ChapterCulturalvalues跨文化交际文化价值观模式课件

ChapterThree

CulturalValues/Patterns/Orientations1ChapterThree

CulturalValuesContents1.Perception,BeliefandValues2.CulturalPatterns3.ApplicationoftheoriesContents1.Perception,Belief21.Perception,Beliefand

Values1.1Perception1.2Beliefs1.3Values2.CulturalPatterns1.Perception,Beliefand

31.1Whatisperception?Perceptionisprimaryinthestudyofinterculturalcommunication,becauseourinformationaboutandknowledgeofourphysicalandsocialworldaremediated(传达)byperceptualprocesses.Ourperceptionsgivemeaningtoallthoseexternalforces:symbols,things,people,ideas,events,ideologiesandfaith.“Perceptionistheprocessofselecting,organizing,andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenablesustomakesenseofourworld.”(GambleandGamble)(P56)

1.1Whatisperception?Percep4Twowaysthatcultureinfluencestheperceptionprocess:1.Perceptionisselective.Whatisallowedinis,inpart,determinedbyculture.2.Yourperceptualpatternsarelearned.

“perceptionisculturallydetermined.Welearntoseetheworldinacertainwaybasedonourculturalbackground.”[seeP57-58]1.1.Perception&culturesTwowaysthatcultureinfluenc51.1.Perception&culturesPerceptionsarestoredwithineachhumanbeingintheformofbeliefs+values=culturalpatterns

1.1.Perception&culturesPer61.2.Beliefs1.Whatarebeliefs?Beliefsareourconvictionsinthetruthofsomething—withorwithoutproof..(p58)2.Howdidyouacquirethem?

Beliefsareshapedbytheindividual’sculture.”3.Whatfunctiondotheyperform?Beliefsareimportantbecausetheyareacceptedastruths.Oneofthemostimportantfunctionsofbeliefsisthattheyformthebasisofyourvalues,

1.2.Beliefs1.Whatarebeli71.2.Beliefs4.Beliefsareusuallyreflectedinyouractionsandcommunicationbehavior.Eg1)Agoodtan（棕褐色）isareflectionofahealthy,activelifestyleandmakesapersonmoreattractive.youwillprobably-----(findtimetolieoutinthesunorevengotoatanningsalon.)2)Suntannedskinreflectsalowsocialstatus,youwillprobably-----(makeanextraefforttoavoidexposingyourselftothesunbywearingahat,long-sleevedshirt,andperhapsgloves,andcarryinganumbrella,onsunnydays.)1.2.Beliefs4.Beliefsareusu81.3Values1)AValueisanenduringbelief

thataspecificmodeofconductorend-stateofexistenceispersonallyorsociallypreferabletoanother.2)Valuesaresharedideasaboutwhatistrue,right,andbeautiful

whichunderlineculturalpatternsandguidesocietyinresponsetothephysicalandsocialenvironment.”(Nanda&Warms)3))Valuesarealearnedorganizationofrulesformakingchoicesandforresolvingconflicts.1.3Values1)AValueisanen91.3Values

4)Hofstede:Valuesare“abroadtendencytoprefercertainstatesofaffairsoverothers”.E.g.

evilvs.good,dirtyvs.clean,dangerousvs.safe,decentvs.indecent,uglyvs.beautiful,unnaturalvs.natural,abnormalvs.normal,paradoxicalvs.logical,irrationalvs.rational,moralvs.immoral.101.3Values

4)Hofstede:Values1.3TheValueHierarchy

SecondaryValuesPrimaryValues

US

hospitalitytoguestscleanlinessAlleviationofthepainand

sufferingofotherssecuringmaterial

possessionsDemocracytheprotectionofoneselfandclosefamilymember

TertiaryValues

1.3TheValueHierarchy

Second111.3.Howtogetandwheretofindvalues?Howtoget:1.fromone’sfamily2.fromschoolteachers;3.fromone’speers(friends,schoolmates,playmates;4.fromsocietyatlarge121.3.HowtogetandwheretofWheretofind1.frompeople’sbehaviorpattern2.fromwhatpeoplesayaboutthemselves;3.frommyths,talesofheroesandrituals;4.fromfolktales,movies,proverbs,sayings,etc.13Wheretofind13Individualism,Equality,Materialism,Scienceandtechnology,Progressandchange,Workandleisure,Competition

USDominantculturalpatterns(P62-65)Individualism,

USDom142.CulturalPatterns2.1Definitions2.2Kluckhohn,KluckhohnandStrodtbeckValueOrientation2.3Hofstede’sValuesDimension3.ICStrategies2.4Hall’sContextOrientation2.CulturalPatterns2.1Defin152.1CulturalPatternsPerceptionsarestoredwithineachhumanbeingintheformofbeliefs+values=culturalpatterns.

Culturalpatterntaxonomiesareusedtoillustratethedominantbeliefsandvaluesofaculture.2.1CulturalPatternsPercepti162.Howtoclassifydifferentculturepatterns?VariationsofValueStudiesKluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientationHofstede’sDimensionsofCulturalVariabilityEdwardTHall’sContext-CultureTheoryHumanNatureMan-natureTimeActivitySocialRelationshipIndividualismVsCollectivismUncertainty

AvoidancePower

DistanceMasculinityVsFemininityHigh-ContextLow-Context172.Howtoclassifydifferentcu2.2ModelbyKluckhohn(P74-79).5basicquestionsthatneedansweringattherootofanyculture:1)Whatisthecharacterofhumannature?2)Whatistherelationofmantonature?3)Whatistheorientationtowardtime?(temporalfocus)4)Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?5)Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationship?1)=Humannatureorientation人性取向2)=Man-natureorientation人与自然的关系取向3)=Timeorientation时间取向4)=Activityorientation行为取向5)=Socialorientation人际取向2022/11/21182.2ModelbyKluckhohn(P74-79oriantationBasicvaluesHumanNatureBasicallyEvilMixtureofGoodandEvilBasicallyGoodRelationshipofHumankindtoNatureMansubjugatedbyNatureManinHarmonywithNatureMantheMasterofNatureSenseofTimePastPresentFutureActivityBeing(whoyouareGrowing(self-development)Doing(whatyoudo)SocialRelationshipAuthoritarianGroup-OrientedIndividualistic2.2KluckhohnandStrodtbeck’s

fivevalueorientations(P74)19oriantationBasicvaluesHumanN2.2.1.HumanNature1).Humannatureisevilbutperfectible.

WiththeinfluenceofChristianity,Westernersbelievethathumannatureisbasicallyevilduetotheiroriginalsin.However,theevilnaturecanbesavedthroughsalvation,ifonebelievesinJesusChristandcontinuesdoinggoodthings.202.2.1.HumanNature1).Humann2).Humannatureisamixtureofgoodandevil.

Asaresultoftheriseofhumanisminthewest,theabovebasicbeliefhaschangedtooneseeinghumansasamixtureofgoodandevil.Inotherwords,everyonehasthegoodsideandbadside.Therefore,thereislawsysteminhumansocietytorewardthegoodinpeopleandpunishthebadand

makesurethatmenarenotdoinganythingevil.212).Humannatureisamixture3).Humannatureisgoodbutcorruptible.

Good:thephilosophiesofConfucianismandBuddhism.InChina,asinotherAsiansocietiesthathaveacceptedtheteachingofConfucius,peoplearebelievedtobebasicallygood.Childrenarebelievedtobepureandinnocentbutmaybecomecorruptedastheygrowolderandhavemorecontactwithsociety.Theywillbebadiftheydon’thavegoodeducationwhentheyareveryyoung”.(人之初，性本善。性相近，习相远。苟不教，性乃迁)Buddhismmaintainsthatyouarebornpureandareclosesttowhatiscalled“lovingkindness”whenyouenterthisworld.Hence,peoplearegood,buttheircultureoftenmakesthemevil.223).Humannatureisgoodbutc

RelationshipofHuman-kindtoNatureMansubjugatedbyNatureManinHarmonywithNatureMantheMasterofNature

AcceptyourfateLiveaccordingtotherhythmsofnatureMakelifecomfortableandconvenientLifeisoutsidetheindividual’scontrolEverythinghasitsowncharacterProblemscanbesolvedonceweknowthefactsBehumbleBebalancedBeobjective

2.2.2.man-natureorientation23RelationshipManManinMant1).Subjugation(屈服)tonature.Themostpowerfulforcesoflifearebeyondtheircontrol.Whethertheforcebeagod,fate,ormagic,apersoncannotovercomeitandmustthereforelearntoacceptit.ThisorientationisfoundinIndiaandpartsofSouthAmerica.FortheHindu,becauseeverythingispartofaunifiedforce.This“oneness”withtheworldhelpscreateavisionofaworldoperatinginharmony.Eg.someHindusectssuchastheBishoisdonotallowthecuttingdownofanytreesortheslaughterofanimals.ThisisextremereverenceforNature,whichhasprecedenceoverhumanactivities.

InMexicoandamongMexicanAmericans,thereisastrongtietoCatholicismandtheroleoffateincontrollinglifeandnature..

241).Subjugation(屈服)tonature.2).Harmonywithnature

TheharmonyviewiswidespreadandisassociatedwithEastAsians.Chinesepeoplebelievethebalanceandharmonybetweenmanandnaturalworld.ThisbeliefpermeatesineveryaspectofChineseculture.Chinesemedicine,forexample,ismainlytoadjusttheunbalancedhumanbody.

InJapanandThailand,thereisaperceptionthatnatureispartoflife

andnotahostileforcewaitingtobesubdued.Thisorientationaffirmsthatpeopleshould,ineverywaypossible,liveinharmonywithnature.ThedesiretobepartofnatureandnotcontrolithasalwaysbeenstrongamongAmericanIndians..252).Harmonywithnature253).Masteryovernature

Westernpeoplebelievetheyarethemastersofnature.

ThisvalueorientationischaracteristicoftheWesternapproach,whichhasalongtraditionofvaluingtechnology,change,andscience.

Peoplewiththisorientationseeaclearseparationbetweenhumansandnature.Americanshavehistoricallybelievedthatnaturewassomethingthatcouldandhadtobemastered.EarlyWestEuropeanimmigrantstoNorthAmericaencounteredavast,unforgivingwildernessthattheysetaboutto“tame,”andmodernastronautsareworkingto“conquer”space.263).Masteryovernature262.2.3.TimeorientationPastPresentFuture2.2.3.Timeorientation271)PASTORIENTATION

Past-orientedcultures:thepastshouldbetheguideformakingdecisionsanddeterminingtruth.believestronglyinthesignificanceofpriorevents.History,establishedreligions,andtradition

areextremelyimportanttothesecultures

TheFrenchlivesurroundedbythousandsofmonumentstotheirgloriouspast.EveryquarterinParishasitshistoricallyimportantstatues,buildings,orfountains,dailyremindersofpastachievements.Frenchvillageshavestatuestolocalheroesandimportantpoliticalleaders.Asaresultofthisconstantimmersioninhistory,theFrenchtendtoseethingsintheirhistoricalcontextandrelatecontemporaryeventstotheirorigins.1)PASTORIENTATION

Past-orie281)PASTORIENTATION

China,-becauseofitslongandresplendenthistorycontinuestorespectthepast.Respectfortheirhistoricalheritage

isconsideredthemostimportanttraditionalvalue.Theword"old"usuallysymbolizesexperienceandauthority.(“百年老店”,“老字号”)InJapan,whereShintoismisstrongandreverencetowardancestorsisimportant,thepaststillremainsparamount.GreatBritain,becauseofitsdevotiontotradition,includingthecontinuationofamonarchy,resistschangeasitcontinuestovalueitshistoricalachievements.TheFrench,onmanylevels,veneratethepastIntheUnitedStates,AmericanIndiansvaluethepast.1)PASTORIENTATION

China,-bec292)PRESENTORIENTATION

Present-orientedculturesholdthat

theimmediatemomenthasthemostsignificance,becausetheyseethefutureasvague,ambiguous,andunknown.Forthesecultures,whatisrealexistsinthehereandnow,andthepresentshouldbeenjoyed.PeopleofthePhilippinesandmostLatinAmericancountriesusuallyholdthesebeliefs.MexicanAmericansalso“prefertoexperiencelifeandpeoplearoundthemfullyinthepresent.”alsocharacteristicoftheAfrican-Americanco-culture.2)PRESENTORIENTATION

Presen303)

FUTUREORIENTATIONFuture-orientedculturesemphasizewhatistocome

andexpectthefuturetobegranderandnicerthanthepresent.Theword"old"isassociatedwith“fallingbehind"and"uselessness",while"new"isrelatedtoprogress,changeandchallenge.Peopleevenbelievetheycancontrolthefuture.Futureorientationprevailsinthewesternculture.SuchastheU.S.dominantculture,

“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,try,tryagain.”“Yesterdayisnotourstorecover,buttomorrowisourstowinortolose.”3)FUTUREORIENTATIONFuture-o312.2.4.ActivityorientationBeing（存在）:anondevelopmentalmodelBeing-in-becoming（成为）:aspiritualgoalofinnerharmonyandpeace.Doing（做）:activitythatleadstoexternalaccomplishments2.2.4.Activityorientation321)

BEINGORIENTATIONPeopleinbeing-orientatedculturesacceptpeople,events,andideasasflowingspontaneously.Theystressrelease,indulgenceofexistingdesires,andworkingforthemoment.”MostLatinocultures

havetheviewthatthecurrentactivityistheonethatmattersthemost.InMexico,forexample,peopletakegreatdelightinthesimpleactofconversationwithfamilyandfriends.Mexicanswilltalkforhourswiththeircompanions,fortheybelievethattheactof“being”isoneofthemaingoalsandjoysoflife1)BEINGORIENTATIONPeoplein332)BEING-IN-BECOMINGORIENTATIONThebeing-in-becomingorientationstressestheideaofdevelopmentandgrowth.Itemphasizesthekindofactivitythatcontributestothedevelopmentofallaspectsoftheselfasanintegralwhole.Thisusuallycorrelateswithculturesthatvalueaspirituallifemorethanamaterialone.Forexample,inbothHinduismandBuddhism,peoplespendaportionoftheirlivesinmeditationandcontemplationinanattempttopurifyandfullyadvancethemselves.ManyoftheNewAgereligiousmovementsintheUnitedStatesalsostresstheneedtodevelopthebeing-in-becomingapproachtodailylife.2)BEING-IN-BECOMINGORIENTAT343)DOINGORIENTATION

Thekeytothisorientationisavaluesystemthatstressesactivityandaction.

ThedominantAmericanculture:

Americansareactionoriented;theyarego-getters.Theygetgoing,getthingsdone,andgetahead.InAmerica,peoplegatherforaction—toplaybasketball,todance,togotoaconcert,andtotakerisks.Whengroupsgathertheyplaygamesorwatchvideos.ManyAmericansdon’thavethepatiencetositdownandtalk....Lifeisinconstantmotion.3)DOINGORIENTATION

Thekey352.2.5.Social

OrientationSocialRelationshipAuthoritarianGroup-OrientedIndividualistic

社会等级森严集体取向个人取向362.2.5.SocialOrientationSocia2.2.5.Social

OrientationSocialrelationships1）hierarchy:Thismeanseachpersonhasapositioninahierarchy.Peoplehaveclearlydefinedprivilegesandobligationsaccordingtotheirpositioninrelationtoothers.Chinaisbasicallyahierarchicalsociety.372.2.5.SocialOrientationSocia2).Group

Incultureswithgroupvalues,peoplemakedecisionsbyconsensus.Eachperson’ssocialidentitycomesfromhisorhergroups.Loyaltyisimportantincultureswithgroupvalues.382).Group383).IndividualIncultureswithindividualisticvalues,eachpersonisseenasautonomousandseparate.Everyoneisequal.Selfismoreimportantthangroup.393).Individual39

OrientationChinesevaluesWesternvaluesHumanNatureBasicallyGoodMixtureofGoodandEvilRelationshipofHumankindtoNaturePeopleinHarmonywithNaturePeopletheMaterofNatureSenseofTimePastOrientedFutureOrientedActivityBeingDoingSocialRelationshipsAuthoritarian/GroupOrientedIndividualistic40OrientationChinesevaluesWest2.3Hofstede’s

fiveValuedimensions

•Hofstede’sworkwasoneoftheearliestattemptstouseextensivestatisticaldatatoexamineculturalvalues.Duringthe1980s,hesurveyedoverahundredthousandworkersinmultinationalorganizationsinfortycountries.Thefindingsweretheresultofaresearchconductedinalargeenterprise,IBM,withitsbranchesin67countries.

.5dimensions:

powerdistanceuncertaintyavoidanceindividualism/collectivismmasculinity/femininity

laterdiscusseda5thdimension--longtermview

(Asia)2.3Hofstede’s

fiveValue412.3.1.Individualismvs.Collectivism

Individualisticcultures“I”consciousnessindependence,competition,individualachievementCollectivistcultures“We”consciousness,interdependence,groupharmony,groupcooperation422.3.1.Individualismvs.CollIndividualorientedsociety：alooselyknitsocialframework;individualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselves.The

uniquenessofeachindividualisofparamountvalue.(ICulture)

Examples:America,NorthEuropeancountries

Grouporientedsociety：atightlyknitsocialframework;peoplecanexpecttheirin-groups(relatives,clans,tribesororganizations)tolookafterthem.(WeCulture或I-lessCulture)

Examples:AsiancountriesandLatinAmericancountriesandMiddleEasterncountries1Individualismvs.Collectivism43Individualorientedsociety：a2.3.1Individualismvs.Collectivismindividualismcollectivism442.3.1Individualismvs.Colle2.3.1Individualismvs.CollectivismWecanfindmanyexamplesinourdailylife,whichstressgroupbehaviorssuchas“我们都…(Weall“深受大众喜爱”(bewellpopular),”:老少皆宜“(goodforallages),“大家好，才是真好”(theproductisgoodforall,soitisindeedgood),“全国用户满意”(thecustomersalloverthecountryaresatisfied...).452.3.1Individualismvs.Colle2.3.1.Individualismvs.CollectivismThefollowingadvertisementsshowthisorientationclearly.l)Findyourownroad.2)Inthisageoftechnology-sharing,whateverhappenedtoindividuality?462.3.1.Individualismvs.CollChapterCulturalvalues跨文化交际文化价值观模式课件472.3.1individualism/collectivismcontinuum:AccordingtoHofstede’sfindings(seeTable5.1),theUnitedStates,Australia,GreatBritain,Canada,theNetherlands,andNewZealandalltendtowardindividualism.Goleman2.Incollectivesocieties,suchasthoseinPakistan,Colombia,Venezuela,Taiwan,Peru,andmuchofAfricaandAsia,peoplearebornintoextendedfamiliesorclansthatsupportandprotecttheminexchangefortheirallegiance.InmanyArabicnations,tribalismpredominates,lieinthemiddleofthecontinuum.AfricanAmericansalsoexhibitcollectivism.

2.3.1individualism/collectiv482.3.1Individualismvs.CollectivismCasestudy

Atthenegotiatingtable,differencesinthisdimensioncanclearlycauseseriousconflict.AmericanstoooftenexpecttheirJapanesecounterpartstomakedecisionsrightatthenegotiatingtable,andtheJapaneseareconstantlysurprisedtofindindividualmembersoftheAmericanteampromotingtheirownpositions,decisions,andideas,sometimesopenlycontradictingoneanother.America—individualismJapan—collectivism

492.3.1Individualismvs.Colle2.3.2.UncertaintyAvoidanceuncertaintyavoidance:...definestheextenttowhichpeoplewithinaculturearemadenervousbysituationswhichtheyperceiveasunstructured,unclear,orunpredictable,situationswhichtheythereforetrytoavoidbymaintainingstrictcodesofbehaviorandabeliefinabsolutetruths.”--Hofstede2.3.2.UncertaintyAvoidanceun502.3.2.UncertaintyAvoidanceHigh-uncertaintyavoidanceculturestrytoavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingstabilityfortheirmembersthroughestablished,formalsocialprotocols,intoleranceofdeviantideasandbehaviors,emphasizingconsensus,andresistancetochange.Theseculturesareoftencharacterizedbyrelativelyhighlevelsofanxietyandstress.Hofstedesummarizestheviewofpeopleinhighuncertaintyavoidanceculturesas“whatisdifferent,isdangerous,”andthebeliefofpeopleinlowuncertaintyavoidanceculturesas“whatisdifferent,iscurious”.

2.3.2.UncertaintyAvoidanceH512.3.2UncertaintyAvoidanceHighUncertaintyAvoidance：uncomfortablewithuncertaintyandambiguity,intolerantwithdeviance.ForExample:Greece,Belgium,Portugal,Japan,Chile,Israel,SpainLowUncertaintyAvoidance：practicecountsmorethanprinciples;devianceismoreeasilytolerated.Forexample:Singapore,Sweden,Denmark,Malaysia522.3.2UncertaintyAvoidanceHRankingofUncertaintyAvoidanceCountryorRegionRankingCountryorRegionRankingGreece1Ireland36Portugal2HongKong37Belgium3Sweden38Japan4Denmark39Yugoslavia5Singapore40*Alowscoremeansthecountrycanbeclassifiedasonethatdoesnotlikeuncertainty.Thelowerscore,thehigheruncertaintyavoidance.53RankingofUncertaintyAvoidanChapterCulturalvalues跨文化交际文化价值观模式课件542.3.2.UncertaintyAvoidanceNationswithastronguncertaintyavoidancetendencyareGreece,Portugal,Peru,Belgium,andJapan.theotherendofthecontinuum,wefindcountrieslikeSweden,Denmark,Ireland,Norway,theUnitedStates,Finland,andtheNetherlands,2.3.2.UncertaintyAvoidanceNa552.3.3.PowerDistancePowerdistanceis“theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationsacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally”.

Howdoyouinterprettherelationshipbetweenthefollowingpairsinbothhighandlowpowerdistanceculture

?parents-childrenteacher-studentboss-employee562.3.3.PowerDistancePowerdis2.3.3.PowerDistance

HighPDCulture:PeoplewhoholdpowerandpeoplewhoareaffectedbypoweraresignificantlyfarapartVertical,hierarchical(everybodyhasarightfulplace)E.g.India,Brazil,Singapore,Greece,,Mexico,etc.LowPDCulture:ThepowerholdersandpeopleaffectedbythepowerholdersaresignificantlycloserHorizontal(inequalityinsocietyshouldbeminimized)E.g.Austria,Finland,Denmark,Norway,NewZealand,etc.

572.3.3.PowerDistanceHighPD2.3.3

PowerdistancePeopleinhigh-powerdistancecountriesbelievethat

powerandauthorityarefactsoflife.

Socialhierarchyisprevalentandinstitutionalizesinequality.youfinda

greatercentralizationofpower,moreimportanceplacedonstatusandrank,alargerproportionofsupervisorypersonnel,astructuredvaluesystem

thatdeterminestheworthofeachjob,andsubordinatesadheringtoarigidhierarchy.2.3.3PowerdistancePeoplein582.3.3

PowerdistanceLow-powerdistancecountriesholdthatinequalityinsocietyshouldbeminimizedBrislinnotes,“Culturesreferredtoas‘low-powerdistance’areguidedbylaws,norms,andeverydaybehaviorsthatmakepowerdistinctionsasminimalaspossible.”Peopleintheseculturesseehierarchyasaninequalityofrolesestablishedforconvenience.2.3.3PowerdistanceLow-power59ChapterCulturalvalues跨文化交际文化价值观模式课件60CountryorRegionPDICountryorRegionPDIMalaysia104Italy50Philippines94USA40India77Netherlands38Singapore74Switzerland34HongKong68Ireland28SouthKorean60Denmark18Taiwan58Israel13Japan54Australia1161CountryorRegionPDICountryor2.3.4Masculinityvs.Femininity

Cultureshighinthemasculinitydimension

focusonachievement,assertiveness,heroism,andmaterialsuccess,regardingworkasmorecentraltoone’slife.(performancesociety)Cultureshighinthefemininitydimensionvalueinterpersonalrelationships,nurturance,modesty,compassion,caringfortheweakandqualityoflife.

(welfaresociety)622.3.4Masculinityvs.FemininCountryorRegionMASCCountryorRegionMASCJapan95Taiwan45Austria79Thailand44Italy70France43Switzerland70NorthKorea39Mexico69Denmark16Ireland68Netherlands14GreatBritain66Norway8Germany66Sweden563CountryorRegionMASCCountryoChapterCulturalvalues跨文化交际文化价值观模式课件64Japan,Austria,Venezuela,Italy,Switzerland,Mexico,

Ireland,thePhilippines,GreeceareamongthecountrieswhereyoucanfindmanyofthemasculinevaluesdescribedbyHofstede(seeTable5.4).NationssuchasSweden,Norway,theNetherlands,

Finland,Denmarktendtowardafeminineworldview.2.3.4.Masculinityvs.femininity

Japan,Austria,Venezuela,Ita652.3.5.Long-termversusshort-termorientation

Long-termorientationisthe5thdimentionofHofstedewhichwasaddedtotheoriginalfourtotrytodistinguishthedifferencesinthinkingbetweentheEastandWest.FromtheoriginalIBMstudies,thisdifferencewassomethingthatcouldnotbededuced(演绎).Therefore,HofstedecreatedaChinesevaluesurveywhichwasdistributedacross23countries.Fromtheresults,andwithanunderstandingoftheinfluenceoftheteachingsofConfuciusontheeasternAsiancountries,long-termvs.short-termorientationbecamethefifthculturaldimension.Characteristicsareasfollows:662.3.5.Long-termversusshort-1.Long-termorientation长期导向emphasizes:1)Persistence2)Orderingrelationshipsbystatusandobservingthisorder3)Thrift4)Havingasenseofshame5)Valuingfuture671.Long-termorientation长期导向e2.Short-termorientation短期导向emphasizesPersonalsteadinessandstabilityProtectingyour“face”RespectfortraditionValuingpastandpresentFulfillingsocialobligations682.Short-termorientation短期导向Long-termorientation(suchasChina,HongKong,Taiwan,Japan,andSouthKorea)wouldmostlikelyhaveemployeeswhoreflectastrongworkethicandshowgreatrespectforstatusdifferences.Youcouldexpectindividualswhoaremembersoftheseculturestovaluesocialorderandlongrangegoals.

Thoseculturesthatranklowonthelong-termorientationindex(theUnitedStates,GreatBritain,Canada,thePhilippines),accordingtoHofstede,oftendonotplaceahighpriorityonstatus,trytopostponeoldage,areconcernedwithshorttermresults,andseekquickgratificationoftheirneeds.2.3.5.Long-versusshort-termorientation

Long-termorientation(suchas69JokeappreciationforculturaldiversityAyounglady’sminiskirtwasaccidentallytornopenbyayoungman.Pleasedecidewheretheycomefromaccordingtotheirresponsestothisincident.70Jokeapprec