参考说明教案the

TheVeins静脉GeneralfeatureThinwalls,largerlumens,venousvalves,venousplexus,venousreteTwosetsSuperficialveinsDeepveinsSpecialstructures:Sinusesofduramater

硬脑膜窦Diploicveins

板障静脉CompositionThepulmonaryveins

肺静脉R.&L.superior&inferiorpulmonaryveins→leftatriumThesystemicveinsSuperiorvenacavasystem

上腔静脉系Inferiorvenacavasystem

下腔静脉系(hepaticportalsystem

肝门静脉系)Cardiacveinsystem

心静脉系Superiorvenacavasystem上腔静脉系CompositionSuperiorvenacavaanditstributariesDrainsthebloodfromthehead,neck,upperlimb,andthoraxintotherightatriumSuperiorvenacava

上腔静脉Formedbyunionofrightandleftbrachiocephalicveins

头臂静脉behindtherightsternocostalsynchorndrosisoffirstribRunsverticallydownonrightofascendingaortaJoinedbyazygosvein

奇静脉atlevelofsternalangleEntersrightatriumatleveroflowerborderofthirdrightsternocostaljointCollectsbloodfromveinsofupperhalfofbodyBrachiocephalicveins

头臂静脉Formedbyunionofinternaljugularveins

颈内静脉andsubclavianveins

锁骨下静脉posteriortothesternoclavicularjointInternaljugularvein

颈内静脉Beginatjugularforamen,descendingtojointhesubclavianveintoformbrachiocephalicveinLieslateralfirsttointernalandthentocommoncarotida.withincarotidsheathChiefextracranialtributariesFacialv.

面静脉Retromandibularv.

下颌后静脉Lingualv.

舌静脉Pharyngealv.

咽静脉Superiorthyroidv.

甲状腺上静脉Middlethyroidv.

甲状腺中静脉Facialvein

面静脉Beginsatmedialangleofeye(angularvein

内眦静脉)Runsdownwardandbackwardthroughtheface,posteriortothefacialarterydrainsintointernaljugularveinConnectionswithcavernoussinus

海绵窦

throughtheophthalmicvein

眼静脉,andalsothroughpteygoidvenousplexus

翼静脉丛

viathedeepfacialvein

面深静脉“Dangertriangleoftheface”面部危险三角liesbetweenrootofnoseandtwoanglesofmouthInthisareathefacialveinhasnovalvesRetromandibularvein下颌后静脉Formedbyunionofsuperficialtemporalveins颞浅静脉andmaxillaryveins上颌静脉Dividesintoananteriorbranchthatuniteswithfacialveinandaposteriorbranchthatjoinsposteriorauricularvein耳后静脉andoccipitalvein枕静脉toeexternaljugularvein颈外静脉Subclavianvein

锁骨下静脉

ContinuationofaxillaryveinatthelateralborderoffirstribJoinsinternaljugularveintoformthebrachiocephalicvein.Venousangle

静脉角

thejunctionofthesubclavianveinandinternaljugularveinExternaljugularvein

颈外静脉Formedbehindangleofmandiblebyunionofposteriorauricular,posteriorbranchofretromandibularandoccipitalveinCrossingsternocleidomastoidtoentersubclavianveinAnteriorjugularvein

颈前静脉DrainssubmandibularandanteriorneckregionsDescendsnearmidline,runsposteriortosternalendofsternocleidomastoidtodrainintoexternaljugularveinorsubclavianveinJugularvenousarch

颈静脉弓Superficial

veinsoftheupperlimbCephalicvein

头静脉

ArisesfromthelateralsideofthedorsalvenousreteonthebackofhandWindsaroundthelateralborderoftheforearm;itthenascendsintothecubitalfossaandupthefrontofthearmonthelateralsideofthebiceps.Itcontinuesupinthedeltopectoralgrooveandthentotheinfraclavicularfossa,whereitpiercesclavipectoralfasciatodrainintoaxillaryvein.Basilicvein

贵要静脉Arisesfromthemedialsideofthedorsalvenousreteofhand

Windsaroundthemedialborderoftheforearm;itthenascendsintothecubitalfossaandupthefrontofthearmonthemedialsideofthebicepstomiddleofthearmwhereitpiercesthedeepfasciaandjoinsthebrachialveinoraxillaryveinMediancubitalvein

肘正中静脉

LinkscephalicveinandbasilicveininthecubitalfossaItisafrequentsiteforvenipuncturetoremoveasampleofbloodoraddfluidtothebloodMedianveinofforearm

前臂正中静脉VariationsinthevenouspatternoftheupperlimbDeep

veinsoftheupperlimbFrommetacarpaltoaxillary,theseveinsfollowthecourseofthecorrespondingarteriesasthepanyingveinandareusuallyarrangedinpairs,situatedonbothsidesofthearteries.Thedeepveinsoftheupperlimbdrainintotheaxillaryvein腋静脉bythebrachialveins肱静脉.Azygosvein

奇静脉BeginsascontinuationofrightascendinglumbarveinAscendingalongtherightsideofvertebralcolumnJoinssuperiorvenacavabyarchingaboverightlungrootatlevelofT4toT5Receivesrightposteriorintercostalsandsubcostalveinsplussomeofbronchial,esophagealandpericardialveins,andhemiazygosveinTributariesHemiazygosv.

半奇静脉Accessoryhemiazygosv.

副半奇静脉Veinsofvertebralcolumn

Externalvertebralvenousplexus

椎外静脉丛Internalvertebralvenousplexus

椎内静脉丛Inferiorvenacavasystem下腔静脉系CompositionInferiorvenacavaanditstributariesCollectsthebloodfromthelowerlimbs,pelvisandabdomen,finallyendsintherightatriumInferiorvenacava

下腔静脉FormedbyunionoftwocommoniliacveinsanteriorandjusttotherightofL4~L5Ascendsontherightsideofaorta,piercesvenacavaforamenofdiaphragmatthelevelofT8,anddrainsintotherightatriumConveysbloodfromthewholebodybelowthediaphragmtotherightatriumChieftributariesParietalPairedinferiorphrenicv.

膈下静脉pairedlumbarv.

腰静脉

(four)VisceralRightandleftrenalveins

左、右肾静脉Rightsuprarenalvein

右肾上腺静脉(leftdrainintoleftrenalvein) Righttesticularorovarianv.

右睾丸（卵巢）静脉

(leftdrainintoleftrenalvein) Hepaticveins

肝静脉:right,leftandintermediateCommoniliacvein

髂总静脉

–formedbyunionofinternalandexternaliliacveinsinfrontofsacroiliacjoint,enduponL4~L5byunitingeachothertoforminferiorvenacavaInternaliliacvein髂内静脉Parietaltributaries:panywitharteriesVisceraltributaries①Rectalvenousplexus→superiorrectalvein→inferiormesentericv. 直肠静脉丛→inferiorrectalvein→internaliliacv. →analvein→internalpudendalv.②Vesicalvenousplexus膀胱静脉丛→vesicalv.③Uterinevenousplexus子宫静脉丛→uterinev.

Externaliliacvein髂外静脉–panythearterySuperficial

veinsofthelowerlimbSmallsaphenousv.

小隐静脉ArisesfromthelateralpartofthedorsalvenousarchoffootAscendsbehindlateralmalleolusandthenrunsupthemidlineofthebackofthelegPiercesthedeepfasciaandentersthepoplitealv.

腘静脉Drainsthelateralsideofthefootandankleandthebackoftheleg.Greatsaphenousv.

大隐静脉BeginsthemedialendofdorsalvenousarchoffootPassesanteriortothemedialmalleolusandascendsonthemedialsideoftheleg,thenpassesbehindthekneeandcurvesforwardaroundthemedialsideofthethigh

Inclinesanteriorlythroughthethightoenterthefemoralveinthroughthesaphenoushiatuswhichliesabout3~4cmbelowandlateraltothepubictubercleTributaries:Superficialmedialfemoralv.

股内侧浅静脉Superficiallateralfemoralv.

股外侧浅静脉Externalpudendalv.

阴部外静脉Superficialepigastricv.

腹壁浅静脉Superficialiliaccircumflexv.

旋髂浅静脉VaricoseveinsDeep

veinsofthelowerlimbpanywiththecorrespondingarteries.Thepoplitealvein腘静脉isformedbytheunionoftheanteriorandposteriortibialveins.Poplitealveinascendsinthepoplitealfossatotheadductortendiousopeningwhereitesthefemoralvein股静脉Hepaticportalveinsystem肝门静脉系CompositionHepaticportalveinanditstributariesSendsthebloodfromtheunpairedorgansintheabdominalcavityandtherectuminthepelviccavityHepaticportalvein

肝门静脉

Formedbehindtheneckofpancreasbytheunionofsuperiormesentericveinandsplenicvein

Ascendsupwardsandtotheright,posteriortothefirstpartofduodenumandthenentersthelesseromentumtotheportahepatis,whereitdividesintorightandleftbranchesTherearenofunctioningvalvesinhepaticportalsystemDrainsbloodfromgastrointestinaltractfromthelowerendofesophagustotheupperendofanalcanal,pancreas,gallbladder,bileductsandspleenTributariesofhepaticportalv.Superiormesentericv.

肠系膜上静脉Splenicv.

脾静脉Inferiormesentericv.

肠系膜下静脉Leftgastricv.

胃左静脉Rightgastricv.

胃右静脉Cysticv.

胆囊静脉Paraumbilicalv.

附脐静脉Variationandanomaliesofhepaticportalvein

Portosystemicanastomoses

1.Atthelowerendoftheesophagus

Hepaticportalv.←leftgastricv.←esophagealvenousplexus→esophagealv.→azygosv.→superiorvenacava2.

Atrectalvenousplexus

Hepaticportalv.←splenicv.←inferiormesentericv.←superiorrectalv.←rectalvenousplexus→inferiorrectalandanalv.→internaliliacv.→inferiorvenacava3.Atpe