考研考博-英语-山东司法警官职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东司法警官职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.

Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultoawoman.

Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.

Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.

Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.

Whyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeable?Anattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thus,anattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobs,butanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthe“masculine”qualitiesrequired.

Thisistrueeveninpolitics.“Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelooks,peopletreatmenandwomendifferently,”saysAnneBowman,whorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographs,oneofmenandoneofwomen,inorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagain,intheordertheywouldvoteforthem.

Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemen,butthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes.

1.Theword“liability”(Line5,Para.1)mostprobablymeans“______”.

2.Intraditionallyfemalejobs,attractiveness______.

3.Bowman’sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness______.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople’sviewsonbeautyareoften______.

5.Theauthorwritesthispassageto______.

问题1选项

A.misfortune

B.instability

C.disadvantage

D.burden

问题2选项

A.reinforcesthefemininequalitiesrequired

B.makeswomenlookmorehonestandcapable

C.isofprimaryimportancetowomen

D.oftenenableswomentosucceedquickly

问题3选项

A.turnsouttobeanobstacletomen

B.affectsmenandwomenalike

C.hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwomen

D.ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowomen

问题4选项

A.practical

B.prejudiced

C.old-fashioned

D.radical

问题5选项

A.discussthenegativeaspectsofbeingattractive

B.giveadvicetojob-seekerswhoareattractive

C.demandequalrightsforwomen

D.emphasizetheimportanceofappearance

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.【选项释义】

1.Theword“liability”(Line5,Para.1)mostprobablymeans“______”.

1.单词“liability”（第1段第5行)最有可能是“______”的意思。

A.misfortuneA.不幸

B.instabilityB.不稳定

C.disadvantageC.缺点

D.burdenD.负担

【考查点】词汇推断题

【解题思路】第一步：句中前后信息衔接，第一段“文章开头讲了许多漂亮在工作，生活中的优点，但最后发生了转折：Butintheexecutive（主管的）circle,beautycanbecomealiability．“在管理圈内，漂亮有可能变为不利”，前面的内容是说美能够带来的好处，比如让咨询师给出更好的建议，让法官轻判，后面单词与前面形成转折，所以可以排除A、B选项。第二步，上下文语义衔接，下文第三段中有提到“他们的成功不是归功于能力，而是运气等因素（nottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.）”，就是因为美丽所以导致人们带有色眼镜看自己，这使自己无形之中形成了缺点，所以答案选C选项。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“不幸”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

B选项“不稳定”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

D选项“负担”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

2.【选项释义】

2.Intraditionallyfemalejobs,attractiveness______.2.在传统的女性工作中，吸引力______。

A.reinforcesthefemininequalitiesrequiredA.巩固了带有女性特征的品质

B.makeswomenlookmorehonestandcapableB.让女人看起来更诚实、更有能力

C.isofprimaryimportancetowomenC.对妇女至关重要

D.oftenenableswomentosucceedquicklyD.常使妇女迅速成功

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第六段第二句：“有魅力的女性在传统的属于女性的工作中具有优势，但是一个漂亮的女人在传统的男性工作中似乎缺乏所需的‘男性’素质”；第二步，综合理解，这里可知D选项“常使妇女迅速成功”正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“巩固了带有女性特征的品质”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

B选项“让女人看起来更诚实、更有能力”，定位到第五段第一句“让女人看起来更诚实、更有能力”，所有不漂亮的女性高管都被认为比漂亮的女性高管更正直，更有能力，所以B选项错误，这里属于反向干扰；

C选项“对妇女至关重要”，文章没有提及吸引力对女性很重要，反而暗含着漂亮对女性是个阻碍，C选项属于无中生有。

3.【选项释义】

3.Bowman’sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness______.

3.鲍曼的实验表明，当涉及到政治时，吸引力______。

A.turnsouttobeanobstacletomenA.对男人来说是阻碍

B.affectsmenandwomenalikeB.对男人和女人都有同样的影响

C.hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwomenC.对男人和女人的影响一样小

D.ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowomenD.对女性来说，更多的是一个障碍而不是一个好处

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】第一步，寻找精准定位，定位到最后一段第一句“结果显示，有魅力的男性完全击败（utterlydefeated）了没有魅力的男性，但被评为最有魅力的女性得到的选票总是最少的（thefewestvotes）”，第二步，综合理解，从这句可知魅力对男性有积极影响，对女性有消极影响，所以答案选D选项“对女性来说，更多的是一个障碍而不是一个好处”。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“对男人来说是阻碍”，见正确选项解析，这里属于反向干扰；

B选项“对男人和女人都有同样的影响”见正确选项解析，这里属于反向干扰；

C选项“对男人和女人的影响一样小”见正确选项解析，这里属于反向干扰。

4.【选项释义】

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople’sviewsonbeautyareoften______.

4.从文章中可以推断出，人们对美的看法通常是______。

A.practical

A.实用的

B.prejudicedB.偏见的

C.old-fashionedC.老套的

D.radicalD.激进的

【考查点】观点态度题

【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到第五段第二句话“然而，有趣的是，相比于漂亮的女人，长相平平的女人一夜之间获得成功更多地归功于人际关系，而不是能力”和第六段第一句“为什么人们认为漂亮的女人没有能力（notbeable）?”第二步，概括理解，从这句可知在大众眼里漂亮的女人更可能是个花瓶，她们的成功是靠自己的外貌，但其实事实恰恰相反，所以答案选B选项。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“实用的”，见正确选项解析，这里属于反向干扰；

C选项“老套的”，见正确选项解析，这里属于反向干扰；

D选项“激进的”，见正确选项解析，这里属于反向干扰。

5.【选项释义】

5.Theauthorwritesthispassageto______.

5.作者写这篇文章是为了______。

A.discussthenegativeaspectsofbeingattractiveA.讨论有吸引力的负面因素

B.giveadvicetojob-seekerswhoareattractiveB.给有吸引力的求职者建议

C.demandequalrightsforwomenC.要求妇女享有平等权利

D.emphasizetheimportanceofappearanceD.强调外观的重要性

【考查点】主旨大意题

【解题思路】梳理各段核心句

第一段：最后一句“但在行政圈子里，美貌可能成为一种负担（liability）。”，这句是转折句，引出下文；

第二、三、四段：只有一句话，都是讲在行政圈里，魅力对男性的好处，对女性的坏处；

第五段：第一句“所有不漂亮的女性高管都被认为比漂亮的女性高管更正直，更有能力。”，这段讲有魅力的女性所受到的歧视；

第六段：第一句，“为什么人们认为漂亮的女人没有能力？”，这段解释了为什么人们会认为漂亮的女人没有能力；

第七段：第一句，“即使在政治领域也是如此”，这段讲述了一个关于男女性魅力的实验；

第八段：只有一句话，讲述的是实验结果，实验结果进一步印证了魅力对男性的好处，对女性的坏处。

综上所述，作者写文章的主要目的是A选项“讨论有吸引力的负面因素”。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“给有吸引力的求职者建议”，文章没有给出建议，这里属于无中生有；

C选项“要求妇女享有平等权利”，文章没有提到平等，这里属于无中生有；

D选项“强调外观的重要性”，文章第一段有提到外观的重要，但不是文章的重点，这里属于以偏概全。

2.单选题

Tom,diditever（

）toyouthatyouwouldbepunishedforcheatingonexams?

问题1选项

A.happen

B.occur

C.reflect

D.strike

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。happen“发生,碰巧”；occur“发生，出现”；reflect“反应”；strike“撞击；罢工”。句意：汤姆，你是否曾想过会因为考试作弊受到处罚呢？occurto“想起，突然想起”。选项B符合题意。

3.不定项选择题

Whathappensifpeopledonottakeintoaccountthecultureofthecountriestheyaredealingwith?Herearesomeexamples.

Mr.Byrdwashiredbyawell-knownAmericancorporationtobeits“maninRiyadh”,SaudiArabia.HewenttothehomeofaSaudi,Mr.Fouad,totrytointeresthiminparticipatinginalocaljointventurewithhiscompany.Asthiswasafirstmeeting,themen’sconversationbeganwith“Howareyoudoing?How’syourfamily?Andhowisyourfather?”thatmadeMr.Byrdalittleimpatient.Mr.Byrd,familiarwiththeseobligatoryformalitiesofgreeting,answered“Fine,myfather,yes,well,heisfine.IsawhimafewmonthsagoduringChristmaswhenwetookhimoutofthenursinghomeforafewdays.”

Fromthatpointeverythingfrozeup.Mr.Byrd’smissionwascompletelyderailedbecausewhileMr.Fouadremainedgraciousenough,hewasobviouslyuninterestedindoinganybusinesswithMr.Byrd.

TheAmericanwasatalossanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.Infacttheproblemwithhimisthathedidnotunderstandthefamilycultureinthispartoftheworld.ItwouldhavebeeninconceivablefortheSauditohaveplacedhisfatherinthecareofstrangers.Mr.FouadthusfeltthathecouldnottrustMr.Byrdasabusinesspartner.

Anotherexample,JimTurnerwasattendingaconferenceinLyon.ThiswasnothisfirsttriptoFrance,andhewaspleasedsomeoftheFrenchcolleagueshe’dmetpreviouslyrememberedhim.Oneeveningtheyinvitedhimalongfordinner.Shortlyafterthefoodwasserved,theybeganjokingaboutthequalityofthefood.Thatsurprisedhim.Hethoughtthefoodwasreallyrathergoodandsaidso,expectingthediscussiontocontinue.Buttohisgreatdiscomfort,theythenmadesomejokeabout“foodandAmericans”andchangedthesubject.Hefeltsomewhatexcludedanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.

Interpretation:TheFrenchtakegreatprideintheirfoodandwineandforeignersshouldbeveryprudentaboutpassingjudgmentonthequalityofthefood.Inthiscase,theFrenchmenobviouslythoughtthatthefoodattherestaurantdidnotwarrantsuchpraise,andintheirview,theAmericanrevealedhislackoftaste.

1.Mr.ByrdtriedtopersuadeMr.Fouadto________.

2.TheconversationbetweenMr.ByrdandMr.Fouad________.

3.Mr.Byrd’sproblemliesinthathe________.

4.JimTurnerpraisedthefoodbecause________.

5.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethatwhendoingbusinessabroad________.

问题1选项

A.joinhiscompanyasthelegaladviser

B.investinhiscompanyasalocalpartner

C.workinhiscompanyasthelocalmanager

D.cooperatewithhiscompanyasthelocaldealer

问题2选项

A.beganwithsmalltalk

B.wentdirectlytobusiness

C.deepenedtheirfriendship

D.endedupinaquarrel

问题3选项

A.wasnotfamiliarwithSaudiArabianwayoftalking

B.wasnotgoodattheartoftalkingwithastranger

C.didnotknowMr.Fouad’spersonalityandinterests

D.didnotrealizetheimportanceoffamilyinSaudiArabia

问题4选项

A.hetriedtopleasethehosts

B.itwassociallynecessary

C.hetrulyenjoyedthefood

D.itwaspartofthetablemanners

问题5选项

A.sincerityisthekeytosuccess

B.itisessentialtounderstandculturaldifferences

C.oneshouldbecarefulinmakingjudgment

D.itisnecessarytocreateawin-winsituation

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由题干人名Mr.Byrd和Mr.Fouad定位到文章第二段第二句HewenttothehomeofaSaudi,Mr.Fouad,totrytointeresthiminparticipatinginalocaljointventurewithhiscompany.（他（指Mr.Byrd）到一个叫Mr.Fouad的沙特人的家里，试图吸引他，让他对与自己公司一起在当地建立一家合资公司产生兴趣）。由此可知Mr.Byrd去的目的是让Mr.Fouad成为自己公司的地区合伙人，所以答案选B选项“投资自己公司成为地区合伙人”，而不是A选项“做该公司地区法律顾问”，C选项“成为该公司地区经理”或者D选项“与他合作，说服他成为地区经销商”。

第2题:事实细节题。由conversation我们可以对应到文中提到的两个人之间的谈话内容，即第二段第三句Asthiswasafirstmeeting,themen’sconversationbeganwith“Howareyoudoing?How’syourfamily?Andhowisyourfather?”thatmadeMr.Byrdalittleimpatient.（在第一次会面的时候，两人之间的谈话是以“你最近怎么样？你家人怎么样？你爸爸近来可好？”，这些对话使得拜德先生变得有点不耐烦。）从这句话可知，两人的对话没有开门见山直接谈生意而是从一些日常小事开始的，所以B选项“直入主题”错误，A选项“从无关紧要的对话开始”正确。我们再定位到第三段第二句话Mr.Byrd’smissionwascompletelyderailedbecausewhileMr.Fouadremainedgraciousenough,hewasobviouslyuninterestedindoinganybusinesswithMr.Byrd.（拜德先生的任务完全失败了因为尽管福德先生仍然保持着风度，但是很显然他对和拜德先生做生意这件事已经没有任何兴趣了）。从这句话我们可以知道这次谈话失败了，福德先生对拜德先生不是很满意，所以并没有增加他们之间的友谊，因而C选项“加深了他们之间的友谊”排除，而且从remaingracious这个短语来看，福德先生保持着风度的，所以D选项“以争吵结束”错误。

第3题:事实细节题。根据题干我们定位到第三段第三、四句话TheAmericanwasatalossanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.Infacttheproblemwithhimisthathedidnotunderstandthefamilycultureinthispartoftheworld.（这个美国人非常迷茫，不知道那里做错了。事实上问题在于他并不理解这个地区的家庭文化），由此我们答案选D选项“没有意识到家庭对于沙特人的重要性”。A选项“不熟悉沙特阿拉伯人的谈话方式”；B选项“不善于和陌生人谈话”；C选项“不知道福德先生的性格和兴趣”；这三点文章中都没有提及，所以答案选D。

第4题:事实细节题。由题干我们可以定位到第四段第六句话Hethoughtthefoodwasreallyrathergoodandsaidso（他觉得食物非常不错而且也是这样说的），由此可知Jim夸赞食物的原因是因为他真心觉得好吃，并不是A选项“为了取悦主人”；B选项“为了社交需求”；D选项“或者是出于餐桌礼仪”。所以答案应该选C选项“他真的觉得食物好吃”。

第5题:主旨大意题。从conclude（总结）这个词可知，这道题是选贴近文章主题的。A选项“真诚是成功的关键”，B选项“了解文化差异是必要的”，C选项“一个人应该谨慎地作出判断”，D选项“营造双赢环境是非常必要的”。整篇文章主要是讲了两个例子，都是关于主人公因为没有注意到文化差异，一个造成生意没谈成，一个造成不能融入集体。和真诚、谨慎，还有双赢这三个话题没有关系，所以答案要选择B。

4.单选题

Smellisthemostdirectofallthesenses.Itisthoughttobetheoldestsenseintermsofhumanevolution,whichmayexplainwhysmellishard-wiredintothebrain.Theolfactorynerve,whichmanagestheperceptionofsmells,isessentiallyanextensionofthebrain.Theolfactorynerveprovidesadirectlinkfromreceptorsatthetopofthenosetotheportionofthebrainthatcontrolsmemory,emotion,andbehavior.

Theolfactorysystemdetectscertainairbornechemicalsthatenterthenoseandthentransmitsthischemicalinformationtothelimbicsysteminthebrain.Theolfactoryregionattheupperendofeachnostrilisyellow,moist,andfulloffattysubstances.Theshadeofyellowindicatesthestrengthofthesenseofsmell:thedeepertheshade,thekeenerandmoreacuteitis.Animalshaveaverystrongsenseofsmell,sotheirolfactoryregionsaredarkyellowtoreddishbrown,whilethoseofhumansarelightyellow.

Whenanodoroussubstanceentersthenose,itbindstoolfactoryreceptorcells,theneuronsliningtheyellowupperportionofthenasalcavity.Olfactoryreceptorcellscontainmicroscopichairscalledciliathatextendintothelayerofmucuscoatingtheinsideofthenose.Odormoleculesdiffuseintothisregionandareabsorbedbytheciliaoftheolfactoryreceptorcells.Whatthismeansisthatwhenweholdarosetoournoseandinhale,odormoleculesfloatupintothenasalcavity,wheretheyareabsorbedbyfivemillionolfactoryreceptorcells.Thereceptorcellsalerttheolfactorynerve,whichsendsimpulsestothebrain’solfactorybulb,orsmellcenter.Thus,olfactoryinformationabouttheroseentersthebrain’slimbicsystem,where,inmostofus,itstimulatesafeelingofpleasure.

Thelimbicsystemofthebrainintegratesmemory,emotion,andbehavior.Thesystemiscomposedofagroupofrelatednervoussystemstructuresthatarethefunctionalcenterofemotionssuchasanger,fear,pleasure,andsadness.Thecomponentsofthelimbicsystemarelinkedtothecerebralcortex,thepartofthebraininvolvedincomplexlearning,reasoning,andpersonality.Thecerebralcortexmakesdecisionsabouttheemotionalcontentoftheseuniquehumanqualitiesafter“consulting”thelimbicsystemandtheotherbraincentersinprocessingandretrievingmemories.Itmay,inturn,usememoriestomodifybehavior.

Scentmaybethestrongesttriggerofmemoryandemotions.Whenweinhaleascent,receptorsinthebrain’slimbiccentercomparetheodorenteringournosetoodorsstoredinourmemory.Alongtheway,memoriesassociatedwiththoseodorsarestimulated.Asmellcanbeoverwhelminglynostalgicbecauseittriggerspowerfulimagesandemotions.Thewaxyfragranceofcrayonscaninstantlytransportustooursecond-gradeclassroom,orthescentoffreshlymowngrasscanflooduswiththejoyofsummerfreedom.Whatweseeandhearmayfadequicklyinshort-termmemory,butwhatwesmellissentdirectlytolong-termmemory.

Smellscanincreasealertnessandstimulatelearningandretention.Inonestudy,childrenmemorizedawordlist,whichwaspresentedbothwithandwithoutaccompanyingscents.Thechildrenrecalledwordsonthelistmoreeasilyandwithhigheraccuracywhenthelistwasgivenwithscentsthanwithout,showingthelinkbetweensmellandtheabilitytoretaininformation.Inanotherstudy,researchersexaminedhowvarioussmellscanincreasealertnessanddecreasestress.Theyfoundthatthescentoflavendercouldwakeupthemetabolismandmakepeoplemorealert.Theyalsofoundthatthesmellofspicedapplescouldreducebloodpressureandavertapanicattackinpeopleunderstress.

1.Whydoestheauthorusetheterm“hard-wired”indescribingthesenseofsmellandthebrain?

2.Ofwhatsignificanceisthecoloroftheolfactoryregionattheupperendofeachnostril?

3.Whathappenswhentheciliaoftheolfactoryreceptorcellsabsorbodormolecules?

4.Whydoestheauthormention“crayons”and“freshlymowngrass”inParagraph5?

5.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph6aboutlearning?

问题1选项

A.Todescribethetextureandfeeloftheolfactorynerve

B.Toemphasizethecloseconnectionbetweensmellandthebrain

C.Tocomparethepowerofsmellwiththatofothersenses

D.Toexplainhowthesenseofsmellevolvesinearlyhumans

问题2选项

A.Thecolorchangeswithdifferentairbornechemicals.

B.Thesignificanceofthecolorislittleunderstood.

C.Thecolorbecomesdarkerwhenanodorispresent.

D.Thecolorshowsthestrengthoftheabilitytosmell.

问题3选项

A.Thetinyhairsinsidethenosebecomedarkerincolor.

B.Thenervoussystemactivatesthedigestivesystem.

C.Theolfactorynervesendsimpulsestothebrain.

D.Somereceptorcellsdieandarereplacedbynewcells.

问题4选项

A.Togiveexamplesofsmellsthatcantriggermemoriesandemotions

B.Tocomparetypicalresponsestotwocommonsmells

C.Toexplainwhysmellsarelikelytoaffectperson’sbehavior

D.Toidentifysmellsthatcanincreasealertnessandworkefficiency

问题5选项

A.Learningcannottakeplaceunlessallofthesensesarestimulated.

B.Scentscanstrengthentheabilitytoholdnewinformationinthememory.

C.Itiseasiertorecallpreviouslearningthanitistoretainnewinformation.

D.Childrenwillnotlearnmuchiftheyaredistractedbyoffensiveodors.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.文章第一段提到了嗅觉神经实际上就是大脑的延伸，嗅觉神经直接将鼻子的鼻受体与大脑中管理记忆、情感和行为的部分相连。可以推出嗅觉与大脑是紧密联系的。选项B符合题意。

2.文章第二段第三句中提到theshadeofyellowindicatesthestrengthofthesenseofsmell(黄色阴影代表的是嗅觉的强度)。选项D符合题意。

3.文章第三段作者提到了嗅觉受体纤毛细胞吸入了气味分子后发生的情况。句子中提到了受体细胞会刺激嗅觉神经，然后嗅觉神经发送脉冲到大脑的嗅觉神经或者嗅球。选项C符合题意。

4.文章第五段第一句作者提出气味可能是记忆和情绪的最强出发点。由此可知，作者提到的蜡笔和新割的草地是为了证实他的观点，并且说明气味是如何触发记忆和情绪的。选项A符合题意。

5.文章第六段提出气味可以提高警觉，促进学习，增强记忆力。之后举了孩子记忆单词的例子，如果需要记忆的单词表上有香味，他们会记得又快又好。选项B符合题意。

5.单选题

Thebravefiremanhadfoughtfordaysbeforetheymanagedto（）theforestfire.

问题1选项

A.puton

B.putupwith

C.putoff

D.putout

【答案】D

【解析】动词词组辨析。puton穿上，上演；putupwith忍受，容忍；putoff推迟，扔掉，阻止；putout熄灭，伸出。句意：勇敢的消防队员们奋战了好几天才把森林大火扑灭。选项D符合句意。

6.单选题

VI.LitigationProcedure

Methodsofservingprocessincivilcaseshavebothevolvedanderoded.InmedievalEngland,arrestofthedefendantwascommonattheoutsetofcivilactionsatlaw.Althougharrestcertainlyprovidednotice,itsprimarypurposewastoaccomplishthecourt’sassertionofphysicalpoweroverthedefendant.Eventually,arrestatthecommencementofacivilactionwasdeferred.Arrestwasthenreplacedwithsubjectiontothecourt’spowerbypersonaldeliveryofprocess,whichservedasthefoundationforonemodernservicemethodwhereaUnitedStatesMarshalpersonallyhandsthesummonstoadefendant.

Theideathatonlyagovernmentalofficer,suchasaUnitedStatesMarshalordeputy,couldbetheserverwaseventuallyabandonedinfavorofallowingtheservertobeanypersonthatisatleasteighteenyearsoldandnotapartytothelawsuit.Eventherequirementthatadefendantpersonallyreceivethesummonswasdilutedbytheadditionofanalternativemethodallowingasummonsandcomplainttobeleftatthedefendant’s“dwellingorusualplaceofabodewithsomeoneofsuitableageanddiscretionwhoresidesthere.”

Fromtherecipient’sperspective,thesummoningcourt’sassertionofpowerhasgraduallywornaway.Asoneexpertinthefieldaptlydescribed:“TheawesomeimpactofthesheriffarrivinginarmorandonhorsebacktodeliverawritinmedievalEnglandandtheauthorityofthesovereignsealedinthehot,redwaxofearliertimeshasbeenreplacedbyablandmanilaenvelopecarryingapostagestampthatmaycelebratenotionsofloveorpoetry.”

Althoughmostmodernservicemethodsarewelcomeimprovementstothoseofearlieryears(i.e.,notneedingtoarrestalldefendantsineverycivilaction),thisArticlearguestheservicemethodauthorizedbyRule7004(b)(1)oftheFederalRulesofBankruptcyProcedureviolatesadefendant’sdueprocessrightsundertheFifthAmendment.Rule7004(b)(1)allowsasummonsandcomplainttobeservedby“firstclassmailpostageprepaid...totheindividual’sdwellinghouseorusualplaceofabodeortotheplacewheretheindividualregularlyconductsabusinessorprofession.”Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt,nocertifiedmailing,andnowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned.Otherthanthedefendant’sresponse,ifany,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint.

71.ThedefendantinacivilcaseintheUnitedStateshadbeennotifiedaboutthecaseinthefollowingwayBUT___.

72.Thelastsentenceinthe3rdparagraphmeansthat___.

73.AccordingtoRule7004(b)(1),adefendantinabankruptcycaseisservedby___.

74.TheproblemoftheRule7004(b)(1)forservingasummonsisthefollowing,except___.

问题1选项

A.personaldeliveryofthesummonsbyUSMarshal

B.personaldeliveryofthesummonsbyanyoneabove18notapartytothelawsuit

C.summonsandcomplaintbeleftatthedefendant’sdwelling

D.arrested

问题2选项

A.summoningprocessisthecourt’sassertionofpower

B.deliveryofasummonsisnolongerasseriousasbefore

C.thereshouldbeaspecialformofsummoning

D.asummonsmaybesentwithablandmanilaenvelopetogetherwithaloveletter

问题3选项

A.registeredmail

B.personaldelivery

C.firstclassmail

D.firstclassmailpostagetobepaid

问题4选项

A.Thedefendantisnotnotified

B.Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt

C.Nowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned

D.Nowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】71.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段InmedievalEngland,arrestofthedefendantwascommonattheoutsetofcivilactionsatlaw.Althougharrestcertainlyprovidednotice,itsprimarypurposewastoaccomplishthecourt’sassertionofphysicalpoweroverthedefendant.（在中世纪的英国，逮捕被告在民事诉讼开始时是很常见的。虽然逮捕确实提供了通知，但其主要目的是实现法院对被告人的实际权力的主张）可知逮捕是在中世纪的英国而不是美国，D选项“逮捕”符合题意；第二段Theideathatonlyagovernmentalofficer,suchasaUnitedStatesMarshalordeputy,couldbetheserverwaseventuallyabandonedinfavorofallowingtheservertobeanypersonthatisatleasteighteenyearsoldandnotapartytothelawsuit.（认为只有政府官员，比如美国法警或副警长才能成为传送者的想法最终被放弃，转而允许传送者是任何年满18岁的人，且不是诉讼的一方）可知A选项“美国法警亲自交付传票”和B选项“18岁以上的非诉讼方的个人送达传票”符合美国民事案件中传送法院传票的方法，排除；第二段Eventherequirementthatadefendantpersonallyreceivethesummonswasdilutedbytheadditionofanalternativemethodallowingasummonsandcomplainttobeleftatthedefendant’s“dwellingorusualplaceofabodewithsomeoneofsuitableageanddiscretionwhoresidesthere.”（甚至要求被告亲自收到传票的要求也因增加了另一种方法而被淡化了，这种方法允许将传票和申诉留在被告的“由具有适当年龄和自由裁量权的人居住在那里的住所或通常居住的地方”）可知C选项“传票和申诉留在被告住所”符合美国民事案件中传送法院传票的方法，排除。因此D选项符合题意。

72.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第三段最后一句“TheawesomeimpactofthesheriffarrivinginarmorandonhorsebacktodeliverawritinmedievalEnglandandtheauthorityofthesovereignsealedinthehot,redwaxofearliertimeshasbeenreplacedbyablandmanilaenvelopecarryingapostagestampthatmaycelebratenotionsofloveorpoetry.”（“在中世纪的英格兰，警长身穿盔甲骑马前来递交令状，君主的权威在炎热的天气里被封印，这种可怕的影响，早期的红蜡已经被一个平淡的马尼拉信封所取代，信封上贴着邮票，可以庆祝爱情或诗歌的概念。”）结合第三段第一句Fromtherecipient’sperspective,thesummoningcourt’sassertionofpowerhasgraduallywornaway.（从接受者的角度看，传唤法院的权力主张已逐渐消磨殆尽）可知现在的法院传票已经不像以前一样有仪式感和严肃感，选B选项“传票的送达不再像以前那样严肃”，D选项“传票可以和一封情书连同一个乏味的牛皮纸信封一起寄出”明显不符合原文，排除；A选项“传唤程序是法院对权力的主张”和C选项“应该有一种特殊的召唤形式”第三段未涉及，第三段只是在描述法院传票不再像以前那样严肃，没有提出其他建议。因此B选项符合题意。

73.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Rule7004(b)(1)”定位到原文第三段Rule7004(b)(1)allowsasummonsandcomplainttobeservedby“firstclassmailpostageprepaid...”（规则7004（b）（1）允许传票和申诉通过“预付一等邮资的邮件……”）可知选D选项“第一类邮件的邮资预付”；A选项“挂号邮件”，B选项“个人支付”和C选项“第一类邮件”不符合原文。因此D选项正确。

74.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Rule7004(b)(1)”定位到原文第三段Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt,nocertifiedmailing,andnowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned.Otherthanthedefendant’sresponse,ifany,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint.（没有回执，没有挂号信，无需签署并返还的弃权文件。除了被告的答复（如果有的话），没有办法知道被告是否收到传票和申诉）可知A选项“被告未被通知”并不是关于送达传票的第7004(b)(1)条规则的问题；B选项“没有回执”，C选项“没有必须签署和返还的放弃文件”以及D选项“无法得知被告是否收到传票和投诉”和原文相符。因此A选项符合题意。

7.单选题

Toalleviatetheproblemofcontaminatedchicken,theexpertsrecommendthatthegovernmentshiftitsinspectionemphasisfromcursorybird-by-birdvisualchecktoamore______randomsamplingforbacterialandchemicalcontamination.

问题1选项

A.rigorous

B.perfunctory

C.symbolic

D.discreet

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项rigorous“严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的”；B选项perfunctory“敷衍的；马虎的；得过且过的”；C选项symbolic“象征的；符号的；使用符号的”；D选项discreet“谨慎的；小心的”。句意：为缓解鸡的污染问题，专家们建议政府把检查重点从走马观花式的肉眼检查改为进行更为______的对细菌和化学污染进行随机取样检查。根据shift“改变”可知，横线处应填一个与cursory“粗略的”意思相反的词。且由检查重点从肉眼检查到改进为对细菌和化学污染随机取样检查，可知检查推向深入，较以前更加严格，A选项rigorous“严格的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

8.单选题

Imagineadiseasespreadingacrosstheglobe,killingmostlymiddle-agedpeopleorleavingthemchronicallydisabled.Thenonedayresearcherscomeupwithadrugthatcanpreventsomeofthedisease’snastiereffects.Youwouldthinktheworld’sageingpublicwouldbeeternallygrateful.

Thediseasedoesexist.Itiscalledtobaccoaddiction.Thedrugtooisrealandinanimaltestshaspreventedlungdamagethatleadstoemphysema.Buttheinventorshavereceivednobouquets.Prevailingmedicalopinionseemstobethatthedrugisameresideshow,distractingsmokersfromthetaskofquitting.Anotherexperimentaldrug,whichcouldprotectsmokersagainstcancer,isalsoviewedwithsuspicionbecauseitcouldgivesmokersanexcusenottoquit.

Onthefaceofittheseresponsesmakesense.Itisingrainedinsocietythatsmokershaveonlythemselvestoblameandtheirsalvationliesinasimpleactofwill.Iftheywillnotquitsmoking,theycannotexpecthelpfromanyoneelse.

Butthislogicisflawed.Checkasurveyofsmokersandyoufindtwo-thirdswanttogiveupandone-thirdwillhavetriedinthepreviousyear.Yet,evenwithnicotinegum,patchesanddrugstoeasetheordeal,thequitrateisstillunder10percent.IntheUK,theproportionofpeoplewhosmokehasnotfalleninadecade.Tobaccohasapowerfulgrip,andmanysmokerarecaughtinatraptheycannotescape:theyhaveadiseaselikeanyotheranddeservethechancetoreducetheharmitdoestothem.

Thisreasoningishardformanytoswallow.Itcertainlyleavesgovernmentsandanti-smokinggroupsinabind.Theyarehappytopaylipservicetomethodsforreducingharm—ofwhichthreeareagrowingnumber—buttheyareslowtocreatepoliciesbaseduponthem.EuropeanUnioncountries,forexample,tookyearstoevenconsiderregulatingthedangerousadditivesincigarettes.

Onefearisthatmethodsforreducingharmwilldilutethemessagethattobaccokills—especiallywhengivento