考研考博-英语-宿迁泽达职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宿迁泽达职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Atfirst,theresultsoftheexperimentseemed（）butfinallyapatternemerged.

问题1选项

A.fine

B.grave

C.genuine

D.haphazard

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。句意：起初，实验结果似乎是偶然的，但最终出现了一种模式。因此选D。

2.单选题

Language,culture,andpersonalitymaybeconsidered（）ofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.

问题1选项

A.indistinctly

B.separately

C.irrelevantly

D.independently

【答案】D

【解析】句意:语言，文化和个性也许会被认为在思想上是相互独立的，但事实上他们是密不可分的。

考查副词辨析。indistinctly不清楚地，模糊地；separately分别地，个别地；irrelevantly不相干地，不合适地；independently独立地，其形容词形式independent搭配of，表示独立于…的。根据后文的but以及theyareinseparable(他们是密不可分的)可知空格处应该填入与之相对比的词，即可知D项正确。

3.单选题

Despitethegeneralnegativefindings,itisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonality,characteristics,ageatthetimeofdivorce,andgender.Intermsofpersonality,whencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasy-going,childrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorce,asindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stress,suchasthatfoundindisruptedfamilies,seemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundings,thegreatertheamountofstress,thelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrast,amoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasy-going,relaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity.

Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.Asthechildgrowsolder,thegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelings,anunderstandingofthosefeelings,andarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbedistributedtoanyonesimplecause.Self-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6,fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8,andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshame,anger,andself-reflection.

Genderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorce.Theimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressive,lesscompliant,havegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationships,andexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermore,theadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce.Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedout,andareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.However,newproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.Howcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplained?Thegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermore,boysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-control,aswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.Finally,boysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsare,andafterthebreakup,boysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothers,teachers,orpeers.

1.Itishardfortemperamental,irritablekidstoadapttoparentaldivorcebecause（）.

2.ThefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT（）.

3.Whydoesparentaldivorcehavegreatereffectsonboysthanongirlsaccordingtotheauthor?

4.Whatdoesthepassagemainlyconveytothereaders?

问题1选项

A.theyaretoomuchdisruptedbythelifechange

B.thefamilybreakupmakesthemfeelverysensitive

C.thegreatstressoftheirfamiliesdiminishestheirability

D.theyencountermoreparents’fightsthantheeasy-goingchildren

问题2选项

A.asix-year-oldboymayfeelbeingdesertedbyhisparents

B.divorceisusuallycausedbymorethanonereason

C.ayounggirlmayfeelmoreshamefulonparentaldivorcethananolderboy

D.asthekidsgrowolder,theyhaveabetterunderstandingofdivorce

问题3选项

A.Becauseallculturestoleratemaleaggressionandnoncompliance.

B.Becauseboysarebasicallymoreself-disciplinedthangirls.

C.Becausemalesareusuallyviewedasthemodelsinself-control.

D.Becauseboysarealwaysinvolvedintheirparents’fights.

问题4选项

A.Kidsofdifferentagesbehavedifferentlyfacingparentaldivorce.

B.Theimpactofdivorceonkidsvariesinpersonality,ageandgender.

C.Boysmaybecomemoreaggressivethangirlsindisruptedfamilies.

D.Parentaldivorcehasanegativeeffectonchildrenallthroughtheirlives.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】第1题:1.根据第一段第三句“...childrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorce,asindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.”喜怒无常和易怒的孩子更难以面对父母离异，因为他们确实更难以适应生活的变化。选项A符合原文。

2.根据第二段最后一句“theconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshame,anger,andself-reflection.”年幼孩子的困惑和恐惧被年长孩子的羞愧、愤怒和自我反省所取代。选项C正好与之相反，所以不正确。

3.根据第三段的内容可知，父母离异对男孩的影响比女孩大是因为在我们的文化中，容忍和鼓励男性具有攻击性和桀骜不驯，选项A中的“allcultures”表述不正确;此外，男孩可能特别需要树立一个强大的自律的男性形象，也需要父母严格自律；最后，男孩比女孩更容易受到父母争吵的影响，而在父母离异后，男孩比女孩更不容易得到母亲、老师或同龄人的同情和支持。选项B在文中没有提及;选项D不符合原文，只有选项C符合原文，所以本题选C。

4.结合文章内容可知，首段一二句为本文的主旨句，所有经历过父母离异的孩子会有不同的行为方式，具体的行为取决于孩子的个性、特征、父母离异时的年龄和性别。选项B正确。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

4.单选题

Britishfoodhasagoodreputation,butEnglishcookinghasabadone.Itisdifficulttoexplainthereasonforthis.Unfortunately,however,superbrawingredientsareoftenminedfromthekitchensothattheycometothetablewithoutanyofthenaturalflavorandgoodness.

ThisbadreputationdiscouragesalotofpeoplefromeatinginanEnglishrestaurant.Iftheydogotoone,theyareusuallyfullofprejudiceagainstthefood.Itisapity,becausethereareexcellentcooksinEngland,excellentrestaurants,andexcellenthome-cooking.How,then,hasthebadreputationbeenbuiltup?

PerhapsonereasonisthatBritain’sIndustrialRevolutionoccurredveryearly,inthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Asaresult;thequalityoffoodchangedtoo.ThiswasbecauseBritainstoppedbeingalargelyagriculturalcountry.Thepopulationofthetownsincreasedenormouslybetween1840and1870,andpeoplecouldnolongergrowtheirownfood,orbuyitfleshfromafarm.Hugequantitiesoffoodhadtobetakentothetowns,andalotofitlostitsfreshnessontheway.

Thislackoffreshnesswasdisguisedby“dressingup”thefood.Therichmiddleclassesate16ngelaboratemealswhichwerecookedforthembyFrenchchefs.Frenchbecame,andhasremained,theofficiallanguageofthediningroom.Out-of-seasondelicacieswereservedinspiteoftheirexpense,fortherewerealargenumberofextremelywealthypeoplewhowantedtoestablishthemselvessocially.The“look”ofthefoodwasmoreimportantthanitstaste.

Inthe1930s,thesupplyofservantbegantodecrease.Peoplestilltriedtoproducecomplicateddishes,however,buttheyeconomizedonthepreparationtime.TheSecondWorldWarmadethingsevenworsebymakingrawingredientsextremelyscarce.Asaresult,thereweremanywomenwhoneverhadtheopportunitytochooseapieceofmeatfromawell-stockedbutcher’sshop,butwerecontentandgratefultoacceptanythingthatwasofferedtothem.

FoodrationingcontinuedinBritainuntiltheearly1950s.Itwasonlyafterthishadstopped,andbutter,eggsandcreambecamemoreplentiful,anditwaspossibletotravelabroadagainandtasteotherwaysofpreparingfood,thattheEnglishdifferencetoeatingbecamereplacedbyanewenthusiasmforit.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,itisdifficulttoexplain（）.

2.ThenegativeeffectofBritain’sIndustrialRevolutiononEnglishcookingisthat（）.

3.AsaresultoftheIndustrialRevolution,（）.

4.TheSecondWorldWarworsenedtheproblembecause（）.

5.AnewenthusiasmforeatingemergedinBritain（）.

问题1选项

A.whyexcellentingredientsarespoiledintheprocessofcooking

B.whypeopledonotlikeEnglishcooking

C.whyBritishfoodoftenhasanaturalflavor

D.whypeoplepreferhome-cookingtoreadymadefood

问题2选项

A.thepopulationinthecountrysidedecreaseddramatically

B.peoplenolongergrewtheirownfoodontheirownfarms

C.thefreshnessoffoodwaslostonthewaytothecities

D.Britainwasnolongeranagriculturalcountry

问题3选项

A.moreattentionwasgiventothelookofthefood

B.FrenchbecametheofficiallanguageinEnglishrestaurants

C.alargenumberofextremelywealthypeopleateinFrenchrestaurants

D.out-of-seasondelicaciesbecameveryexpensive

问题4选项

A.therewasanincreasingdemandforservants

B.therewasalackofrawingredientsupply

C.manywomenrefusedtochoosemeatfrombutcher’sshops

D.FrenchchefsdominatedEnglishrestaurants

问题5选项

A.whenmanywomenfinallyhadtheopportunitytopurchasefleshmeatfromawell-stockedbutcher’sshop

B.whenbutter,eggsandcreambecameavailable

C.whenpeoplestartedtravelingtoothercities

D.aftertheearly1950s

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据第一段的一二句“Britishfoodhasagoodreputation,butEnglishcookinghasabadone.Itisdifficulttoexplainthereasonforthis.”可知，很难解释的是为什么人们不喜欢英国的烹饪。选项B符合原文。

2.根据关键词“IndustrialRevolution”定位到第三段，根据本段内容可知，英国工业革命对英国烹饪产生的一个负面影响是“Hugequantitiesoffoodhadtobetakentothetowns,andalotofitlostitsfreshnessontheway.”大量的食物被运到城镇，食物在运输的过程中不再新鲜。选项C符合原文。

3.根据第四段最后一句“The“look”ofthefoodwasmoreimportantthanitstaste.”工业革命使得人们更注重食物的外观而不是口感。选项A符合原文。

4.根据关键词“TheSecondWorldWar”定位到倒数第二段第三句“TheSecondWorldWarmadethingsevenworsebymakingrawingredientsextremelyscarce.”二战使得原材料极度匮乏，情况更加糟糕。选项B符合原文。

5.根据最后一段的内容可知，在1950年以后，英国出现了一种新的饮食热潮。选项D正确。

5.单选题

Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealties.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.

Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirsnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutedtheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback-aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.

Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen-andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent-andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance-havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.

Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.

1.Today’sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat（）

2.AsaresultofPresentBush’sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave（）

3.Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill（）

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）

5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?

问题1选项

A.thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.

B.theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.

C.theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.

D.theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.

问题2选项

A.ahighersenseofsecurity.

B.lesschancetoinvest.

C.lesssecuredpayments.

D.aguaranteedfuture.

问题3选项

A.helpreducethecostofhealthcare.

B.popularizeamongthemiddleclass.

C.increasethefamilies’investmentrisk.

D.compensateforthereducedpensions.

问题4选项

A.financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks.

B.financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.

C.themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenge.

D.financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.

问题5选项

A.TheMiddleClassontheAlert

B.TheMiddleClassinConflict

C.TheMiddleClassontheCliff.

D.TheMiddleClassinRuins.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。题干询问“现如今这种双收入家庭面临更大财务危险的原因”。由原文前两段可知：由于经济原因，现在夫妻双方都要出去找工作。而以前，妻子一般在家操持家务，即使丈夫万一生病或失业了，妻子也可以出去找工作帮助家庭度过难关。但现在这种备选方案无用了，因此双收入家庭更容易受到家庭经济变化的影响。故本题正确答案为D选项。

2.细节事实题。根据原文第三段可知，在去年的大多数时间里，布什总统一直致力于将社会保险体制转变为一种储蓄存款账户模式，要求退休人员将大多数或全部有保障的收入变成必须依靠投资收益的收入，对年轻家庭来说情况也好不到哪去。医疗的绝对费用和家庭必须承担的份额都在上升。所以，退休人员的可靠收入可能更少。故本题正确选项为C项。

3.推理判断题。根据原文第三段“...newlyfashionablehealth-savingplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare”可知，医疗费用节约计划将增加家庭投资风险，可判断C项正确。A项和D项在原文中并未提及，属于无中生有。原文提到这个计划正在从上层立法院大厅到底层沃尔玛超市员工之间广泛开展，但并不能得出在中产阶级中间得以推广，故B项不正确。因此本题正确答案为C选项。

4.推理判断题。题干询问由最后一段可以看出什么。由最后一句“Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.”可知，作者认为（美国）经济已经开始滑落，那政治上的滑落应该也不远了。因此可以推断，作者认为经济问题可能会引发政治问题。故本题正确答案为B。

5.主旨判断题。题干询问哪一项最适合作为文章题目。文章第一段介绍了中产阶层可能在几个月之内衰败成一个新的贫困家庭，后文随即介绍了造成这种现状的原因，所以本文主要讲述的是中产阶级面临穷困问题的现象。因此，本题正确答案为C选项。

6.单选题

Thecitywasvirtuallyparalyzedbythetransitstrikeforbetterwages.

问题1选项

A.subjectively

B.imaginably

C.positively

D.practically

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词辨析。Virtually表示“事实上，几乎”；A项subjectively“主观地，臆想地”，B项imaginably“可想象地”，C项positively“积极地”，D项practically“实际上，几乎”。句意：因为公交车司机要求涨薪的大罢工，这座城市陷入瘫痪。根据句意可知D项正确。

7.单选题

Today,houseworkhasbeenmademucheasierbyelectrical（）.

问题1选项

A.facilities

B.appliances

C.instruments

D.equipment

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项facility（其复数形式为facilities）“设施；设备；容易”；B选项appliances“器械，装置；家用电器”；C选项instrument“仪器；工具”；D选项equipment“设备，装备；器材”。句意：如今，家务已因家用电气而变得更容易。根据句中“housework家务”可知“家用电器”符合语境，因此B选项正确。

8.单选题

Theshipwas（

）inastormoffJamaica.

问题1选项

A.drowned

B.immerged

C.wrecked

D.submitted

【答案】C

【解析】drown淹死，溺死；immerge浸入，浸没；wreck失事；submit使服从。句意：这艘船在离开牙买加的时候，在暴风雨中失事了。选项C符合句意。

9.单选题

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofsocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroup,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon；rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT

3.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inparagraphtwo,theauthorismakingthepointthat

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraphtwo?

5.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson

问题1选项

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups

问题2选项

A.recruitment.

B.formalelectionprocess.

C.specificleadershiptraining.

D.traditionalculturalpatterns.

问题3选项

A.fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders'

B.thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist.

C.“naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup.

D.“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.

问题4选项

A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderofanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

问题5选项

A.ensuringharmoniousrelationship.

B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers.

C.identifyingnewleaders.

D.achievingagoal.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章第一句，“thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofsocial…”，开篇点题，在美国有很多种方式成为某个团体的领导者。所以主要阐述不同领导者在社会中的角色。选项D符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，在家庭、友谊小组或更大的群体中，领导产生的方式不相同，探讨了每一种团体的领导产生方式。选项C符合题意。

3.信息推断题。根据文章第二段，“decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”，数十年都没有充足的证据来证明存在“天生领导者”，选项B符合题意。

4.信息推断题。考查对第二段文意的理解。文中提到只要一个人有特定的资质就能成为领导人。根据文章“anypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup”，可以成为特定团体的领导者。选项A符合题意。

5.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“…maydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.”，“…iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,…”根据这两句可以得出，工具性领导者更加注重目标一些。选项D符合题意。

10.单选题

Thenewtechnologywillgreatly（）foodproductioninChinatofeedmorepeopleonsuchdenselypopulatedland.

问题1选项

A.boom

B.bound

C.boost

D.bounce

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。C选项boost“促进”正确；A选项boom“使兴旺”；B选项bound“界限”；D选项bounce“跳”。本句表示“这项新技术将大大提高中国的粮食产量，在人口如此密集的土地上养活更多的人”粮食产量需要提高和促进。因此C选项符合题意。

11.翻译题

贯穿我们整个历史，我们一直在考察星星，思考人类是否是唯一的高级生命，还是也许在黑暗的夜空某一处，还有其他生命，宇宙中同辈思想家，也和我们一样在思考和在怀疑。这类生命可能不同于我们看待他们自己和宇宙。那里也许会有异乎寻常的生物学、技术和社会。在这人们难以想象的广袤而古老的宇宙苍穹中，我们是有点孤寂，我们思考着我们小而精微的蓝色星球的最终意义，假如有意义的话。探索来自外星的信息就是为人类探索能接受的宇宙渊源背景。从深层意义上说，探索外星的信息就是探索我们自己。随着人们越来越投身于这一严肃的探索事业，一个稍带否定含义但很有趣的音符出现了。最近，有一些科学家提出一个难以解释的问题：如果外星来的信息量很大，那我们为什么没有看出其表现的形式呢？

【答案】【参考译文】

Throughallofourhistory,wehaveponderedthestarsandmusedwhetherhumanityisuniqueorifsomewhereelseinthedarkofthenightsky,thereareotherbeingswhocontemplateandwonderaswedo,fellowthinkersinthecosmos.Suchbeingsmightviewthemselvesandtheuniversedifferently.Theremightbeveryexoticbiologyandtechnologyandsociety.Inacosmicsettingvastandoldbeyondordinaryhumanunderstanding,wearealittlelonely,andwepondertheultimatesignificance,ifany,ofourtinybutexquisiteblueplanet.Thesearchforextraterrestrialintelligenceisthesearchforgenerallyacceptablecosmiccontextforthehumanspecies.Inthedeepestsense,thesearchforextraterrestrialintelligenceisasearchforourselves.Alongwiththegrowingdedicationtoaserioussearch,aslightlynegativenotehasmergedwhichisneverthelessveryinteresting.Afewscientistshavelatelyaskedacuriousquestion:ifextraterrestrialintelligenceisabundant,whyhavewenotalreadyseenitsmanifestations?

12.单选题

SectionA

Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.

SectionB

Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.

SectionC

Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.

SectionD

Governmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.

Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.

Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.

SectionE

Inpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoun