计算机导论讲

INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,THEINTERNET,ANDYOUL•ThepurposeofthisbookistohelpthestudentbecomecomputerliterateCompetentincomputer-relatedskillsThegoalistobevaluableimmediatelytoapotentialemployer•Chapteronegivesanoverviewofaninformationsystem•Thissystemconsistsofthefollowing:PeopleProceduresSoftwareHardwareDataDefineaninformationsystemSomestudentsmaythinkofasystemaspertainingtojustthehardwareRemindthemthatamicrocomputerispartofaninformationsystemTobecompetentenduser,onemustunderstandtheessentialsofIT•NotethatITstandsforinformationtechnologyPeoplearethemostimportantpartofaninformationsystemOurlivesaretouchedeverydaybycomputersHavestudentsgiveexamplesofhowtheyusecomputerapplicationsthroughoutthedaySomeexamplesare:instantmessagingWeb-basedapplicationspersonalwebsitevirusprotectionTVtunersandvideoclipsdigitalphotographymusichomenetworkingspywarejobopportunities6.EmphasizedifferencesbetweenapplicationandsystemssoftwareSystemsoftwareoperatingsystemutilitiesdevicedrivers•Applicationsoftwaregeneralpurposespecialpurpose7.SoftwareisanothernameforprogramsProgramsareinstructionsthattellthecomputerhowtoprocessdataintotheformyouwantTwomajorkindsofsoftware•SystemNotasingleprogramacollectionofprograms•OperatingsystemsWindowsXPMacOSX•UtilitiesServiceprogramsPerformstasksrelatedtomanagingcomputerresources•Devicedrivers•Application“End-user“software-peoplewhousemicrocomputerorhaveaccesstolargercomputersNearlyeveryoneintoday'sworkforceandgeneralpublichaveaccess,Thesepeopleentercommandsandtypicallyinteractwithapplicationprograms.TwomajorcategoriesGeneral-purposeorbasicprograms;off-the-shelfSpecialized-writtenforanorganization'sorbusinesstype'sspecificpurpose;speciallywrittenExamplesofhardware:Diskdrive,keyboard,printerandmodemaredifferenttypesofcomputerhardware10.Therearefourtypesofcomputers,SupercomputersMainframecomputersMinicomputersMicrocomputersdesktoplaptopornotebooktabletPC,HandheldcomputersPalmcomputersPersonadigitalassistants11.•AboveisanexampleofaCraysupercomputer,which,unliketheillustration,isalwaysinanairconditionedboxThisisrequiredbecauseoftheheatgeneratedduringprocessingAmajorreasonforitsprocessingspeedisshortedconnectionwiresthroughouttheinteriorOfcourse,shorterwiresmeansfasterbytetransfertimesSupercomputersarethemostpowerfultypeofcomputerNASAusessupercomputerstotrackandcontrolspaceexploration12.Mainframesoccupyspeciallywired,air-conditionedroomsNotaspowerfulassupercomputersInsurance,financialandequityindustries,aswellasgovernmentsallprocesslargeamountsofinformationonmainframes13.ThesearerefrigeratorsizedmachinesProductiondepartmentsuseminicomputerstomonitorcertainmanufacturingprocessesandassemblylineoperationsProblemismostcurrentdesktopshavecapacityofmanyminicomputers.14.Leasepowerfulcomputers,butmostwidelyusedFastestgrowingcomputerHavestudentsbegindiscussingthemicrocomputerandwirelessconnectivity15.SystemUnitMemoryCPU•I/ODevicesMonitorsPrinters•SecondaryStorageFloppyHarddriveOpticaldisksMonitorsincludeLCDpanelsandtraditionalCRTs.Currenttrendsregardingmonitors;sizesdependinguponuseofsystem•Communications•Modems-equipmentthattranslatesdatafromtheCPUtoaformhumanscanunderstandUsedtodescribefactsaboutsomethingContainedinfilesfordocuments,worksheetsanddatabasesDocumentfiles-usuallycreatedbywordprocessorsWorksheetfiles-electronicspreadsheetsDatabasefiles-electronicdatabasemanagementprogramsPresentationFiles-electronicslidesshows17.ConnectivityisthecapabilityofyourmicrocomputertoshareinformationwithothercomputersWireless/mobilecommunicationdevicesaremorepopularthaneverAnetworkiscentraltotheconceptofconnectivityAskstudentsquestionsabouttheInternet.Herearesomefacts:NooneownstheInternetThereisnoInternet,Inc.TheInternetisanetworkofnetworksTheWWWprovidesmultimediainterfacetoresourcesontheInternet18.UsinginformationtechnologymeansbeingcomputercompetentTheInternetandtheWebarethetwomostimportanttechnologiesofthe21stcenturySoftwarecannowdoextraordinarytasksMicrocomputersaremorepowerfulSocietymustbecarefulaboutprotectingtheirprivacyAlmostallorganizationsrelyoninformationsystems2.THEINTERNET,THEWEB,ANDELECTRONICCOMMERCE1.AskthestudentswhytheInternetisoftenreferredtoastheInformationSuperhighwayCompetentendusersneedtobeawareoftheresourcesavailableontheInternetandtheWebAskstudentstolisttheresourcestheyuseontheWeb3.Mostdevelopednetworksystemcurrentlyinuse;connectspeopleallovertheworldOriginallystartedin1969whenUSfundedaresearchproject(ARPANET).CERN-CenterforEuropeanNuclearResearchWorldWideWeb(Web)isapartoftheInternet-nottheInternet;introducedin1992byconsortiuminSwitzerland.Originallystartedasresearchandtext-basednetworktoexchangeresearchideasfromuniversitytouniversityDevelopedintoanetworkofnetworksOneofthemostpowerfultoolsofthe21stcentury4.•MostcommonInternetapplications•Communicating-sendinge-mailanddiscussiongroupparticipationYoucanchatlivewithothersAskstudentswhatchatsoftwaretheyuseShopping-fastestgrowingapplicationsSearching-usingvirtuallibraries,Entertainment-increaseduseofDVD;integrationofTVandPCEducationore-learning•Youcantakeclassesonalmostanysubject5.,ThecommonwaytoaccesstheInternetisthroughaproviderorhostcomputerProviders-alreadyconnectedtotheInternet-furnishapathwayforotherusersTypicalprovidersinclude:Collegesanduniversities-usually"free”Internetserviceproviders(ISP)canbelocal(regional)ornationalAskstudentstoidentifyvariousISPsusedintheirenvironment•TypesofprovidersNational-likeAOLRegional-smallerserviceareaWirelessnotelephonelinesusedprovideconnectionthroughwirelessmodemsBrowsersallowyoutosearchorsurftheWebNavigatesearchforinformationandcommunicateusingtheWebUseURL(uniformresourcelocator)toconnecttootherresourcesTwopartstoURL:protocol(usuallyhttp://);secondisdomainnameorserverwhereresourcelocated()•BrowserissoftwarethatallowsuserstonavigatetheWebandreadthemultimediaformattedpagesConnecttoWebsitesusingURLaddresses(uniformresourcelocator)DocumentissenttocomputerusuallycodedinHTML(hypertextmarkuplanguage)orsomevariationInterpretstheHTMLcodesdisplayingpage•MaycontainHyperlinks—allowuserstoquicklyconnecttootherpagesorWebsitesGraphicsText•WebpagescontainlinkstoprogramscalledappletsThesearespecialprogramswritteninaprogramminglanguagecalledJavaTheseprogramscanbequicklydownloadedandrunbymostbrowsersCommunicationsisthemostpopularInternetactivityTypesofcommunications:•E-mailorelectronicmail,TransmissionofelectronicmessagesovertheInternet,Hasthreebasicparts:header,message,andsignature•HeaderAddressSubject—veryimportanttoincludethisinamessageAttachments•Spam-unsolicitede-mail•Distraction,Nuisance,DiscussiongroupsParticipateinforumsanddebatesIncludesmailinglists,newsgroups,chatgroups,andinstantmessagingMailinglists-messageissenttoalistofaddressesNewsgroups-usesaspecialnetworkcalledUseNetChat-allowsdirect,livecommunicationsIRC-InternetRelayChatisaverypopularchatserviceIM-instantmessagingcansendmessagesbackandforthinrealtime•Lurking-thisisatechniqueyoucanusebeforeyouparticipateinadiscussiongroup•Youobserveanddon'tresponduntilyoufeelmorecomfortablewiththegroup•DiscussiongroupsThemostcommonInternetactivityWithInternetaccessandane-mailprogram,onecanreachanybodyintheworldsimilarlyequippedAne-mailmessagehasthreebasicelementsHeader-subject,addressandattachmentsMessageSignatureInternetaddressesusethedomainnamesystem.PersonalInformationManagers-helpsinorganizationandcommunicationwithothersElectronicDaytimers™plusabilitytocommunicatethroughInternet11.Internetusesthedomainnamesystem(DNS),whichgivesnamesandnumberstopeopleandcomputersAddresshasthreepartsUsername-identifiesuniqueuserorcomputerinthedomainDomainname-referencesaspecificorganizationDomaincode-geographicallocationororganizationalidentification,Domainidentification=.com=commercial=.edu=educationandresearch=,org=organizations(usuallynon-profit)=.net=majornetworkcenters(usuallyeasiertoaccessthancommercial)=.gov=government12.•Mailinglistssende-mailtoallmembers.•Signup,MessagessentUnsubscribe•NewsgroupsusetheUsenet.MostpopulardiscussiongroupLocatedonaspecialnetworkcalledUseNet•Chatgroupssupportliveconversations.IRCfavoriteofmanyusersAllow"live"communicationinrealtimeCommunicationbytypedmessages•Lurkingisgood-Readingcommunicationsbeforecontributing•Helpspotentialparticipantsunderstandthecultureofthegroup•Useslists(instantmessaging)toactivatenotificationwhenliveMustjoin,thensignontoparticipateIndividualcommunicationGroupcommunicationUselistsaremoreprivatethanChatgroups13.Askstudentstogiveexamplesoftheeachoftheabovediscussiongroupterms14.SpecializedprogramsthatassistyouinlocatinginformationontheWebandtheInternetSearchservices(providers)helpyoulocateinformation;theymaintainthedatabasethathelpsyougetwhereyouwantSpecialprogramscalledagents,spiders,orbots,continuallylookforinfbandupdatedservicesSearchengines-assistyoutolocateinformation•ExamplesAltaVistaExciteGoogleNorthernLightTeomaYahoo!usekeywordsearch;know“rules"i.e.use+orquotestolookforphrasesratherthanindividualwordsusedirectorysearch-listofcategoriesortopics;alsoknownasindexsearch•Metasearchengines-programsthatautomaticallysubmityoursearchrequesttoseveralsearchenginessimultaneously.15.•Keywordsearch-enterakeywordoraphrase•Returnsanumberofhits,Eachhitincludesahyperlink•DirectorysearchKnownasanindexsearchSelectacategoryortopicthatfitstheinformationyouwant•Note:arecentstudybytheNECResearchInstitutefoundthatanyonesearchengineincludesonlyafractionoftheinformationalsourcesontheWebProgramsthatautomaticallysubmityoursearchrequesttoseveralenginessimultaneouslyTheenginereceivestheresults,eliminatesduplicates,ordershits,andthenprovidestheeditedlisttoyouElectroniccommerceisbuyingandsellingovertheInternetThreebasictypesofelectroniccommerce:businesstoconsumer;consumertoconsumer;andbusinesstobusinessWebstorefrontsarevirtualstoresforB2Ccommerce;justlikebeinginthestoreexceptyoudoitfromhomeWebauctionsgrowinginpopularity;similartotraditionalauctions—nooneseeseachother•Auctionhousesites-merchandisepresentedforauction,Person-personauctionsites-morelikefleamarkets;forumforbuyersandsellerstogatherElectronicpayment-easy,securepaymentmethodChecks-slowestandleastconvenientCreditcards--Easiertoworkwith,SomewhatvulnerabletotheftElectroniccashore-cash-alsoknownascybercashanddigitalcash,Purchasedfromthirdparty(usuallyaspecialbank);MoresecurethancreditcardsVirtualstoresforB2CelectroniccommerceShoppersvisitstoresontheWebtoinspectmerchandiseandmakepurchases19.SimilartoWebtraditionalauctionsBuyersandsellersseldommeetface-to-faceAskthestudentsiftheyhaveeverusedE-bay20.Achallengeisthepaymentforgoods•Shouldbereliable,secure,andfast21.Telnetrunsprogramsonremotecomputers;connecttoanothercomputerandrunprogramsonitFTPtransfersfiles;filetransferprotocol;InternetserviceforfiletransferDownloading-transmittingfilesfromthehosttoclientUploading-transmittingfilesfromtheclienttohostPlug-ins-automaticallyloadedbyandworkwithyourbrowser;AcrobatReader;CosmosfromSiliconGraphics(3-ddisplays);MediaPlayer;QuicktimefromApple;RealPlayer;andShockwavefromMacromediaHelperapplicationsareindependentprogramsexecutedfromyourbrowserdesignedtomaximizeyourefficiencyOff-linebrowsers-Off-linesearchutilities—autosubmityoursearchinfotovarietyofenginesandcreateanindexforyourreview;autosaveHTMLdocstoyourharddriveInformationpushers-Userselectstopicareasorchannelsofinterest•ProgramretrievesrelevantinformationfromtheWebandstoresitforviewingattheconvenienceoftheuserFilters-blockaccesstospecifiedsites;settimelimits22.Internet2isacollaborativeprojectbetweenanassemblyofuniversities,thegovernment,andprivateresourcegroupsFasterdownloadsandlesswaitingtimearesomeoftheadvantages3.BASICAPPLICATIONSOFTWAREThemicrocomputercanhelpyoudomanythings-thinkofitasanelectronictoolTherightkindofsoftwareisneeded4.Usetheapplicationforwhichitwasdesigned:ifyouwanttoprocesstext,useword•Ifneedtosortinformation,usedatabaseratherthanspreadsheetCancreatepublicationswithWord;butpresentationsoftwareanddesktoppublishingsoftwarearedesignedtodothistypeoftaskeasierSpecializedApplicationsCalledspecialpurposeapplicationsCommontypesGraphicsAudio/videoeditorsMultimediacreationWebauthoring5.•Commonfeaturesofsoftware•UserinterfaceGUI-graphicaluserinterfaceMouseandpointerWindowMenusPull-downordropdownmenubarsToolbarsButtonsStandardtoolbars•ReviewthecommontoolbarcommandswithstudentsOpenFileSaveSaveAsPrint•WebBasedApplications•Specialsitescalledapplicationserviceproviders(ASPs)allowaccesstotheirapplicationprogramsASP-ApplicationServiceProviderPayforactualuse• Onlywhenaccessedandused, EliminatesneedtoupgradeOneofthemostflexibleandwidelyusedsoftwaretoolsOneofthefirstprogramsusedbyPCend-usersUsedbymostend-users,Wordwrap-automaticallymovestexttonewlinewhenpriorlineisfull,EnteroverridesandstartsnewlineIncorrectspellingisidentifiedandalternativesofferedIdentifiespoorgrammarandmakessuggestionsQuicklylocatewithsearchorfindcommandsAutomaticupdateofword(s)foundwithnewword10.•ReportfeaturesAutoCorrectFootnoteHeaderorfooter,CaptionsandcrossreferencesTablesAnalyzesandgraphsnumericdaasuchasbudgetsandfinancialreportsElectronicworksheetusedtoorganize,manipulateandgraphdata;alsoknownasworksheetsConsistofgridofnumberedrowsandcolumns12.Valuesarenumbersusedforcalculations;labelsareletters,numbers,orsymbolsusedtorepresenttext(socialsecuritynumber,phonenumber)FormulasarecalculationsusercreatesFunctionsarepredefinedformulascreatedbyspreadsheetWhatifallowsusertocreatedifferentscenariosfordifferentresultsprobablyoneofthemostpowerfultoolsofspreadsheetFeaturesWorksheetsTextentriesFunctionsCellsFormulas14.•FeaturesTitling-makesthecharteasiertoreadCharttypesChart-isbasedonaworksheet,DatalabelsLegendEstablishesastructurefordatastorage,usuallyrelationalusingrelatedtables,sorelateddatacanbeeasilyretrieved;alsoknownasDBMS(databasemanagementssystems)Canedit,retrieve,anddisplayindifferentformats(reportsorforms)MostpopularareMicrosoftAccess,CorelParadox,LotusApproachRelationaldatabasesorganizedataintofields,records,tablesanddatabasesTablescanbelinkedbyakeyfield,onethatiscommontoboththetablesinquestion•Emphasizethestructureofthedatabase-thesmallesttolargestpartofDBMSRelatetotelephonebook(yellowandwhitepagesrepresenttables;entriesineachrepresentfields)PartscatalogFlightschedulesLocateanddisplay-abilitytoquicklylocaterecordsbasedonvariouscriteriaSortandanalyze-rearrangingorcomputationbasedonvariouscriteriaProgramControllanguages-allowsophisticateduserstocommunicatewithmainframedatabases17.ThefirststepistoplanthedatabaseFeaturesPrimarykeyFieldsRecordTableForm18.•FeaturesQueryJoined-tablesarelinkedbyacommonfieldCriteriaSortsReportCreatesinterestingandprofessionalpresentationFeaturesslideswizardscolorschemesslidelayoutsspecialeffectsdesigntemplatesmasterslidesCombinesvarietyofvisualobjectstopresentattractive,professionalpresentationsHelpstokeeppresenterorganized20.ProfessionallydesignedtemplatesandconceivedcolorschemesandstylesAnimationsaddspecialvisualandsoundeffectsDeliverycanbeslides,transparencies,orhandoutsSlideshow-actualpresentationtoaudienceSpeakernotes-alongwithapictureofeachslide,theaudiencereceivesa“notes“areatotherightofeachslideonwhichtheycantakenotesasyougiveyourpresentation•Speakercanhavenotesonslidesthatishiddenfromtheviewer•LinkpartsofyourpresentationtoanotherapplicationoranotherpartofyourpresentationoreventotheWeb.PresentationstyleAutocontentwizardTemplatesDesigntemplatesMasterslideSpecialeffects• Integratedpackagesprovidethefunctionalityofseveralseparateapplicationprogramswithinasingleprogram•Knownaspersonalorhomesoftware,ProvideslimitedcapabilityatalowercostsAdvantagesarecostandsimplicity23.AcollectionofseparateapplicationsbundledandsoldasagroupthatshareinformationbetweenapplicationsLessexpensivethanindividualapplications;butmoreexpensivethanintegratedpackages24.WaystosharedataManytimesitisconvenienttosharedatabetweenapplicationsObjectlinking-afeaturethatmakesiteasytodynamicallyshareandexchangeinformationbetweenapplicationsSourcefile-copyisinsertedinanotherfilecalledthedestinationfileDestinationfile-filereceivingtheobject•Objectembedding-theobjectfromthesourcefileisembeddedoraddedtothedestinationdocumentBecomespartofthedestinationdocumentChangesmadetotheembeddedobjectisnotreflectedintheoriginalsourcefile25.•ObjectLinkingAllowssharingofobjectsbetweenfiles-haveobjectinbothsourceanddestinationapplicationsCanautomaticallyupdatedatafromoneapptoanotherwithproperlink26.•ObjectEmbeddingAddedtoadestinationdocumentwhereyoucanmodifywithoutalteringoriginal(source)documentFilesarenotlinked,soupdateindestinationdoesn'taffectsourcedocumentObjectinembeddedapphaslookandfeelofsourceapplicationCanruntheembeddedfilefromthedestinationdocument27.CanusetheWebtconnecttoanASPandusetheirsoftwareOthersdoalltheadministrativework4.SPECIALIZEDAPPLICATIONSOFTWARE•Competentend-usersneedtobeawareofspecializedapplications•Thesesoftwareproductsmakeitpossibleforpeopletocreatevariousproductsfromhome•Advancedapplicationsusemultimedia,Webauthoring,graphicsprograms,audioandvideoeditingsoftware,andartificialintelligenceDesktoppublishersmixtextandgraphicsImageeditorsmodifybitmapimagefilesIllustratorsmodifyvectorfilesImagegalleriesarelibrariesofelectronicimagesGraphicsuitesbundleseparateprograms•Theseprogramsallowyoutocreatedocumentssuchasbrochures,newsletters,newspapers,andtextbooksKnownaspaintprogramsBitmapimagesusethousandsofdotscalledpixelstorepresentimages7.KnownasdrawingprogramsUsedtocreatevectorimagesVectorisanothercommontypeofgraphicfileWhilebitmapimagesusepixels,vectorillustrationsusegeometricshapesTheseobjectsarecreatedbyconnectinglinesandcurvesImagegalleriesarelibrariesofelectronicimagesTypesofelectronicimagesStockphotograph-photographsonavarietyofsubjectmaterialsClipart-graphicillustrationsrepresentingawiderangeoftopics•Mostapplicationsprovidealimitedselectionoffreeclipart9.TherearemanyWebimagegalleriesSomeofferfreeimagesandclipart,whileotherschargeafee10.ThesesuitescombineseveralgraphicprogramsintoonepackageforalowercostCorelDrawGraphicsSuiteincludesfiveindividualCorelgraphicsprogramsplusclipart,mediaclips,andfonts11.DigitalvideoeditingsoftwaremakesiteasytomakedigitalvideointoprofessionalqualityhomemoviesYoucancreateandedityourownmoviesVideoReorganizeandaddeffectstofootageAssembleandedithomemovies•AudioCreateandeditaudioclipsAddaudioeffectsFilteroutpopsorscratches12.•Multimediapresentationscanincludeavarietyofmediaandshouldincludeinteractivity•Interactivityallowstheusertochoosetheinformationtoview,tocontrolthepaceandflowofinformation,andtorespondtoitemsandgivefeedbackPagesarelinkedbybuttonsMultimediaisusedinvideogames,Webpresentations,andevenwordprocessingdocumentsAskstudentstogiveexamplesofhowmultimediaisusedinbusinessandeducation13.Linksareconnectionstorelatedinformation•Canbevideo,sound,graphics,ortextfiles,Buttonsarespecialareasthatprovidenavigation14.Plan-determinetheobjectiveoftheprojectDesign-createastoryboardfortheproject•Storyboardisadesigntoolusedtorecordtheintendedoveralllogic,flow,andstructureofamultimediapresentationCreate-useanauthoringtooltocreateinteractivemultimediapresentationsSupport-evaluateeffectiveness,identifyerrors,andrevisetheprojectasneeded15.CreatingaWebsiteiscalledWebauthoringItiseasytocreateWebpageswiththemanyWebauthoringprogramsthatareavailableApopularWebsiteisaWeblogWeblogsareWebpageswithdatedpostingslikeabulletinboardAskstudentsaboutusingWeblogs16.TheseprogramsprovidesupportforWebsitedesignandHTMLcodingWithoutknowingHTML,youcancreateaWebpageusingoneoftheseprograms17.ArtificialintelligenceisafieldofcomputerscienceMimicsorsimulateshumansenses,thoughtprocesses,andactionsIncludesreasoning,learningfrompastactions,andusingsensessuchasvisionandtouchKnownasVR,virtualrealitysimulatesrealityin3-DVRMLisusedtocreatereal-timeanimated3-DscenesManysitesexistontheWebwithvirtualrealityapplications19.Thesesystemsuseadatabase,orknowledge-basedsystemthatcontainsfacts,rulestorelatethesefacts,anduserinputtoformulaterecommendationsanddecisionsFuzzylogicallowsuserstorespondtoquestionsinaveryhumanlikewayThesesystemsareusedinareassuchas:MedicineGeologyArchitectureNature20.Robotsareusedinfactories,manufacturing,homesecurity,themilitary,andmanyotherfieldsofhumanendeavorCanbeprogrammedtodomorethatonetaskOftenusedtohandledangerous,repetitivetasksTypesofrobots,Perception-imitatesomeofthehumansensesIndustrial-performtasksMobile-actastransportTheSayarobotishopedtobeusedasacommunicationdevicesimilartoaWebcamResearchisbeingdoneongivingrobotsasenseofvaluesSYSTEMSOFTWARELSystemsoftwarehandlesbehindthescenesactivitiesthatwedon'tusuallythinkaboutTheseincludetaskssuchas:LoadingandrunningprogramsCoordinatingnetworksthatshareresourcesOrganizingfilesProtectingcomputersfromvirusesSystemsoftwareisnotasingleprogrambutisacollectionofprogramsthathandlehundredsoftechnicaldetailsEn-usersfocusonapplicationprogramsmorethanthesystemsoftware,butitisimportanttounderstandhowsystemsoftwareworks•Resources•coordinateinputandoutputssuchaskeyboard,microphones,printers,mouse,storagedevicesandmemory•Userinterfaceprimarilygraphicaluserinterface(GUI)useoficons•Applicationswordprocessingspreadsheetsdatabasessupportingmultitasking•Windowsmostpopularoperatingsystem•Windows95,Windows98,Windows2000,WindowsME,Windows2002,WindowsXPMACOS-designedtorunMacintoshcomputersUnix-usedbypowerfulmicrocomputers,serversontheWeb,andminicomputersinnetworkenvironmentLinux-non-proprietaryoperatingsystemsthatrunscrossplatform•BootingistheprocessofstartingacomputerWarmboot-computerisalreadyonandyourestartitwithoutturningoffthepowerColdboot-startsacomputerthathasbeenturnedoffOperatingsystemissometimescalledthesoftwareenvironmentorplatformMostareproprietary-ownedandlicensedbyacorporationNon-proprietary-sourcecodeisavailabletothepublic, Calledopensource, LinuxisanopensourceprogramNotethatLINUXeasiertolearn;easilytransfertoUNIXUNIXoriginallydesignedforcross-platformtohelp“integrate“theWeb9.Windowshasover80percentofthemarketMoreapplicationprogramsaredesignedtorununderWindows10.Firstintroducedin1984ProvidedoneofthefirstGUIsPowerfulandeasytouseoperatingsystemMacOSXprovidesphotoqualityiconsandeasytousemenus11.UNIXUsedbypowerfulmicrocomputersandbyserversontheWebTherearealargenumberofdifferentversionsofUNIXLINUXisoneofthemostpopularandpowerfulalternativestotheWindowsoperatingsystemUtilities-specializedprogramsdesignedtomakecomputingeasierHarddiskcrashesAntivirusprogramsComputerfreeze-upsDecreaseoperationslow-downs13.TheseutilitiescanbeaccessedfromtheSystemToolsmenuBackup-makesacopyofallfilesorselectedfilesDiskCleanupUsedfortroubleshootingIdentifiesandeliminatesunneededfilesontheharddisk•DiskDefragmenterLocatesandeliminatesunnecessaryfragmentsRearrangesfilesandunusedspace14.Ifyoubackupyourfiles,youcanprotectyourdatafromtheeffectsofadiskfailure15.WhenyousearchtheWeb,avarietyofprogramsandfilesaresavedtoyourharddriveUsediskcleanuptoridoftheseunnecessaryfiles16.DiskDefragmentershouldberunonyourcomputeroftenSomeen-usersrunthisutilityprogramdaily,whilesomerunitonceaweek17.NortonUtilitiesAntiVirus,Cleansweep,CrashGuardWebServicesConnectionKeepAliveGoBackPersonalEdition•McAfee•Similarprograms•Devicedrivers-programsthatworkwithoperatingsystemtoallowcommunicationbetweendevice(s)andrestofphysicalsystemComputersmaybeabletofixthemselvesinthefutureAutonomiccomputingisasystemthatallowsmachinestorunwithlittlehumanintervention6.THESYSTEMUNIT•Whyaresomecomputersmorepowerfulthanothers?Speed,CapacityFlexibility•CompetentendusersneedtounderstandthefunctionalityofthebasiccomponentsintheSystemun