考研英语阅读解题技巧

XZZt*1jKUL!*^.考试就来朦 -全国硕士研究生入学考试- 考研英语阅读解题技巧关注考试点官方微博：/kaoshidian意见及建议也可发送邮件至：关注考试点官方微博：/kaoshidian意见及建议也可发送邮件至：service@O客服电话请拨打：400-6885-365周一至周日：8:00-24:00TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"第1讲阅读理解题型概述 (1)\o"CurrentDocument"第2讲 阅读理解之语言基础(一) (4)\o"CurrentDocument"第3讲 阅读理解之语言基础(二) (8)\o"CurrentDocument"第4讲 阅读理解设题处(一) (U)\o"CurrentDocument"第5讲 阅读理解设题处(二) (14)\o"CurrentDocument"第6讲 阅读方法与技巧(一) (17)\o"CurrentDocument"第7讲阅读方法与技巧(二) (20)\o"CurrentDocument"第8讲 阅读方法与技巧(三) (22)\o"CurrentDocument"第9讲 阅读题目类型及命题特点 (24)\o"CurrentDocument"第10讲 主旨大意题应对技巧 (27)\o"CurrentDocument"第11讲 事实细节题应对技巧 (31)\o"CurrentDocument"第12讲 词义/句意题应对技巧(一) (34)\o"CurrentDocument"第13讲 词义/句意题应对技巧(二) (37)\o"CurrentDocument"第14讲 推理判断题应对技巧 (39)\o"CurrentDocument"第15讲 观点态度题应对技巧 (43)\o"CurrentDocument"第16讲 阅读真题解析(一) (46)第17讲 阅读真题解析(二) (48)第18讲阅读真题解析(三) (50)第19讲 阅读真题解析(四) (52)\o"CurrentDocument"第20讲 阅读真题解析(五) (54)\o"CurrentDocument"第21讲 阅读真题解析(六) (56)第22讲 阅读真题解析(七) (58)第23讲 阅读真题解析(八) (60)第24讲 阅读真题解析(九) (62)第25讲 阅读真题解析(十) (64)\o"CurrentDocument"第26讲 阅读真题解析(十一) (66)第27讲 阅读真题解析(十二) (68)第1讲 阅读理解题型概述一、复习要点（一）语言基础.词汇：5500,大纲词汇+真题词汇。阅读量：四篇阅读理解的总字数在1500词左右5%左右派生词和合成词例Charge overcharged；imagine unimaginablestakeholder2%〜3%超纲词例Pancreas（胰腺），mold（霉）难点:生词词义的推测，熟词僻义,多义词的词义确定，学科术语.例move举措;case诉讼案；claim权利；decisions决议order法令Epidemics观念，风尚的流行groupdynamics：（团体动力学）攻克要诀:以大纲词汇为背诵重点，并通过大量阅读96-2012年阅读真题文章，在阅读中积累已考难词，生词的词义。并且分门别类地将其摘录下来，便于记忆。尤其重视历年考题中反复出现的高频词汇。.长难句：①并列句②主从复合句（定，状，主，表，宾，同位语）③特殊结构（插入语，比较结构，倒装，否定，省略，形式主语,虚拟语气，被动）（二）背景知依题材：.社会学科（人类学，心理学，教育，法律，经济等）.自然学科（物理，生物，计算机，医学，农业等）.人文学科（哲学，文学，语言学，新闻，艺术等）经济学占据有举足轻重的地位。例2010年Textl：艺术品市场拍卖的波动Text2：夫妻在对话模式上存在的差异而对婚姻产生的影响Text3：人们的喜好和企业市场营销的关系Text4：美国陪审团制度的过去与发展2011年Textl：外部董事对于企业运作的作用Text2：美国报业的危机及其为摆脱危机所做努力Text3：二战后美国建筑风格的发展Text4:欧盟如何应对债务风波2012年textl：洛杉矶联合学区制定的关于作业的错误政策Text2：人们对颜色的喜爱和企业的营销相关Text3：基因专利的相关问题Text4：如何在失业率上升中见到忧中之喜题源:TheEconomRf《经济学家》：TheNewYorkTimes《纽约时报》：Newsweek^新闻周刊》：www.newsweek,comTime《时代周刊》:攻克要诀:以研究历年真题为主，外刊文章为辅。精读几十篇，精析其语句结构，语篇特征。广泛涉猎不同学科的文章，掌握学科常用词汇与一些专业术语。二、大纲测试方向L能够抓住文章中的主旨大意（主旨大意题）.理解文章中的具体信息（细节题）.进行有关的判断、推理的能力（推理判断题）.根据上下文推测生词含义（词义理解题）.理解文章的谋篇结构及段与段、句与句的逻辑关系（因果，条件，类比，对比等关系考查题）.理解作者的意图、观点、态度（观点态度题）三、训练方向：（一）阅读能力：L精读与略读相结合，能够明确文章需要精读和略读的部分.熟悉不同体裁文章的阅读重点说明文一抓住文章说明对象，事实和数据议论文一总结作者的观点和结论，态度，以及与他人之间观点态度的关系3.了解基本的段落及文章行文结构。篇章:提出问题——分析问题——解决问题时间顺序/对比段落:一般到具体具体到一般（二）解题技巧：L掌握正确的解题步骤①阅读首段，了解文章话题。②阅读题目，一般按照题目顺序做,主旨题放在最后做。③画出题干关键词以便定位。④定位原文语段后，仔细研读。⑤回看选项，掌握各类题目正确选项及干扰项的特点，得出答案。.掌握六大题型的解题相应的技巧及正确选项和干扰项的特点正确选项的特点:①语言简化，高度概括②关键词替换③正话反说或反话正说错误选项的特点:①无中生有,以偏概全②偷换概念，张冠李戴③字面意思④过于绝对，过度推理.了解出题难点,一一攻克：双重否定句结尾处有转折关系的句子言外之意的句子类比关系的句子矛盾关系的句子四、复习策略.迅速突破单词关，练好扎实的语言基本功.精读精练历年真题，掌握正确的阅读方法和解题技巧.适当阅读各类外刊时文,增强背景知识第2讲阅读理解之语言基础（一）一、阅读两大基础：词汇量+语法（长难句）词汇量之扩充手段:前缀和后缀语法突破:简单句并列句复合句特殊结构（倒装，关联结构，比较结构，分割结构，虚拟语气等）二、词汜突破.常见前缀：anti-anti-waranti-wrinklecenti-centigradecentimeterauto-auto-criticismauto-playco-coauthorcoexistbe-befriendbelittlehio-biochemistrybiospheredis-disadvantagedisagreecounter-counterattackcounterrevolutionen-endangerenlargede-decodedevalueex-ex-wifeex-ministerextra-extraordinaryextracurricularfore-forewarnforelegmal-malfunctionmaltreatin-indoorinfixout-outliveoutnumbersuper-supennarketsupernaturalover-overestimateovertimetrans-transplanttransatlanticsub-subtitlesubwaysubsectionre-reuserepay.常见后缀：A.名词后缀-ability,-ibilityable-abilityflexible-flexibility-domfree—freedomking—kingdom-alarrive-arrival refuse-refusal-istsocial-socialistviolin—violinist-ureclose—closureexpose—exposureB.动词后缀-endeep-deepenfast-fasten-ifyclass-classifysimple—simplify-ize,-isemodem—modernizepopular-popularizeC.形容词后缀-able,-iblesuit—suitableadmit—admissible-aleducation—educationalnature-natural-ant,-entdiffer-differentreluct-reluctantD.副词后缀-lyEasy—easilyquick—quickly-wardNorthwardupward三、语法突破：（一）句子基本概念.句子成分的概念句子成分:主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语（同位语和插入语）。其中主语,谓语,宾语和表语是句子的主干。定状补为句子的修饰成分。.简单句基本句型①主语+谓语Thesunrises.②主语+谓语+宾语likeEnglish.③主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语Hetoldmeastory.④主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语Wefoundthisanswerwrong.⑤主语+系动词+表语Thefirststepisalwaysthehardest..复合句的概念并列复合句:是指通过并列连词如and,but,or等连接起来的句子，分句间的关系是平等的。主从复合句:指的是由从属连接词如that,which,how,whether等连接起来的句子。【注】考研中提到的复合句，谓语动词"2,使用连词将v变为从句，分句的丫，留一个真正的V。所以，句子中有n个动词，就有（n-1）个连词（并列连词，或者从属连词）。例：（并歹!J复合句）：Inmanyaspects,theU.S.wasmoresociallytolerantenteringthisrecessionthanatanytimeinitshistory,andavarietyofnationalpollsonsocialconflictsincethenhaveshownmixedresults.（2012英语二text4）（主从复合句）：Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.（2012英语二text2）第3讲 阅读理解之语言基础（二）一、阅读语篇特点：长难句多 语法为基础分析句子给构A.习语格言eg：Itneverrains,butpours.（事态严重:祸不单行:褒义:不鸣则已，一鸣惊人）faithwillmovemountains.OnereapwhathesowsPracticemakesperfectLikefather,likeson.B.各种单一'从句Althoughwarningareoftenappropriate...,itisn'tclearthatC.真正长难句⑴各种从句（定，状，主，表，宾，同位语）（2）特殊结构（插入语,比较结构,强调句，倒装，否定）Unfortunately,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblepolicywhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses,homeworkmaynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent'sacademicgrade.（2012英语二textl）长难句分析步骤：第一步:看简单句还是复合句第二步:若为简单句划出主干,若为复合句,划分主从句。第三步:确定句内定，状,补修饰成分第四步:整合句意，合理理解二、考研阅读长难句结构划分解决理解不到位的问题的根本和关键还是要看结构：简单句:主干结构，然后把相关的定语、状语以及插入语放在该放的位置。复杂句:根据连接词断句，然后分析各个从句的主干结构。【例J1】 Thismoniing,risingabitlate,1quicklygotdressedandwashedmyselfbeforehurryingtotakeataxisoastoavoidbeinglabeledasanMoftenlate"teacher.Beingluckywiththetrafficconditionsoftheday,1wasabletohaveaquickbiteofbreakfastbefore1hadtofinishthemarkingofapileofexercisebooksonwhich1hadalreadyspentadozenhoursandwhichhadtobedistributedtothestudentsinthefirstlesson.可以将文中黑体部分这一结构复杂的句子分拆成四个小句。①Iwasabletohavebreakfast.②Then1hadtofinishmarking(3)1hadalreadyspentmuchtimeontheexercisebooks.④Theexercisebookshadtobedistributedinthefirstlesson.【例2】ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontends/thatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforce/throughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,/inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.句义关系解读：peerpressure ►positivelorce总结:句子切分方法：(1)主干与修饰成分要分开(2)主句与从句要分开(各种从句的引导词是标记)(3)并列成分要分开(and)(4)不定式的符号要分(5)过去分词和现在分词要分开(6)用标点符号拆分氏难句理解要领:抓住句子主干(主，谓，宾)的中心词。再融合定状补这些修饰成分。2012年英语(二)阅读真题长难句解析：Text1：例Butwithhomeworkcountingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiptheirhomeworkandseeverylittledifferenceontlieirreportcards.Text2：例Girl'sattractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,itisnot.Text3：例Criticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents：ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatented；genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyraid's.Text4：伊］TheresearchofTillVonWachter,theeconomistatColumbiaUniversity,suggeststhatnotallpeoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed：thosewithdegreesfromeliteuniversitiescatchupfairlyquicklytowheretheyotherwisewouldhavebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes；itisthemassesbeneaththemthatareleftbehind.第4讲阅读理解设题处（一）1.首段，尾段，段首处,段尾处文章的主题句（要说明的对象或要论证的观点）往往出现在文章的首段或尾段。尾段一般会对全文进行总结，通过一些标志性词汇可以更快找到这些句子。如:allinall,inshort,toconclude,inconsequence,insummary,inaword,asaresult,therefore,accordingly,thus等o例（U-21）ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.44Hooray\Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthat...WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert'sappointmenthas.A.incurredcriticism. B・raisedsuspicion.C.receivedacclaim. D.arousedcuriosity.2.列举处所谓列举指的是通过一系列表示顺承关系的词语逐项列出一些事实或观点。标志性词汇有：first,second,third...；firstly,secondly,thirdly...；finally；firstofall,then,inaddition,further,furthermore,besides,moreover...例（08-29）...threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport'sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor（orhisemployer）topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,...Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredtocoverthecostofitspublication.subscribetothejournalpublishingit.allowotlieronlinejournalstouseitfreely.DOcompletethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.3.例证处一般说明文或议论文都需要一些例子来支持作者的说明和论证，这些例子一般都带有如下标志性词汇:forexample,forinstance,take...asanexample,as,suchas,like等。这些例子一般都与文章的中心思想有密切的联系因此要选与中心思想意义最接近的一项。常用的举例方法有两种:①先提出观点，后举例论证②先列举事实，再做出结论例（11-34）Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleofrespondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.persuadingcustomersintoboycottingeratingwithsupportiveconsumers.takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.4.转折处文章的转折是体现作者观点和文章主题的地方,作者通常使用先抑后扬的办法在转折词后明确提出自己的观点。一些明显的转折词包括:but,however,onthecontrary,yet,asamatteroffact,infact,actually等。转折词前后意思一般是相反的。例（11-40）It'shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous：mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit'sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happinessenhancingparenthoodaren'tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting”the—12—Rachel“mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.5.对比，比较处作者经常会把两个事物，两件事实,两种观点进行对比（相似性，相异性）从而论证自己观点的正确性。表示对比的标志性词语：like,as,incontrast,incomparison,comparedwith等0特别注意:只要文章首段中出现一组对比的概念或事物，此处往往会成为设题点。例（05-21）Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman**,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof**goodsandservices',thanmales.Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies,Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicbyposingacontrast.justifyinganassumption.makingacomparison.explainingaphenomenon.

第5讲阅读理解设题处（二）.因果关系处因果关系往往阐述了两个事物或事实之间的联系，是作者进行分析或得出结论的地方。出题者为了考察学生的逻辑分析能力,经常会把含有因果关系的句子倒过来考。表K因果的词语有：because,becauseof,so,since,thus,therefore,consequently,inconsequence,asaresult,resultfrom,resultin,cause,originatefrom,leadto,attributeto,derivefrom,base,reason,inthat,accountfor,等例（10-39）Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporary7illiquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbankssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanetMinthatthey.misinterpretedmarketpriceindicatorsexaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassetsneglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets..复杂句，特殊句式例（11-32）Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeatureB.randomcompetition.D.flexibilityinorganization.B.randomcompetition.D.flexibilityinorganization.C.strongusertraffic.8.观点总结处例（07-23）Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattlieactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemorydependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.9.引言处说明文或议论文经常引用他人的观点来支持，佐证自己的观点。引文有可能是从正面来支持作者的观点，也有可能是通过对引文进行驳斥而建立或论证自己的观点。因此，引文间接地表达了自己的观点，有一定的隐蔽性。通常也作为出题点考查学生的推理能力和判断能力。例（11-22）...EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert'sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairofthefonnidableconductorabouthim.”TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhoisA.influential. B.modest.C.respectable. D.talented.10.特殊标点处逗号：两个逗号之间的内容，或一个逗号后面的内容,通常起到补充说明第一个逗号之前的内容。冒号：冒号后面的内容通常是用来解释说明前面的内容，例如前面是抽象的概念，后面就对这个概念作具体说明。括号:括号中间的内容通常是用来解释或说明括号前的内容。破折号:两个破折号之间的内容，或者一个破折号后面的内容,通常表示解释说明，—15—或补充说明。引号:表示引用他人的观点，一般从正面或反面支持作者观点。例(08-32)Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients一notably,protein-tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?A.Geneticmodification. B.Naturalenvironment.C.Livingstandards. D.Dailyexercise.11.数字与年代处例(09-26)Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom—oratleastconfirmthathe'sthekid'sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore—andanother$12()togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefbperatingofficerof...Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK's.A.easyavailability B.flexibilityinpricingC.successfulpromotion D.popularitywithhouseholds第6讲 阅读方法与技巧(一)一、阅读方法方法:精读与略读相结合阅读的大忌——试图弄懂文章中的每一个词提高速度——快速阅读法：(1)略读或跳读(Skimmming)即从头到尾寻找重点词、关键句去理解；(2)查读或扫读(Scanning),即在文章特定部分寻找某一线索,就像我们日常阅读电视报当天节目一样较高境界的阅读是把注意力集中在作者的思想上，而不是个别是零碎“单词”上。比如读到but的时候，应当能够“预见”到下一句的意思与上一句的不同，意思相反。L如何积极阅读①把握考研文章的常见展开模式：时间顺序:按时间的先后说明某一理论的发展，某一研究成果由过去至现在的情况。一般到具体:首段做总的说明,其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段观点。具体到一般:前面几段分别说明，末段总结。对比:以进行对比的两个事物之间的基本共同点或差异为主题展开。②把握考研阅读文章常见结构词：A.综述——详述结构词表示综述的词汇：often,generallyspeaking,thus,therefore等；表示详述的词汇：forexample,because等B.分类一列举结构词表示分类的词汇:therearetwo/threetypes等，其特点为“基数词”;表示列举的词汇:first(ly),second(ly),third(ly)...last(示等，其特点为“序数词"或“序数词+lyC.对比——比较结构词表示比较即顺序的词汇:similarly等；表示对比即转折的词汇:however,but等。2.哪些地方可以略读与跳读①繁琐的例证:例子所说明的问题不明白时,可通过细读来理解;若例子所说明的问题比较明了,则例子部分可以一带而过。②并列多项列举:有时，许多相同功能的项目并列列举,那么只读其中一两项就可,无须全读,即使有生词也可略读,不必放在心上。③无关大局的生僻词汇:当有些生词对文章总体把握影响不大时即可略过。④冗长的人名，地名。二、阅读技巧.句子结构分析法：①抓主干。②看标点符号:句号。用来分割句子，以句号为单位,把段分隔成块，逐个击破。逗号。在两个逗号中间是一个补充说明成分时，在阅读过程中可以献跳过去不读。冒号。冒号的后面进一步补充说明前面的内容，冒号的前后有一个从抽象到具体的过程。分号。分号是用来分隔句子的，并列结构:语意上的并列、结构上的并列。破折号。两个破折号之间是补充说明成分，在阅读中可以先不读。引号。引用和讽刺两种作用:A.引用某人的观点（是支持还是反对）；B.用来反讽,讽刺。引用的目的:不论是正面还是反面引述都是为了说明核心概念、中心思想，否则就没有意义。括号。两种作用:补充说明、解释生词。③被动变主动。④消减否定法。⑤重新断句。⑥抓一些重点逻辑关系词：A.解释词:namely（即，也就是）;likewise（同样的）；inotherword（换句话说）；thatistosay（那就是说） B.转折词——目的:体会一种逻辑关系，也是经常出题的地方。but,yet,although,however,incontrast（与之形成对照的是）C.表示结果的词：thus,asaresult,consequenceD.表示递进的词:furthermore,inadditiontoE.表示重要的词:prime（首要的）;aboveall（最重要的）;firstofall第7讲阅读方法与技巧（二）.段落结构分析法：段落常见展开模式：①中心句（段首句）——具体论述②中心句（段首句）——具体论述——中心句（段尾句）如果段首句和段尾句是呼应的话，那么其之间的话必然是支持句，也可能反着说一下，但最终还是支持段首或段首主题句的。③过渡句（段首句）——具体论述④中心句（段首句）——具体论述——转折——具体论述⑤具体论述——中心句（段尾句）⑥句句展开式（无明显主题句）指比较短的段落。如只有三、四行的段落。这样就没有必要在段首给出一个中心，后面再展开。而是直接把事情给描述一下就可以了。段落常见论证方法：A.举例论证：【例1]Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEnglancfsforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography（1947）becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.（para4）【例2】Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon,comreceivedoneforits“one-click“onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.（paral）B.因果论证：[例I]Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert,sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim."AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.(para2)【例2】Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwitlioutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.(para3)C.对比论证：【例1JTheroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional"paid"media-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements一stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned”mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage“owned“mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Infact,thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketing'simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.(paral)【例2】Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn'tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildlrss.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn'thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld：obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapinghaby-sizeholesintheirlives.(para3)第8讲 阅读方法与技巧(三).全篇结构分析法：只有把握作者的写作思路,洞悉文章展开模式,深入理解文章才能轻松准确的答题。①一般来说，任何一篇文章都讲一个主题。②注意抓两类文体:一个是议论文,抓作者中心观点和作者态度；二是说明文，抓住说明的事实及现象。③注意看清楚文章是由几个自然段构成，同时要注意看清楚文章的段落与段落之间是顺承结构还是转折结构。④注意文章的一些固有模式：第一类型:现象解释型:摆出现象一解释原因/阐述后果一总结意义。第二类型:信息传播型：(说明性)事实多，细节详细(人物,地点，时间，情景，特点等)。这类题目若出现观点态度题，一般答案为impartial,objective之类表示客观地形容词。第三类型:观点论证型:(论说文常见模式)G-S(总论一分论)或S-G(分论一总论)第四类型:事实证明型:只有结论，而无个人观点;余者为数据，科学观察，实验结果和引用事实。第五类型：问题解决型:S(situation)—P(problem)—S(solution)—E(evaluation)简称p-s型;在背景陈述部分设题可能性小，即使设题，也只是细节题。在提出问题部分，往往会设与主旨或观点态度相关的题；在问题解决部分和评价部分，可设主旨大意题，细节题或态度题。第六类型:对比/类比型:包括两种观点对比的议论文和两种事物对比的说明文。两种事物/观点的相似比较(2005-textl)两种事物/观点相异比较(1995-passage2)常见模式：1两种观点概述一一种观点一另一种观点；2现象——种事物一另一种事物一得出结论三、阅读小给(一)间搂过程词一句一段一篇1.句子大意:抓主干,中心词,逻辑关系词。—22—.段落大意:抓主题句或通过关键词近义复现现象°例文章中出现“离职，跳槽”相关的词：depart,exitJeave,quit,moveon,quitaseniorposition,leavingwithoutapositionlinedup;同时也出现“高级管理人才”相关的词:president,CEO,chainnan,seniormanagers,deputychiefs,leaders,head,topperformers.通过大量贯穿于全文的主题关键词的复现，可以迅速判断文章主旨:关于高端职场的辞职现象C.篇章大意:各段主题和全文主题词的集合。（二）阅磅原则：原则一:首段原则（文章的必考处。第一段逐字读明白，可以反复和回读）原则二:首末句原则（其余各段的首尾句要细读，其他各句正常阅读即可）原则三:“路标”原则。所谓路标词，就是表示作者思想衔接和转折的功能词汇。这些词附近往往是常见的设题处。如：中心词,转折词，态度词，例证词，列举词。（三）如何提高阅读速度.精读与略读，跳读相结合。.遇到长难句只需分析其主干的关键词之间的关系;遇到有插入语的结构可以略去不看。.遇到和解题信息无关紧要的生词也可忽略，.与题干有紧密联系处及定位语句应精读细看,无关语句或段落可略去不看°（四）阅校能力更击方嚏'.精读已考英语（二）阅读真题12篇，外加近十年英语（一）阅读真题40篇要求做到文章阅读过程中三大标准:①没有一个单词是生词②没有一个长句是难句③每个选项都知道其在原文中的出处,并分析正确选项及错误选项的特点。.总结历年阅读真题中各类学科内容的常见词，并进行分类汇总。.分析真题中具有代表性的各类段落语篇结构，熟悉外刊说明性，评述性等不同文章的行文。.泛读以下外刊近一年的文章:Time,Newsweek,Economist,以便增强背景知识。第9讲 阅读题目类型及命题特点一、题目类型及型分布：考查宏观理解+微观理解(细节信息，抽象语句).主旨大意题5%题干提示词：mainly(discuss,talkabout),besttitle,main(key)i-dea(topic).观点态度题25%题干提示词:attitude,tone,feelabout,hold,viewof.事实细节题45% 题干提示词：what,which,why,who,how,howmany,because,cause,reason,result,mention,notmention,true,nottrue,推理判断题20% 题干提示词:infer,suggest,imply,conclude,show,drawconclusionfrom.语义理解题5%题干提示词：infersto,means,indicate二、阅读理解题目命制特点：.语言简化答案的文字难度一般低于文章本身，这是普遍原则.关键词替换这是出现最频繁的命题原则。一般都会在正确答案中用原文某个关键词的同义词或近义词替换。亦或用高度概括的措辞或不同的句型结构来替代相同的意思。【例1】Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviorsA.isharmfultoournetworksoffriends B.willmisleadbehavioralstudiesC.occurswithoutourrealizingit D.canproducenegativehealthhabits圈点原文：Para5：There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure：weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.例2：AccordingtoParagraph4,EntergyseemstohaveproblemswithitsA.managerialpractices. B.technicalinnovativeness.C.Gnancialgoals. D.businessvision—24—圈，点原文：Para4：EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn'tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy'smanagement-especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.【例3】Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyitsA.uncertaintyandcomplexity. B.misconceptionanddeceptiveness.C.logicalityandobjectivity. D.systematicnessandregularity.圈点原文：ParalIntheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butinth。everydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisin-teq^retation,error,andself-deceptionabound..正话反说：选项用否定的方式（如双重否定句，或者一个否定形式加上另一个否定词如never,none等）来表述文中用肯定方式所表述的内容，两者意思相同。［例］Theauthorassertsthatscientistsshouldn'treplaceMscientificmethod“withimaginativethoughtshouldn'tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethingsshouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournalsshouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings圈点原文：Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofsearch.Ifyoudon'thaveunprediclablethings,youdon'thaveresearch.Scientiststendtofor・getthiswhenwritingtheircut-and・driedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,bulhistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.反话正说：文中用否定的方式表述的内容,选项中用肯定的方式把同样的意思在表达出来。[例1]TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtotheA.turningofthebusinesscycle B.restructuringofind