英汉语言对比-6-synthetic vs. analytic-1

英汉语言对比-6Syntheticvs.Analytic(1)Ⅰ.ObjectivesStudentsareexpectedtohaveanunderstandingofthedefinitionsofsyntheticandanalyticlanguagesandembodimentsofthosefeaturesinChineseandEnglishlanguages;HaveanunderstandingofdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseininflection,wordorder,partsofspeechandphonology,andillustratetheminspecificcases;Ⅱ.KeyPointsa)inflectionsinEnglishandtheirrolesinsentenceconstructionb)differencesinwordorderⅢ.TeachingApproaches

Lecture,classpracticesanddiscussions英汉语言本质比较语言形态学(linguistictypology)分类：综合型语言：俄语、德语、拉丁语、古英语分析型语言：汉语综合--分析语：英语(asynthetic-analyticlanguage)综合型语言（syntheticlanguage）

Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.

《韦博斯特第九新大学英语辞典》（Webster’sNinthNewCollegiateDictionary）

Inflection:achangeintheformofaword(usuallybyaddingasuffix)toindicateachangeinitsgrammaticalfunction指这种语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义（格，时，数等）。

分析型语言（analyticlanguage）

Ananalyticlanguageismarkedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms.《兰登书屋大学词典》（RandomHouseCollegeDictionary）指这种语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示。

English：asynthetic-analyticlanguage1.ModernEnglishoriginatedfromtheOldEnglishandhenceitstillmaintainscertainfeaturesofthesyntheticlanguage;2.InflectedformsdoexistinModernEnglish,buttheyarenotsocomplexasthoseintheOldEnglish;3.WordorderinModernEnglishisrelativelyfixedalthoughitismoreflexiblethanthatinModernChinese;4.FunctionwordsaboundinModernEnglishandarefrequentlyemployed.GrammaticalrelationshipsHereditaryinflectionsRelativelyfixedwordorderPlentyoffunctionwords1.inflectionalvs.non-inflectionalInflection:achangeintheformofawordtoindicateachangeinitsgrammaticalfunction.（只改变语法形态，不改变词义的变化）formalchange=changeofwordform=word-makingchange+changeingrammaticalforms

1）构词形态，即起构词作用的词缀变化（affixation），包括大量的前缀（prefix）和后缀（suffix）。E.g.read;serious;consider;Thepublishinghousehastotakeintoseriousconsiderationwhetherthereaderswillliketoread/readingthebooksornot.Thepublishinghousehastotakeintoseriousconsiderationwhetherthebookswillbereadableornot.Thepublishinghousehastotakethereadabilityofthebooksintoseriousconsideration.Thepublishinghousehastoconsider

seriouslywhetherthereaderswillliketoread/readingthebooksornot.Thepublishinghousehastoconsider

seriouslywhetherthebookswillbereadableornot.Thepublishinghousehastoconsider

seriouslythereadabilityofthebooks.2）构形形态，即表达语法意义的词形变化。我给他讲了一个故事。他已经给我讲了两个故事。每晚睡觉前，他妈妈都要给他讲几个故事。他总是叫（他）妈妈在（他）睡觉前（给他）讲好几个故事。Itoldhimastory.Hehastoldmetwostories.Hismotheralwaystells

himseveralstoriesbeforehegoestobedeverynight.Healwaysaskshismothertotellhimseveralstoriesbeforehegoestobed.现代英语的形态变化主要包括：动词的变化（conjugation）和静词（名词、代词、形容词、副词）的变化（declension），以及上述的词缀变化（affixation）。Gender:he;she;Number:apple;apples;Case:we;us;our;ours;Tense:do;does;did;Aspect:is+doing;have+done;Voice:isdone;hasbeendone;Mood:cando;mightdo;Comparison:bigger;biggest;Person:like;likes;Partsofspeech:rapid;rapidly;rapidity;Ingrammar,inflectionorinflexionisthemodificationofawordtoexpressdifferentgrammaticalcategoriessuchastense,grammaticalmood,grammaticalvoice,aspect,person,number,genderandcase.Conjugationistheinflectionofverbs;declensionistheinflectionofnouns,adjectivesandpronouns.PresentsimpleDo;doesPastsimpleDidPresentprogressiveAm/is/are+doingPastprogressiveWas/were+doingPresentperfectHave/has+donePastperfectHad+donePresentperfectprogressiveHave/has+beendoingPastperfectprogressiveHadbeendoingTenseandaspectPassivevoicePresentsimpleAm/is/are+donePastsimpleWas/were+donePresentprogressiveAm/is/are+beingdonePastprogressiveWas/were+beingdonePresentperfectHave/has+beendonePastperfectHadbeendoneShall/will+be+done;begoingto+be+doneHave/has+been+beingdone;hadbeen+beingdoneWecannotbutacceptSayce’s（萨伊斯）dictum,‘onceinflectional,alwaysinflectional’.HencewhileEnglishappearsasalmostuninflectionalwhencomparedwithsuchalanguageasLatin,itappearsintheoppositelightwhencomparedwithanisolatinglanguagesuchasChinese.”

——H.SweetTheHistoryofLanguageChinesehasnoinflectionalchange;ithasonlysimilarchanges.

Affix:Chineselanguagehaslittleaffix,whichareunstableanddeletableaccordingtotherhythmrequirements.

初：三--初三--十三，子：刀—刀子—大刀。Someaffixes:Prefix：老(老张，老大)，阿（阿姨，阿飞），可（可好，可怜，可惜），第(第一)Suffix：子（被子，电子），儿（花儿，鸟儿），头（老头），切（迫切，贴切），于/以（用于，给以）Chinesetodayhassomenewaffixesduetotheinfluenceofforeignlanguages.

Thenewaffixesinclude性（ity）、化（ize-ization）、可（able）、非（non,in）师(ian,er,ist)、度（ness,tion）、家(ist,ian,er)、派(school)性：可能性，必要性，纯洁性，民族性化：现代化，工业化，国际化可：可燃（flammable）、可支配(disposable)、可转让(negotiable)像类似的后缀有“师”、“度”、“派”、“家”，“手”等，另有一些前缀，如，“非”（non-）、“不”（in-）、“反”(anti-,counter-)、“多”(multi-)、“双”(bi-)、“亲”(pro-)、“超”(super-)、“准”(quasi-)数量助词：“们”表示复数；动态助词：“着”、“了”、“过”（表示动词的体）；结构助词：“的”、“地”、“得”（表示定语、状语与补语）；虽然这三类助词类似英语的形态变化，但这些成分的使用在汉语里常常缺乏普遍性：有的场合一定要用，有的场合可用可不用，有的场合甚至不能用。英语形态变化的使用却有严格的规则，往往带有强制性。ThefactthatEnglishisinflectionalandChineseisnon-inflectionalorthefactthatEnglishismoreinflectionalthanChineserevealsthedifferentcharacteristicsofthetwolanguagesandcultures.English:astrongsenseoftime;accuratethinking;logicalthinking;rationalthinking;Chinese:fuzzythinking;thepowerofunderstanding/comprehension/intuition;relationalthinking;Accuratethinkingisawayoflookingatlifewhereyouseeandunderstandlifeasitexists,thewayitis,youunderstandhumanbehaviorandhumanpsychologyasitisandthewayitexists,andyoudealwiththingsastheyexistandastheyreallyare,nothowyouwantthemtobe,nothowyouwishtheycouldbe,nothowyouthinktheyshouldbe,butjusthowtheyare.精确思维Fuzzythinkingismoreemphaticofthegeneralimpressionorthegeneralprincipleofreflectionandisnotsomuchconcernedwiththespecificdetailsoftheobjectsortherelativeinformation.That’smoretypicaloftheChinesethanoftheWesterners,esp.theEnglish.TheChinesehaslongbeeninfluencedbysuchafuzzyphilosophy.

模糊思维In-ClassExercisesI.Pleasetransla