托福真题2014-07-12Reading理解古代中美洲艺术+泥土如何形成+文明的出现(词句整理)

UnderstandingAncientMesoamericanArtWords&PhrasestheruinsofancientMesoamerica:古代中美洲的废墟unearthedcivilizationsincreasinglyremoteinage:出土（年龄上越来越久远的）文明unearth:v.挖掘，出土anearlierstratumofantiquity:——个更早的古代岩层Stratum:岩层扩展：Stratification:（尤指社会的）分层，形成阶层Stratificationisthedivisionofsomething,especiallysociety,intodifferentclassesorlayerscameuponMayacitiesinthejungle:偶然遇到密林里的玛雅城市Comeupon:偶然碰至4（或发现）Ifyoucomeuponsomeoneorsomething,youmeetthemorfindthembychance.workersinstallingsoundandlightequipment:安装音响和光照设备的工人stumbleduponaremarkablecave:偶然发现一个极大的洞穴Stumble:v.跌跌撞撞走，结巴说stumbleupon:偶然发现aroyalburialchamber:一个皇室的埋葬密室royal:adj.皇室的theexcavationofpyramids:金字塔的挖掘outlyingstructuresratherthanprincipalbuildings:外围结构而非主要建Outlying:adj.偏僻的；边远的；远离城市的 Outlyingplacesarefarawayfromthemaincitiesofacountryinitiatedtheexcavationsthere: 引发了那个地方的考古挖掘initiate=start=trigger 引发，开始excavate=unearthv. 挖掘unravelthepre-Columbianpast :解开（哥伦布发现美洲大陆之前的）过去unravel:v. 解开纯套或谜团pre-Columbian:adj.哥伦布发现美洲大陆之前的turnedthisprocessaround:将该过程反转turnaround=reverse反转toarticulatetheiridentityinthetwenty-firstcentury :去清晰地表达他们在21世纪的身份articulate:v.清晰表达SyntaxItnowscarcelyseemspossiblethatthefrontiersofearlyMesoamericancivilizationcanbepushedbackanyfurther,althoughnewwork—suchasinOaxaca,southernMexico-willcontinuetofillindetailsofthepicture.In1971workersinstallingsoundandlightequipmentunderthePyramidoftheSunatTeotihuacanstumbleduponaremarkablecavethathassincebeeninterpreted bysomescholarsasaroyalburialchamber.Archaeologyhasitsownfashionstoo:theisolationofnewsitesmaybetheprimegoalinonedecadeandtheexcavationofpyramidsthefocusinthenext.Atonepoint,reconstructionofpyramidstoattracttourismmaybedesired;atanother,archaeologistsmaybeprecludedfromworkingatwhathasalreadybecomeatouristattraction.Preclude:v.排除在外，阻止=preventAFranciscanfriar(memberoftheRomanCatholicreligiousorder),Sahagunrecordedforpostehtymanyaspectsofpre-Hispaniclifeinhisencyclopediaoftwelvebooks,includinghistory,ideology,andcosmogony(theoriesoftheoriginoftheuniverse),aswellasdetailedinformationonthematerialsandmethodsoftheskillednativecraftworkers.Catholic:adj.天主教的Posterity:n.后代=offspring=descendantPost-：后缀，意为后面，post-war:战后的Encyclopedia:n.百科全书Ideology:意识形态；思想体系；思想方式Anideologyisasetofbeliefs,especiallythepoliticalbeliefsonwhichpeople,parties,orcountriesbasetheiractionsCosmogony:n.宇宙的产生Craftworkers:手工艺工人Duringthepast40years,scholarsalsohavemadegreatprogressindecipheringandinterpretingancientMesoamericanwritingsystems,abreakthroughthathastransformedourunderstandingofthepre-Columbianmind.Decipher:v.破解密码=decode,cipher=code密码Interpret:v.解释，理解Transform:v.转变ClassicMayainscriptions,forexample Tongthoughttorecordonlycalendricalinformationandastrologicalincantations—cannowberead,andwefindthatmostofthemglorifyfamilyandancestryby■displayingtherightofindividualsovereignstorule.Calendrical:历法的，日历的astrologicalincantations:占星的咒语incantation:咒语Anincantationisaseriesofwordsthatapersonsaysorsingsasamagicspellglorify:赞美；颂扬；吹捧；美化Toglorifysomethingmeanstopraiseitormakeitseemgoodorspecial,usuallywhenitisnotancestry:n.＜集合词〉祖先；世家，名门sovereigns:n.君主AlthoughscholarslongbelievedthatMesoamericanartistsdidnot■ II- I AA ・■ II -I ・ , uccci ' rsigntheirworks,MayanistscholarDavidStuart sdec86heringoftheMayaglyphs（writtensymbols）for“scribeand “towriteopenedawindowonMayapractice;nowweknowatleastonepainterofceramicvesselswasthesonofaking.Mayanist:玛雅专家decipher:破译（密码）；辨认（潦草字迹）；解读；解释（古代文学）glyphs:象形文字practice:n.通常做法；常规；惯例Youcanrefertosomethingthatpeopledoregularlyasapractice.Ceramicvessels: 瓷器器皿Vessel：n.器皿；船只；血管Thousandsmoresmall-scaleobjectsareknownnowthaninthetwentiethcentury,although ataterriblecosttotheancientruinsfromwhichtheyhavebeenplundered.Ata••-cost=at-expense以••的代价plunder:v.抢劫，窃取AbstractfConcreteTheprocessofdiscoveryoftenshapeswhatweknowaboutthehistoryofMesoamericanart.Archaeologyhasitsownfashionstoo.Norshouldoneforgetthatexcavatorsarevulnerabletolocalinterests.Also,modernconstructionoftendetermineswhichancientsitescanbeexcavated.ButthestudyofMesoamericanartisnotbasedexclusivelyonarchaeology.Duringthepast40years,scholarsalsohavemadegreatprogressindecipheringandinterpretingancientMesoamericanwritingsystems,abreakthroughthathastransformedourunderstandingofthepre-Columbianmind.HowSoilisFormedWords&Phrasesdynamicprocess:动态的过程dynamic—反义motionless,stagnant,stilltopography(theelevations,depressions,directionsandanglesofslopes,andothersurfacefeaturesofthelandscape)topography:地形，地貌=terrainelevation:海拔高度=altitude,区别于latitude:纬度，longitude:经度anglesofslopes:斜坡的角度stimulateorinhibitbiogeochemicalreactions刺激或抑制生物地理化学反应Stimulate:v.刺激，激发=motivateSimulate:v.模拟，模仿=mimic=imitateInhibit:v.阻止，抑制Inhabit:v.居住Habitat:n.居住地,栖息地Habitant=inhabitant:n.居民carrieroftheacids:酸的携带者carrierofdisease:疾病携带者Radiantenergyhasapronouncedeffectonthemoistureregime,nouncedeffectonthemoistureregime:对水分管理的明显效果pronounced:adj.明显的，显著的=noticeable=dramatic=remarkableregime:n.管理制度，组织方法Aregimeisthewaythatsomethingsuchasaninstitution,company,oreconomyisrun,especiallywhenitinvolvestoughorsevereactionevaporativeprocess:蒸发过程evaporate:v.蒸发vapor:n.水蒸气steepslopes:陡峭的斜坡relativelylevelland:相对平■坦的土地relatively:adv.相对地"comparativelydrainingfromslopes:从斜坡水流走drain:v.流走，排出drainagesystem:排水系统Vegetation,animals,bacteria,andfungiallcontributetotheformationofsoil.Bacteria:细菌Fungi：真菌Theweatheringofrockmaterialandtheaccumulation,decomposition,andmineralizationororganicmaterialrequireconsiderabletime.Accumulation:n.积累二buildingupDecomposition:n.分解二degradationComposition:n.组成Mineralization:n.矿化Considerable:adj.大量的=substantial=significantinequilibriumwith:与…处在平衡中soildifferentiationfromparentmaterial:从母体物质中土壤的分化Soilsonsteepslopesoftenremainpoorlydevelopedregardlessofgeologicalagebecauserapiderosionremovessoilnearlyasfastasitisformed.Regardlessof:不管，不顾，不论Syntax:Theparentmaterialistheunconsolidatedmassonwhichsoilformationtakesplace.Unconsolidated:adj.疏松的，松散的Thismaterialmayormaynotbederivedfromtheon-sitegeologicalsubstrateorbedrockonwhichitrests.Derivefrom:从•…获得Derive=obtainOn-sitegeologicalsubstrate: 处在原处的地质基底层物质On-site=inplace 处在原处Substrate:基底层物质，基质Becauseofthediversityofmaterialsinvolved,soilsderivedfromtransportedparentmaterialsarecommonlymorefertilethansoilsfromparentmaterialsderivedinplace.Fertile:adj.肥沃的;有繁育能力的Fertilize:v.施肥；传粉受精Fertilizer:n.化肥Naturalfertilizer=animalwaste=dung=manureArtificialfertilizer=inorganicfertilizer=mineralfertilizerWhatever theparentmaterial,whetherderivedinplace frombedrockorfromtransportedmaterial,让ultimatelycomesfromgeologicalmaterials,suchasigneous,sedimentary, andmetamorphicrocks,andthecompositionoftherockslargelydeterminesthechemicalcompositionofthesoilUltimately:adv.最终二eventually=finally=overtimeIgneousrock:火成岩igneousrockisrockformedbysolidificationfromamoltenstate;especiallyfrommoltenmagmaSedimentaryrock:沉淀岩Sediment:沉淀物=depositMetamorphicrock:变形变质岩Climateismostinfluentialindeterminingthenatureandintensityofweatheringandthetypeofvegetationthatfurtheraffectssoilformation.thenatureandintensityofweathering:风化的性质和强度nature:本性，性质eg.Thenatureofhimisbad.Intensity:n.强度Intense:adj.猛烈的Weather:v.（使）风化;（使）褪色;（使）受到侵蚀Ifsomethingsuchaswoodorrockweathersorisweathered,itchangescolororshapeasaresultofthewind,sun,rain,orcoldOpensurfacesexposedtothermalradiationundergothegreatestdailyfluctuationsinheatingandcooling,soilscoveredwithvegetationtheleast.Exposedto:暴露于（不好的东西）当中=subjectto=vulnerableto=susceptibletoThermalradiation:热辐射Therm-:词根，热的意思，geothermalenergy:地热能量undergo:v.经历fluctuation:n.波动变化flutter:v.挥动翅膀，上下飘动Thewaterregime—thewaterflowoveragiventime—insoilmaterialissporadic,andinmanypartsoftheEarthishighlyseasonal.Waterregime：Sporadic:adj.间断发生的；零星的SporadicoccurrencesofsomethinghappenatirregularintervalsWaterthatentersthesoilduringheavyrainfallandsnowmeltmovesdownthroughthesoil.Steepslopesaresubjecttosurfaceerosionandsoilcreep—thedownslopemovementofsoilmaterial,which