2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号42

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Althoughthereareoccasionaloutbreaksofgunfire,wecanreportthattherebellionhasinthemainbeen（）.

问题1选项

A.canceled

B.destroyed

C.suppressed

D.restrained

【答案】C

【解析】句意:虽然偶尔会爆发枪声，但我们可以报道，叛乱基本上已被镇压。

考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。cancel取消;删去；destroy破坏;消灭;毁坏;suppress抑制；镇压；restrain抑制；约束。该动词的主语是therebellion(这场叛乱)，因此C项符合句意。

2.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

1.由于没有具体证据可供利用，为探寻戏剧的起源，人们首先只能凭推测。

2.对于很多人而言，罗马至多不过是对希腊更大规模地模仿和延续，希腊是发明者，而罗马则是研究和发展的分支。

3.大多数时候，仅仅是因为无法核实身份，这些惹是生非的个体躲在一个个假名字后面，保护自己不受其行为的影响。

4.园林不只是房屋的补充。园林满足了更高层次的生活需求，而这种功能只有艺术才能实现。

5.更进一步说，也有人认为这个问题与乐观与悲观的争论无关，我们必须转变看待和思考问题的方式。

【答案】1.Peoplecanonlyrelyonspeculationforexploringtheoriginofdramabecausethereisnoanyspecificevidenceavailableforuse.

2.Formanypeople,Romeatmostisnothingmorethanalarge-scaleimitationandcontinuationofGreece.GreeceistheinventorwhileRomeisabranchofresearchanddevelopment.

3.Mostofthetime,justbecauseidentitiescannotbeverified,thesetroublemakershidebehindfakenamestoprotectthemselvesfrombeingaffectedtheiractions.

4.Agardensismorethanacomplementtoahouses.Gardensmeettheneedsofahigherleveloflife,andthisfunctioncanonlyberealizedbyart.

5.Furthermore,somepeoplethinkthatthisissuehasnothingtodowiththedebateonoptimismandpessimism.Wemustchangethewayofviewingandponderingaproblem.

3.单选题

Inthepast,mostforestershavebeenmen,buttoday,thenumberofwomen（）thisfieldisclimbing.

问题1选项

A.engaging

B.devoting

C.registering

D.pursuing

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。选项A：engage“吸引，使参加，，雇佣，从事（后接其他成分需要用介词in）”；选项B：devote“（一般接to引出对象）致力于，奉献”;选项C：register“显示，登记，注册”；选项D：pursue“追赶，从事（可直接跟从事的对象），继续”。由此可知A、B、C均不符合题意，选项D正确。句意：在过去，大部分的林务员都是男性，但现如今这个领域的女性工作人员数量越来越多。

4.单选题

TheshiftfromthemorepoliticaltothemoreindividualisticviewoflibertymaybeseeninhowtheconstitutionalguaranteeswithrespecttospeechandthepressaretypicallyspokenofintheUnitedStatestoday.Restraintsuponspeakingandpublishing,andindeeduponactiongenerally,arefewerthanatanytimeinthehistoryofthecountry.Thisabsenceofrestraintsisreflectedaswellintheverytermsinwhichtheserightsandprivilegesaredescribed.Whatwouldoncehavebeenreferredtoas“freedomofspeechandofthepress”(drawinguponthelanguageoftheFirstAmendmenttotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates)isnowoftenreferredtoas“freedomofexpression”.

Tomakemuchoffreedomofexpressionistoencouragealiberationoftheselffromtheconstraintsofthecommunity.Itevencanassumethattheselfhas,intrinsictoitorsomehowavailabletoit,independentofanysocialguidance,intimationsofwhatitisandwhatitwants.Thus,liberationmaybeseeninthecurrentlyfashionableinsistenceupon“doingone’sownthing”whichcanincludearelianceuponstandardsandobjectivesthataresolelyone’sown.Itisdifficult,insuchcircumstances,toavoidaradicalsubjectivismthattendstoresultinthoroughgoingrelativismwithrespecttomoralandpoliticaljudgments.Oneconsequenceofthisapproachistoidentifyanever-expandingarrayofformsofexpressionthatarebelievedtobeentitledtoimmunityfromgovernmentregulation.

Ontheotherhand,iftheemphasisisplaceduponthemoretraditionallanguage,“freedomofspeechandofthepress”，therequirementsandprerogativesofaself-governingpeopleareapttobemademoreof.Thismeans,amongotherthings,thatapeoplemustbepreparedandequippedtomakeeffectiveuseofitsconsiderablepoliticalpower.Eventhoserulerswhoactwithouttheauthorityofthepeoplemusttakecaretoshapetheirpeopleinaccordancewiththeneedsandcircumstancesoftheirregime.Thiskindofeffortneednotbealtogetherselfishonthepartofsuchrulers,sinceallregimesdohaveaninterestinlawandorder,incommondecency,andinaroutinereliabilityorloyalty.

Whatisparticularlydifficulttoarguefor,andtomaintain,isanarrangementthat,whileitleavesapeopleclearlyfreepoliticallytodiscussfullyallmattersofpublicinterestwithaviewtowardgoverningitself,routinelydisciplinesandotherwisepreparesthatsamepeopleforaneffectiveexerciseofitsconsiderablefreedom.Insuchcircumstances,itistemptingforapeopletotakethecasefor,andtherhetoricofthelibertyonestepfurther-—andthustoinsistthatnoone,shouldtrytotellanyoneelsewhatkindofhumanbeingheshouldbe.Yetcannotitbesaidthatonlytheyaretrulyfreewhoknowwhattheyaredoingandwhochoosetodowhatisright?Allothersare,invaryingdegrees,prisonersofillusionsandappetites,howevermuchtheymaybelievethemselvestobefreelyexpressingthemselves.

Thereare,thentworelatedsetsofconcernsevidentinanyconsiderationtodayoftheformsandusesofcensorship.Onesetofconcernshastodowiththeeverydaygovernanceofthecommunity;theother,withthepermanentshapingofthecharacterofthepeople.Theformerismorepoliticalinitsmethods,thelatterismoreeducational.

1.IntheUnitedState,（）.

2.Freedomexpressionrepresents（）.

3.ItisTRUEthat（）.

4.Intheauthor’sopinion,（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

问题1选项

A.thereisanabsoluteabsenceofrestraintsuponspeakingandpublishing

B.therearenomorerestraintsuponspeakingandpublishingthanatanytimeinhistory

C.therearenofewerrestraintsuponspeakingandpublishingthanatanytimeinhistory

D.thereareconstitutionalguaranteeswithregardtospeechandthepress

问题2选项

A.littlemorethanapoliticalviewofliberty

B.notsomuchapoliticalasanindividualisticviewofliberty

C.arelianceuponsocialstandardsandobjectives

D.aradicalsubjectivism

问题3选项

A.freedomofexpressionmeansnothingbutaninsistenceupon“doingone’sownthing”

B.freedomofexpressiontendstospoiltheeverydaygovernanceofthecommunity

C.fewrulersruleswithouttheauthorityofthepeople

D.thepermanentshapingofthecharacterofthepeopleliesmainlyineducation

问题4选项

A.thereisnousemaintaininganarrangementinwhichpeoplecaneffectivelyexercisetheirconsiderablefreedom

B.allpeopleareinfactprisonersofillusionandappetites

C.onlypeoplewhoknowwhattheyaredoingandwhochoosetodowhatisrightaretrulyfree

D.onlypeoplewhobelievethemselvestobefreelyexpressingthemselvesaretrulyfree

问题5选项

A.Amoreindividualisticviewoflibertywillprobablyleadtomoralrelativismandobjectivepoliticaljudgment.

B.Anindividualisticviewoflibertyisbasedontheassumptionthatindividualsknowwhotheyareandwhattheywant.

C.Thetraditionalviewoflibertyinvolvesmoresocialguidanceandlessuseofpoliticalpowerbytheindividual

D.Thecensorshiprelatedwiththeindividualisticviewoflibertyisrelatedwitheverydaygovernanceofcommunityandthusitispoliticalinitsmethod.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第一段指出:Restraintsuponspeakingandpublishing,andindeeduponactiongenerally,arefewerthanatanytimeinthehistoryofthecountry(有关言论和出版方面的限制以及行为上的限制比历史上任何一个时期都要少)。由此可知前面三项不符合文章所述，D项“在言论和出版方面有宪法保障”正确。

第2题:细节事实题。第一段第一句指出:TheshiftfromthemorepoliticaltothemoreindividualisticviewoflibertymaybeseeninhowtheconstitutionalguaranteeswithrespecttospeechandthepressaretypicallyspokenofintheUnitedStatestoday(在自由的问题上，从政治性的观点向个人主义观点的转变可以通过如今美国宪法中有关言论和出版条例的陈述方式显现出来)，第一段最后一句指出:Whatwouldoncehavebeenreferredtoas“freedomofspeechandofthepress”isnowoftenreferredtoas“freedomofexpression”(曾经的'言论和出版自由’如今被称为‘表达自由’)。由此可知“表达自由”代表的是个人主义观点，故选B项“与其说是政治观点，不如说是个人主义的自由观”。

第3题:细节事实题。A:言论自由意味着坚持“做自己的事”。B:言论自由往往会破坏社区的日常管理。C:没有人民授权，统治者很难统治。D:人性格的永久塑造，主要在于教育。A项的nothingbut和B项中的spoiltheeverydaygovernance与文章意思不符。第二段指出:Eventhoserulerswhoactwithouttheauthorityofthepeoplemusttakecaretoshapetheirpeopleinaccordancewiththeneedsandcircumstancesoftheirregime(即使是那些未具备权力的管理者也必须要注意根据自己政权的需要和情况来塑造民众的性格)。因此C项不正确。答案为D。

第4题:细节事实题。第四段指出:Yetcannotitbesaidthatonlytheyaretrulyfreewhoknowwhattheyaredoingandwhochoosetodowhatisright?(难道不能说只有那些知道自己正在做什么以及选择做正确的事情的人才是真正地获得自由？)。此句的意思是:只有那些知道自己正在做什么以及选择做正确的事情的人才是真正地获得自由。故选C项“只有那些知道自己在做什么，选择做正确的事的人才是真正自由的”。

第5题:判断推理题。第二段指出:Tomakemuchoffreedomofexpressionistoencouragealiberationoftheselffi-omtheconstraintsofthecommunity(表达自由的意思就是鼓励自我从社会的各项束缚中解脱出来)。第三段指出:Thismeans,amongotherthings,thatapeoplemustbepreparedandequippedtomakeeffectiveuseofitsconsiderablepoliticalpower(这意味着每个人都需要准备好有效利用其巨大的政治权力)。由此推断C项“传统的对自由的理解涉及更多的社会指导，个人较少使用政治权力”正确。

5.单选题

Topreventfloodinginwinterthewaterflowingfromthedamisconstantly（）byacomputer.

问题1选项

A.graded

B.managed

C.conducted

D.monitored

【答案】D

【解析】句意:为了防止冬季洪水泛滥，大坝流出的水由计算机不断监测。

考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式表被动。grade评分；把……分等级；manage管理；控制；设法；conduct管理；引导；进行；monitor监控。由前半句句意“为了防止冬季洪水泛滥”可知D项符合句意。

6.单选题

Althoughthetownhadbeen（）bythestormseveraltimes,littledamagewasdone.

问题1选项

A.attacked

B.injured

C.banned

D.struck

【答案】A

【解析】句意:尽管这个城镇几次遭到暴风雨的袭击，但几乎没有造成什么损失。

考查动词辨析。attack攻击，抨击，动手干；injure伤害，损害:harm伤害，危害，损害;struck罢工，打击。此处是动词的过去分词形式表被动，动作的发出者是thestorm(暴风雨)，故选A项。

7.单选题

TheSpaceAge（）inOctober1957whenthefirstartificialsatellitewaslaunchedbytheSovietUnion.

问题1选项

A.initiated

B.originated

C.embarked

D.commenced

【答案】D

【解析】句意:太空时代始于1957年10月，当时苏联发射了第一颗人造卫星。

考查动词辨析。initiate开始；创始：发起（及物动词，其后不需跟介词）；originate起源；发生；embark着手；从事；上船或飞机；commence开始（可充当不及物动词，后跟介词in）；着手。空格后有介词in，因此D项正确。

8.单选题

InBritainpeople（）fourmilliontonsofpotatoeseveryyear.

问题1选项

A.swallow

B.dispose

C.consume

D.exhaust

【答案】C

【解析】句意:在英国，人们每年消耗四百万吨土豆。

考查动词辨析。swallow忍受;吞没;dispose处理;处置;安排；consume消耗；消费;exhaust耗尽;排出。空格处动词的宾语是potatoes(土豆)，因此C项符合句意。

9.单选题

（）theclaimaboutGermaneconomicmight,itissomewhatsurprisinghowrelativelysmalltheGermaneconomyactuallyis.

问题1选项

A.Togive

B.Given

C.Giving

D.Havinggiven

【答案】B

【解析】句意:考虑到德国的经济能力的声明，如此衰弱的德国实际经济情况，确实有些令人惊讶。

语义分析。given在做介词时表示“考虑到，如果有”，后接名词或代词。这里可以把“giventheclaimaboutGermaneconomicmight”理解为“考虑到德国的经济能力的声明”。

10.翻译题

Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishandwriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

1.由于生产这类产品需要大量的设备和高水平的技术，因此我们要寻求实力雄厚的大公司的合作，使样品尽快转化为商品。

2.二十世纪向二十一世纪的过渡时期，恰好为美国的教育事业提供了一个重温历史，重新对科学承担义务的机会。

3.人们必须十分重视良好的饮食习惯，虽说正确的饮食习惯不能根除世界上的癌症，但它有利于减少患癌症的风险。

4.虽然主要是母亲决定了配偶中吸引我们的品质，但却是父亲影响我们如何与异性接触。

5.我们现在必须摆脱头脑中的一个观念，即认为唯有在工作中“晋升”才是获得认可和更高收入的方向。

【答案】1.Sincetheproductionofsuchproductsrequiresalargeamountofequipmentandhighleveloftechnology,weshouldlookforbigandstrongcompaniestoworkwithustocommercializethespecimenasearlyaspossible.

2.ItisagoodopportunityfortheUnitedStatestoreviewhistoryandregainscientificdutyduringthetransitionfrom20thcenturyto21stcentury.

3.Peoplemustpaygreatattentiontogoodeatinghabits.Althoughtherightdietwillnoteradicatecancerintheworld,itcanhelpreducetheriskofcancer.

4.Whileitisprimarilythemotherwhodeterminesthequalitiesthatattractusinamate,itisthefatherwhoinfluenceshowweinteractwiththeoppositesex.

5.Wemustnowgetridoftheideathat"promotion"atworkisawaytoobtainrecognitionandhigherpay.

11.单选题

Eachoftheearlyarticlesabouttelevisionisinvariablyaccompaniedbyaphotographorillustrationshowingafamilycozilysittingtogetherbeforethetelevisionset.JennysatonMom'slap.BuddyperchedonthearmofDad’schair,DadwithhisarmaroundMon’sshoulder.WhocouldhaveguessesthattwentyorsoyearslaterMomwouldbewatchingadramainthekitchen,thekidswouldbelookingatcartoonsintheirroom,whileDadwouldbetakingintheballgameinthelivingroom?

Ofcoursetelevisionsetswereenormouslyexpensiveinthoseearlydays.Theideathatby1975morethan60percentofAmericanfamilieswouldowntwoormoresetswaspreposterous.Thesplinteringofthemultiple-setfamilywassomethingtheearlywriterscouldnotforesee.Nordidanyoneimaginethenumberofhourschildrenwouldeventuallydevotetotelevision,thecommonuseoftelevisionbyparentsasachildpacifier,thechangestelevisionwouldeffectuponchild——rearingmethods,theincreasingdominationoffamilyschedulesbychildren'sviewingrequirements—inshort,thepowerofthenewmediumtodominatefamilylife.

Afterthefirstyears,aschildren’sconsumptionofthenewmediumincreased,togetherwithparentalconcernaboutthepossibleeffectsofsomuchtelevisionviewing,asteadyrefrainhelpedtosootheandreassureanxiousparents.“Televisionalwaysentersapatternofinfluencethatalreadyexists:thehome,thepeergroup,theschool,thechurch,andculturegenerally.”Writetheauthorsofanearlyandinfluentialstudyoftelevision’seffectsonchildren.Inotherwords,ifthechild’shomelifeisallright,parentsneednotworryabouttheeffectsofallthattelevisionwatching.

Buttelevisiondoesnotmerelyinfluencethechild;itdeeplyinfluencesthe“patternofinfluences’,thatismeanttoameliorateitseffects.Homeandfamilylifehaschangedinimportantwayssincetheadventoftelevision.Thepeergrouphasbecometelevision-oriented,aridmuchofthetimechildrenspendtogetherisoccupiedbytelevisionviewing.Culturegenerallyhasbeentransformedbytelevision.Thereforeitisimpropertoassigntotelevisionthesubsidiaryroleitsmanyapologists(toooftenmembersofthetelevisionindustry)insistitplays.Televisionisnotmerelyoneofanumberofimportantinfluencesupontoday’schild.Throughthechangesithasmadeinfamilylife,televisionemergesastheimportantinfluenceinchildren’slivestoday.

Television’scontributiontofamilylifehasbeenanequivocalone.Forwhileithas,indeed,keptthemembersofthefamilyfromdispersing,ithasnotservedtobringthemtogether.Byitsdominationofthetimefamiliesspendtogether,itdestroysthespecialqualitythatdistinguishesonefamilyfromanother,aqualitythatdependstoagreatextentonwhatafamilydoes,whatspecialrituals，games,recurrentjokes,familiarsongsandsharedactivitiesitaccumulates.

1.ThereasonforwhyearlyillustrationabouttelevisionshowsanentirefamilywatchingTVtogethermightbe（）.

2.Thequotationinthethirdparagraphillustratesthat（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,televisionbringschangestoallofthefollowingspheresEXCEPT（）.

4.Whatdoestelevisiondotodomesticlifeaccordingtotheauthor?

5.Theaimoftheauthorinwritingthepassageis（）.

问题1选项

A.thatpeopleregardedTVasameanstobringtogetherthewholefamily

B.thatearlyTVprogramsweresointersectingthateverybodyisthefamilywasattractedtothem

C.thatpeopleatthattimecouldn’timaginethattheycouldaffordmorethanonetelevisionathome

D.thatpeoplehadamoreleisurelylifethantheydonow

问题2选项

A.televisionexertedagreatinfluenceinsociety

B.someauthorswantedtorelievetheparents’worriesaboutthepossiblenegativeeffectoftelevisiononchildren.

C.televisiondidexertabadinfluenceonchildren

D.televisionchangedthealreadyexistedpatternofinfluences

问题3选项

A.technological

B.religious

C.domestic

D.educational

问题4选项

A.Itdestroystheformerlypeacefulenvironmentthatistypicalofafamily.

B.Itisolateseachindividualfamily.

C.Itsharpensthedifferencebetweenonefamilyandanother

D.Itmakesallfamiliesthesameintermsoftheirdomesticactivities

问题5选项

A.inform

B.comment

C.explain

D.changealong-standingview

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第二段指出:Ofcoursetelevisionsetswereenormouslyexpensiveinthoseearlydays.Theideathatby1975morethan60percentofAmericanfamilieswouldowntwoormoresetswaspreposterous(当然，电视机在早期是非常昂贵的。到1975年，超过60%的美国家庭将拥有两套或更多的电视机，这种想法在当时看来是荒谬的)。因此C项“当时，人们无法想象一个家庭拥有一台以上电视机”正确。

第2题:细节事实题。对第三段引号部分内容的理解可参考第三段第一句:Afterthefirstyears,aschildren’sconsumptionofthenewmediumincreased,togetherwithparentalconcernaboutthepossibleeffectsofsomuchtelevisionviewing,asteadyrefrainhelpedtosootheandreassureanxiousparents(后来，随着孩子们对看电视时间的增加，加上家长们担心看这么多电视可能产生的影响，早期有一个很有影响力的关于电视对孩子影响的研究，其作者不断重复的话让很多家长消除了忧虑)。因此选B项“一些作者想消除家长对于看电视会对孩子产生的负面影响方面的担忧”。

第3题:细节事实题。第三段第二句指出:Televisionalwaysentersapatternofinfluencethatalreadyexists:thehome,thepeergroup,theschool,thechurch,andculturegenerally(电视总是会通过进入已经存在的影响模式产生影响：家庭、同龄人群体、学校、教堂和文化)。因此，此题选A项“技术”。

第4题:判断推理题。最后一段指出:ithasnotservedtobringthemtogether,itdestroysthespecialqualitythatdistinguishesonefamilyfromanother(它通过支配家人在一起的时间，毁掉了每个家庭独一无二的特性)。因此D项“使得所有家庭的家庭生活同一化”正确。

第5题:作者意图题。文章主要阐述了现在电视对人类生活产生的影响，如家庭、同龄人群体、学校、教堂和文化等各个方面，因此C项“阐述”正确。

12.单选题

Thepresidentmadea（）speechattheopeningceremonyofthesportmeeting,whichencouragedthesportsmengreatly.

问题1选项

A.vigorous

B.tedious

C.flat

D.harsh

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。选项A：vigorous“充满活力的”;选项B:tedious“沉闷的，冗长乏味的”；选项C：flat“单调的，平坦的，不景气的；”;选项D：harsh“严厉的,刺耳的”。由句意可知校长的发言激励了运动员，因此本题选项A更符合题意，正确。句意：校长在运动会的开幕式上发表了充满活力的讲话，极大地鼓舞了运动员。

13.单选题

Mikejustdiscoveredthathispassporthad（）threemonthsago.

问题1选项

A.abolished

B.expired

C.amended

D.constrained

【答案】B

【解析】句意:迈克刚才发现他的护照在三个月前就到期了。

考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。abolish废除；取消；expire到期；终止：死亡；呼气;amend修改；改善；constrain驱使；强迫。该动词的主语是hispassport(他的护照)，因此B项正确。

14.单选题

Largeanimalsthatinhabitthedeserthaveevolvedanumberofadaptationsforreducingtheeffectsofextremeheat.Oneadaptationistobelightincolor,andtoreflectratherthanabsorbthesun’srays.Desertmammalsalsodepartfromthenormalmammalianpracticeofmaintainingaconstantbodytemperature.Insteadoftryingtokeepdownthebodytemperaturedeepinsidethebody,whichwouldinvolvetheexpenditureofwaterandenergy,desertmammalsallowtheirtemperaturestorisetowhatwouldnormallybefeverheight,andtemperaturesashighas46degreesCelsiushavebeenmeasuredinGrant’sgazelles.Theoverheatedbodythencoolsdownduringthecolddesertnight,andindeedthetemperaturemayfallunusuallylowbydawn,aslowas34degreesCelsiusinthecamel.Thisisanadvantagesincetheheatofthefirstfewhoursofdaylightisabsorbedinwarmingupthebody,andanexcessivebuildupofheatdoesnotbeginuntilwellintotheday.

Anotherstrategyoflargedesertanimalsistotoleratethelossofbodywatertoapointthatwouldbefatalfornon-adaptedanimals.Thecamelcanloseupto30percentofitsbodyweightaswaterwithoutharmtoitself,whereashumanbeingsdieafterlosingonly12to13percentoftheirbodyweight.Anequallyimportantadaptationistheabilitytoreplenishthiswaterlossatonedrink.Desertanimalscandrinkhugevolumesinashorttime,andcamelshavebeenknowntoimbibe（吸收）over100litersinafewminutes.Averydehydratedperson,ontheotherhand,cannotdrinkenoughwatertorehydrateatonesession,becausethehumanstomachisnotsufficientlybigandbecauseatoorapiddilutionofthebodyfluidscausesdeathfromwaterintoxication.Thetoleranceofwaterlossisofobviousadvantageinthedesert，asanimalsdonothavetoremainnearawaterholebutcanobtainfoodfromgrazingsparsepastures.Desert-adaptedmammalshavethefurtherabilitytofeednormallywhenextremelydehydrated.Itisacommonexperienceinpeoplethatappetiteislostevenunderconditionsofmoderatethirst.

1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

2.Whylightincolorisimportanttolargeanimalsindeserts?

3.Whatwillbefataltonon-adaptedanimals?

4.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutdesert-adaptedmammals?

5.WhatisthefollowingstrategyNOTmentionedbytheauthor?

问题1选项

A.Animalsdevelopeddifferentstrategiestosurvive.

B.Largeanimalscantakestrategiestoreducetheeffectofextremeheat

C.Animalscantoleratethelossofbodywater.

D.Averydehydratedpersoncandrinkenoughwatertorehydrate

问题2选项

A.Ithelpedthemmaintainaconstantnormalbodytemperature.

B.Itreflectsratherthanabsorbsthesun-light

C.Ithelpsthemseetheirpeersatnight

D.Ithelpsthemkeepcoolduringthenight

问题3选项

A.Keepinganormalbodytemperature

B.Drinkingpollutedwater

C.Drinkinghugevolumesofwaterinashorttime

D.Feedingwhendehydrated

问题4选项

A.Theydonotneedtoeatmuchfood.

B.Theycaneatlargequantitiesquickly

C.Theyeasilylosetheirappetites

D.Theycantravellongdistanceslookingforfood.

问题5选项

A.Thebodytemperaturecanbeextremelyhighandcold

B.Toleratethelossofbodywaterandreplenishitimmediately

C.Lostappetiteundertheconditionofmoderatethirsty

D.Tobelightincolor

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。本文主要内容是：为了降低酷热的影响，生活在沙漠中的大型动物已经进化来适应这种环境，如：颜色变浅，调节体温，忍受身体水分丧失等。因此，A项“动物发展出不同的生存策略”符合文章大意。

第2题:细节事实题。第一段指出：Oneadaptationistobelightincolor,andtoreflectratherthanabsorbthesun’srays（一种适应是让自己颜色变浅，反射而不是吸收太阳光线）。由此可知，浅色对沙漠中的大型动物很重要，是因为浅色反射太阳光。故选B项。

第3题:细节事实题。第二段指出：Averydehydratedperson,ontheotherhand,cannotdrinkenoughwatertorehydrateatonesession,becausethehumanstomachisnotsufficientlybigandbecauseatoorapiddilutionofthebodyfluidscausesdeathfromwaterintoxication（另一方面，一个极度脱水的人，不能一次性地喝大量的水来补充所缺水分，因为人的胃不够大，而且体液的迅速稀释会导致水中毒而引起死亡）。因此，C项“短时间饮大量的水”正确。

第4题:判断推理题。A:它们不需要吃很多食物。B:它们可以快速地大量进食。A项与B项在文中并未被提及。C:它们很容易失去食欲。第二段指出：Desert-adaptedmammalshavethefurtherabilitytofeednormallywhenextremelydehydrated（适应沙漠的哺乳动物还有在极度脱水时正常进食的能力）。因此C项不符合原文所述。D:它们可以长途跋涉寻找食物。第二段指出：Thetoleranceofwaterlossisofobviousadvantageinthedesert,asanimalsdonothavetoremainnearawaterholebutcanobtainfoodfromgrazingsparsepastures（在沙漠中，能够忍受水分流失是一个明显的优势，这样动物不必待在水源附近，而是可以从广阔的牧场获得食物）。由此可知，能忍受水分流失的动物能长途跋涉来喂饱自己。因此D项正确。

第5题:细节事实题。A:体温可以非常高和低。第一段指出：desertmammalsallowtheirtemperaturestorisetowhatwouldnormallybefeverheight（沙漠哺乳动物允许它们的体温上升到一般认为发烧的温度），以及：indeedthetemperaturemayfallunusuallylowbydawn,aslowas34degreesCelsiusinthecamel（事实上，到黎明时分，气温会降得异常低，骆驼体内的温度会低到34摄氏度）。因此A项有被提及。B:忍受体内水分的流失，并立即补充水分。第二段指出：Anotherstrategyoflargedesertanimalsistotoleratethelossofbodywatertoapointthatwouldbefatalfornon-adaptedanimals（大型沙漠动物的另一种策略是忍受体内水分的流失，这种流失对那些还没有适应环境的动物来说是致命的）,以及：Anequallyimportantadaptationistheabilitytoreplenishthiswaterlossatonedrink（一种同样重要的适应能力是在一次饮水中补充损失的水分）。因此B项有被提及。C:中度口渴的情况下没有食欲。D:颜色变浅。第一段指出：Oneadaptationistobelightincolor,andtoreflectratherthanabsorbthesun’srays（一种进化是让自己变成浅色，反射而不是吸收太阳光线）。因此D项也有被提及。四个选项中，只有C项不是沙漠动物为适应环境形成的进化，故选C。

15.单选题

Theflowersinthevase（）becausetheyhadnowater.

问题1选项

A.ripened

B.wrinkled

C.withered

D.prospered

【答案】C

【解析】句意:花瓶里的花因为没有水而枯萎了。

考查动词辨析。ripen(使)成熟；wrinkle起皱；皱起；wither枯萎;prosper繁荣，昌盛。根据原因状语“因为没有水”可知C项符合句意。

16.单选题

Airplaneandtelevisionareamongthe（）ofscience.

问题1选项

A.masks

B.martyrs

C.marvels

D.marrow

【答案】C

【解析】句意:飞机和电视都是科学的奇迹。

考查名词辨析。mask面具，口罩；martyr烈士;marvel奇迹；marrow骨髓，精华。四个选项中，只有C项符合句意。

17.单选题

Ifpromptmeasuresaretaken,wearesurethatilliteracyinthisregioncanbe（）innotime.

问题1选项

A.eliminated

B.abandoned

C.diminished

D.withdrawn

【答案】A

【解析】句意:如果迅速采取措施，我们相信该地区的文盲现象将很快消除。

考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。eliminate消除;排除;abandon放弃;遗弃；diminish减少;缩小；withdraw撤退;收回。空格处的逻辑主语是illiteracy(文盲现象)，因此A正确。

18.单选题

Centuriesago,mandiscoveredthatremovingmoisturefromfoodhelpstopreserveit,andthattheeasiestwaytodothisistoexposethefoodtosunandwind.InthiswaytheNorthAmericanIndiansproducepemmican(driedmeatgroundintopowderandmadeintocakes),theScandinaviansmakestockfishandtheArabsdrieddatesand“apricotleather”.

Allfoodsincludingwatercabbageandotherleafvegetablescontainsasmuchas93%water,potatoesandotherrootvegetables80%,leanmeat75%andfish,anythingfrom80%to60%,dependingonhowfattyitis.Ifthiswaterisremoved,theactivityofthebacteriawhichcausefoodtogobadischecked.

Fruitissun-driedinAsiaMinor,Greece,SpainandotherMediterraneancountries,andalsoinCalifornia.SouthAfricaandAustralia.Themethodsusedvary,butingeneral,thefruitisspreadoutontraysindryingyardsinthehotsun.Inordertopreventdarkening,pears,peachesandapricotsareexposedtothefumesofburningsulfurbeforedrying.Plums,formakingprunesandcertainvarietiesofgrapesformakingraisinsandcurrants,aredippedinanalkalinesolutioninordertocracktheskinsofthefruitslightlyandremovetheirwaxcoating,soastoIncreasetherateofdrying.

Nowadaysmostfoodsaredriedmechanically.Theconventionalmethodofsuchdehydrationistoputfoodinchambersthroughwhichhotairisblownattemperaturesofabout110°Catentrytoabout43°Catexit.Thisistheusualmethodfordryingsuchthingsasvegetables,mincedmeat,andfish.

Liquidssuchasmilk,coffee,tea,soupsandeggsmaybedriedbypouringthemoveraheatedsteelcylinderorbysprayingthemintoachamberthroughwhichacurrentofhotairpasses.Inthefirstcase,thedriedmaterialisscrapedofftherollerasathinfilmwhichisthenbrokenupintosmall,thoughstillrelativelycoarseflakes.Inthesecondprocessitfallstothebottomofthechamberasafinepowder.Whererecognizableplacesofmeatandvegetablesarerequired,asinsoup,theingredientsaredriedseparatelyandthenmixed.

Driedfoodstakeuplessroomandweighlessthanthesamefoodpackedincansorfrozen,andtheydonotneedtobestoredinspecialconditions.Forthesereasonstheyareinvaluabletotheclimbers,explorersandsoldiersinbattle,whohavelittlestoragespace.Theyarealsopopularwithhousewivesbecauseittakessolittletimetocookthem.Usuallyitisjustacaseofreplacingthedried-outmoisturewithboilingwater.

1.Theopen-airmethodofdryingfood（）.

2.Bacteriawhichcausefoodtogobad（）.

3.Nowadaysvegetablesaremostcommonlydried（）.

4.Driedfoods（）.

5.Housewiveslikedriedfoodsbecausethey（）.

问题1选项

A.istheonemostcommonlyusedtoday

B.wasinventedbytheAmericanIndians

C.hasbeenknownforhundredsofyears

D.tendstobeunhygienic

问题2选项

A.cannotliveinsunlight

B.arekilledbydrying

C.areinnowaydependentonthewatercontent

D.havetheiractivitygreatlyreducedbydrying

问题3选项

A.onhorizontalcylind