general, there should be at least 2 and at most 8 words.Keywords362) Linguistic Features (语言特征)c) Designated Choice The keywords of a paper usually come from the title and/or the abstract, where the key terms (术语) of words and phrases are usually contained. designat

22、ed,指定的,选定的Keywords37383) Writing Requirementsa) Placing in Right Location (合适的区域) Though keywords can be either above or below the abstract of a paper, they are yet, in most cases, placed below the abstract.Keywords393) Writing Requirementsb) Spacing the Keywords Keywords are not necessarily all cap

23、italized（大写）, except the first letter of keywords as a heading. Use comma(,) or semicolon(;) to separate the words. Larger space can also be used instead of punctuation (标点符号). Do not use full stop(.) after the last keyword.Keywords403) Writing Requirementsc) Adopting Standard Abbreviations, etc. St

24、andard abbreviations are preferred in the section of keywords. All abbreviated words should be in conformity with (与一致) the ISO norms. Since the keywords are often used as indexing to retrieve the paper, they must be understood, at least, by professionals in the field. ISO (International Organizatio

25、n for Standardization) 国际标准化组织Keywords4142The introduction is the first portion of the text. Though it is often preceded by an abstract, the introduction should be a complete and self-sufficient unit with one or more paragraphs.The primary functions of an introduction are to state the problem, the p

26、urpose, the scope, the background of previous work, the method (by which the problem will be solved) and the principal findings or conclusions.IntroductionPart 543IntroductionIntroduction 通常由以下几方面组成(时态根据具体内容而定).一、介绍研究背景(background) 研究意义Spiro orthocarbonates (SOCs) undergo double ring-opening polymer

27、ization with an expansion in volume 1-4. This unique property attracted the interest of polymer chemists 5,6. Spiro orthocarbonates, 螺环原碳酸酯 ortho:原，正。orthosilicic acid 正硅酸，Si(OH)4Introduction44一、介绍研究背景(background) 研究意义Since the early 1960s, several synthetic, degradable polymer systems have been use

28、d as medical implant (植入) materials. Some widely investigated examples include poly(lactic acid)(聚乳酸) 1,2, , , Introduction45一、介绍研究背景(background) 研究意义Development of biodegradable plastics is being extensively promoted as one of the solutions for plastic waste disposal(处理). Aliphatic(脂肪族) polyesters

29、are currently considered as the most promising materials for the production of biodegradable plastics.Introduction46一、介绍研究背景(background) 研究意义In recent years more and more technical fields have begun to use low-temperature plasmas. Important new applications have been found in biomedical techniques.G

30、ood examples for novel techniques very near application and already applied are plasmas sterilization（杀菌）. This is important not only for polymeric（聚合体） biomaterials, but also for other materials. A lot of publications already exist in this field.low-temperature plasmas 低温等离子体Introduction47一、介绍研究背景(

31、background) 研究意义It is well known that chelating resins with complex ligands （络合配位体）containing nitrogen have excellent sorption selectivity for divalent transition metal cations due to the strong affinity between nitrogen atom and these metal ions. divalent 二价的；cations 阳离子 anions 阴离子 affinity 亲合力Very

32、 recently, Kricheldorf et al. have reported the synthesis of high molecular weight polycarbonate, although the detailed mechanism is not clear 5.Introduction48一、介绍研究背景(background) 研究意义Gene therapy is a relatively new technique in the field of biotechnology and medicine that is attracting a lot of at

33、tention.The free radical polymerizations of cyclic ketene （烯酮）acetals （乙缩醛，乙缩醛二乙醇）have recently evoked(唤起) a lot of interest. free radical 自由基Introduction49一、介绍研究背景(background) 研究意义Whereas aromatic polycarbonates have achieved wide application and great importance as polymer materials since 1954,1 a

34、liphatic polycarbonates have been less interesting due to their poor thermal stability and easy hydrolysis. During the past decade, increasing attention has been paid to aliphatic polycarbonates for their potential in the medical field and in the environmental control of plastics.2-8 aromatic 芳香族； a

35、liphatic 脂肪族Introduction50二、阐述目前该领域的研究现状存在问题待解决的问题Ring-opening polymerization of six-membered cyclic carbonates have been studied in detail by Kricheldorf et al. 4,5 and Sarell et al. 6-8 after the first work on their reactivity by Searles 9. In recent years there has been renewal (更新，复兴) of interes

36、t in polymerization of six-membered cyclic carbonate since Endo et al. demonstrated that TMC showed volume expansion during polymerization 10.Introduction51二、阐述目前该领域的研究现状存在问题待解决的问题Although the cationic ring-opening polymerization of SOCs has been investigated extensively, only a low molecular weight

37、 (MW) polymer was obtained and the MW cannot be controlled.The investigation of poly(ether carbonate)s started in the 1960s. However, copolymers of diphenols and PEG have so far not been studied as medical implant materials. PEG -poly(ethylene glycol )Introduction52二、阐述目前该领域的研究现状存在问题待解决的问题A number o

38、f studies have illustrated the strong effects of PEG on the activity and conformation of proteins in solution 15-17. However, the role of lower-range PEG interactions that may allow protein adsorption and cell adhesion on biomaterial has been largely overlooked. Thus, the biological “regulatory” behavior of PEG-bearing surfaces is not clearly understood, Thus, there is a need to design biomaterial s