港航专业英语2013

专业英语主讲人：季小梅联系方式：xiaomeimila.ji@港口海岸与近海工程theYangtzeRivertheYellowRiverthePearlRivertheEastChinaSeatheSouthChinaSeatheYellowSeatheBohaiSeaIRivers,streampatterns,

floodplains

andfluvialprocessesIIErosion,mechanicsofsedimenttransport,estuarinesedimentproblemsIIITides,tidalcurrentsandstormsurges1.Rivers河流

2.Streampatterns河流类型3.Floodplains滩地4.Fluvialprocesses河床演变IRivers,streampatterns,floodplainsandfluvialprocesses1.Riversfreshwater淡水characteristic特征roar吼叫，呼啸mountaintorrent山洪，山溪，荒溪vastexpanse广阔水域glide滑动，滑行integral组成的civilization文明，文化undisputed毫无疑问的route线路，航路supplier供应者deposits沉积物irrigation灌溉inspiteof尽管，不管catastrophic灾害性的rivervalley河谷cradle摇篮，发源地exploration探险renewableresource可再生资源commodity商品hydrocarbon碳氢化合物dump倾倒visible可见的pollution污染frighten可怕toxic有毒的chlorine氯watertreatmentfacility污水处理厂sewage污水discharge排放modify更改sediment沉积物，泥沙pollutant污染物asaresultof作为……的结果irrigatedfarmland灌溉农田，水田floodplain滩地terrace阶地alluvialfan冲积扇indicator指示物，指标fertile肥沃的fertilizer肥料adjustto适应……bar沙洲recession消退crop庄稼，作物2.Streampatternsmeandering蜿蜒，蜿蜒型braided分汊的symmetricalloop对称环线bend弯道median中位线，中位的sinuosity蜿蜒度meander曲流，河曲amplitude振幅radiusofcurvature曲率半径Figure1.Galay’sclassificationofgravelbedrivers.Figure2.Rerwinedchannel交织水道anabranch重汇支流formal正式的geometry几何形态Figure3.Reachscale.Above:braidedplanformoftheRiverBrahamaputrainChina.Below:HiiRiver(Japan).Inthepicturessmallerscaleissues,likebarsanddunes,arevisible.Figure4.Anabranchedplanform:theAmazonRivernearIquitos,Peru(courtesy*ofErikMosselman)courtesy谦恭有礼，礼貌，请安，有礼貌的举止[言词]，承蒙heterogeneous非均匀的，非均质的correspondingly相应地flume水槽downcut下切dissipation消散，消耗inthesensethat指的是shift移位，移动undergo经受concave凹的pointbar边滩revetmentwork护岸工程3.Floodplainsvalleyfloor谷底平原incisedchannel深切河槽，主槽inundate淹没rework改造oxbowlake牛轭湖levee堤岸invade入侵Figure5.Corridorscale:riverfloodplainwithmeanders.GreenRiver(Wyoming,USA).recurrenceinterval重现期evaluation估计值，评价returnperiod重现期universality普遍性bankfullstage漫滩水位transverse横向的visualinspection目检adequately充分的，适当的4.Fluvialprocessesasregards关于classify分类colleagues同行mid-streamisland江心洲everlasting无穷无尽的wandering游荡whereas而，却，反之so(as)faras至于，就......而言reserve保留formation形成erodibility易蚀性precisely精确的mould模制overflood泛洪clayey多粘土的morphology形态学artificial人工的deterioration恶化abundance丰富sumup总结duly正式的floodrouting洪水演算channelstorage槽蓄量，槽蓄作用ice-jam冰塞threat威胁comprehensive综合的manifest证明washout冲失regulating调节hydraulicgeometry河相关系（水力几何形态）hypotheses假设leastmobility最小活动性estuarine河口湾的non-uniform非均匀的unsteady非稳定的differencialequation微分方程simutaneously同步的characteristics特征线sedimentcarryingcapacity挟沙能力accretion堆积inaccordancewith根据gaugingstation水文站siltation淤积IIErosion,mechanicsofsedimenttransport,estuarinesedimentproblems1.

Erosion侵蚀2.Mechanicsofsedimenttransport泥沙输送力学3.Estuarinesedimentproblems河口湾泥沙问题1.

Erosiondetachment分离impact冲击kineticenergy动能splash溅击，飞溅downslope顺坡而下entrain拖，带走predominantly主要的detach分离sheeterosion片蚀degradation剥蚀fence篱笆post杆，柱pillar柱terminalvelocity沉降速度beproportionalto与......成正比conformwith与......一致storm风暴accountfor是......的原因augment增大rivulet溪流，小河dialodge冲走gullyerosion沟蚀profile纵剖面图headward向源的，溯源的saturation饱和，浸透overtop漫顶critical临界的，危急的regime情势infultrationcapacity下渗容量，下渗能力

cohesive粘性的，粘结的，内聚性的resist抗，防splasherosion溅击侵蚀readily容易的water-stableaggregate水稳性团粒plentiful丰富的massmovement块体运动offset抵消lumber伐木indexnumber指标atbest充其量，至多2.Mechanicsofsedimenttransportstochastic随机的fluvialdynamics河流动力学formula公式time-averagedvelocity时均流速intensityofturbulence紊动强度holdtrue适用boundarylayer边界层timeofrest休止时间singlestep单步diffussion扩散timerequriedforleavingthebed脱离床面时间liftforce托举力dragforce拖曳力initiate起始threshould门限值，起动inception开始

district地区distortion变态convert转换prototype原型sediment-ratingcurve水沙曲线（输沙量-流量关系曲线）petrography岩相学incontradictionwith与......相矛盾reality现实mixinglength混合长度dispute争端asfaras就......而言，至于logarithmicvelocitydistribution对数流速分布sedimentbearingflow挟沙水流hyperconcentration超高浓度3.Estuarinesedimentproblemsfunnel漏斗tidalrange潮差fame使闻名bore涌潮propagation推进mouthbar拦门沙delta三角洲offshorezone近岸带restriction限制，缩小avulsion改道outof出于low-flow低水asawhole基本上muddybeach淤泥质海滩facilitate便于erection建立barrage挡潮闸agitate搅动floodtide涨潮ebbtide落潮Thetideistheperiodicriseandfallofoceanwatersproducedbytheattraction*ofthemoonandsun.Generally,theaverageinterval*betweensuccessive*hightidesis12h25min,halfthetimebetweensuccessivepassagesofthemoonacrossagivenmeridian*.Themoonexertsagreaterinfluenceonthetidesthanthesun.Tides,however,areoftenaffectedbymeteorological*conditions,includingpropagationofstormtidesfromtheseaintocoastalwaters.IIITides,tidalcurrentsandstormsurgesattraction吸引力interval间隔successive连续的meridian子午线

meteorological气象的潮汐是海洋水体在月亮和太阳引力的作用下周期性的升降。一般而言，连续两个高潮之间的平均间隔为12小时25分钟，也就是月亮连续两次经过特定子午线时间的一半。月亮对潮汐施加的影响比太阳大。然而，潮汐经常收到气候条件的影响，包括风暴潮汐由海洋向海岸水体的推进。Thehighesttides,whichoccuratintervalsofhalfalunarmonth*,arecalledspringtides*.Theyoccuratornearthetimewhenthemoonisneworfull,i.e.,whenthesun,moon,andearthfallinline,andthetide-generatingforces*ofthemoonandsunareadditive*.Whenthelinesconnectingtheearthwiththesunandthemoonformarightangle,i.e.,whenthemoonisinitsquarters,thentheactionsofthemoonandsunaresubtractive,andthelowesttidesofthemonth,theneaptides,occur.lunarmonth农历、阴历springtide大潮tide-generatingforce引潮力additive添加rightangle直角quarter季，四分之一subtractive

消减

neaptide小潮农历每半个月出现一次的最高潮被称为大潮。大潮在新月或满月前后出现，也就是当太阳、月亮和地球在一条线上的时候，此时月亮和太阳的引潮力是叠加的。当地球和太阳、地球和月亮的连线成直角时，也就是当月亮处于上下弦时，太阳和月亮的作用是消减的，发生每月的最低潮，即小潮。Tidalwavesareretarded*byfrictionalforces*astheearthrevolves*dailyarounditsaxis,andthetidetendstofollowthedirectionofthemoon.Thus,thehighesttideforeachlocationisnotcoincidentwith*conjunction*andopposition*butoccursatsomeconstanttimeafternewandfullmoon.Thisinterval,knownastheageofthetide,mayamounttoasmuchas2½days.retard减速，阻滞，延迟frictionalforce摩擦力revolve旋转becoincidentwith与...一致/符合conjunction（恒星、行星等的）合、会opposition冲fullmoon满月newmoon新月地球每日绕轴自转，潮波受到摩擦力的阻滞，潮汐有沿着月亮方向的趋势。因此，各地的最高潮并不与冲合一致，而是发生在新月和满月后一段固定时间内。这个间隔被称为潮龄，时长可达两天半。合是指行星、太阳与地球位于同一条直线，且太阳和这个行星位于地球的同一侧。冲是行星同太阳相距180度的情况。对于月球而言，合即为朔，冲为望，东方照为上弦，西方照即为下弦。合conjunction上合superiorconjunction下合inferiorconjunction东大距GreatestEasternElongation西大距GreatestWesternElongation冲opposition东方照EasternQuadrature西方照WasternQuadratureLargedifferencesintidalrange*occuratdifferentlocationsalongtheoceancoast.Theyarisebecauseofsecondarytidalwaves*setupbytheprimarytidalwave*ormassofwatermovingaroundtheearth.Thesemovementsarealsoinfluencedbythedepthofshoalingwaterandconfiguration*ofthecoast.ThehighesttidesintheworldoccurintheBayofFundy*,whereariseof100fthasbeenrecorded.Inlandandlandlocked*seas,suchastheMediterraneanandtheBaltic,havelessthan1ftoftide,andtheGreatLakesarenotnoticeablyinfluenced.tidalrange潮差secondarytidalwave副潮波primarytidalwave源潮波configuration

构造，形状，外貌，轮廓BayofFundy芬地湾landlockedsea内陆海沿着海岸不同地点潮差区别很大。潮差的增加是因为源潮波引起的副潮波或者是因为水体绕地球运动。这些运动也受到浅水水深和海岸轮廓的影响。世界上最高潮发生在芬地湾，记录到的最高潮位为100英尺。内陆海如地中海和波罗的海，潮汐低于1米，五大湖没有受到显著影响。Tidesthatoccurtwiceeachlunarday*arecalledsemidiurnaltides*.Sincethelunarday,ortimeittakesthemoontomakeacompleterevolution*aroundtheearth,isabout50minlongerthanthesolarday*,thecorrespondinghightideonsuccessivedaysisabout50minlater.Insomeplaces,suchasPensacola,Florida,onlyonehightideadayoccurs.Thesetidesarecalleddiurnaltides.Ifoneofthetwodailyhightidesisincomplete,i.e.,ifitdoesnotreachtheheightoftheprevioustide,asatSanFrancisco,thenthetidesarereferredtoasmixeddiurnaltides.lunarday太阴日semidiurnaltide半日潮revolution旋转，运行，公转solarday太阳日diurnaltide日潮mixeddiurnaltide混合潮一个太阴日出现两次的潮汐为半日潮。由于太阴日，或者说是月亮绕地球旋转一周的时间，大约比太阳日长50分钟，相应地高潮出现的时间比前一天晚大约50分钟。有一些地方，比如佛罗里达州彭萨科拉，一天只发生一次高潮。这种潮汐被称为日潮。如果一天中的两次高潮又一次不完整，即它没有达到前一次潮汐的高度，比如在圣佛朗西斯科，这种潮汐被称为混合日潮。Thereareotherexceptionaltidalphenomena.Forinstance,atSouthampton,England,therearefourdailyhighwaters,occurringinpairs,separatedbyashortinterval.AtPortsmouth,therearetwosetsofthreetidalpeaksperday.Tidalbores*,aregularoccurrenceatcertainlocationsarehighcrestedwavescausedbytherushoffloodtide*upariver,asintheAmazon,orbythemeetingoftides,asintheBayofFundy.

Theriseofthetideisreferredtosomeestablisheddatum*ofthecharts*,whichvariesindifferentpartsoftheworld.IntheUnitedStates,itismeanlowerlowwater(MLLW)*.还有一些其他例外的潮汐现象。例如，在英国南安普顿一天有四次高水位，成对出现，中间有短暂间隔。在朴茨茅斯，每天有两组三次潮峰。涌潮是特定地点经常出现的高峰波，它可能是由涨潮进涌入河流引起，如亚马逊河；也可能是由潮汐的交汇引起，如芬地湾。潮汐起伏是相对于某些海图基准面而言的，世界不同地区的基准面不一样。美国采用的是平均低低潮水位。highwater高水位tidalbore潮涌floodtide涨潮datum基准tidaldatum潮高基准，潮位基准面chart图，图表tidalchart潮汐图，潮流图meanlowerlowwater平均低低潮ebbtide落潮lowwater低水位Meanhighwater*istheaverageofthehighwaterovera19-yearperiod,andmeanlowwater*istheaverageofthelowwaterovera19-yearperiod.Higherhighwater*isthehigherofthetwohighwatersofanydiurnaltidalday,andlowerlowwater*isthelowerofthetwolowwatersofanydiurnaltidalday.Meanhigherhighwater*istheaverageheightofthehigherhighwaterovera19-yearperiod,andmeanlowerlowwater*istheaverageheightofthelowerlowwatersovera19-yearperiod(tidalepoch*).Highesthighwater*andlowestlowwater*arethehighestandlowest,respectively*,ofthespringtidesofrecord.Meanrangeistheheightofmeanhighwaterabovemeanlowwater.Themeanofthisheightisgenerallyreferredtoasmeansealevel(MSL)*.Diurnalrangeisthedifferenceinheightbetweenthemeanhigherhighwaterandthemeanlowerlowwater.meanhighwater平均高水位meanlowwater平均低水位higherhighwater高高潮lowerlowwater低低潮meanhigherhighwater平均高高潮meanlowerlowwater平均低低潮tidalepoch高潮间隙highesthighwater最高高水位lowestlowwater最低低水位respectively

分别，各自，顺序为，依次为meansealevel(MSL）平均海平面TheNationalOceanServiceannuallypublishestidetablesthatgivethetimeandelevationofthehighandlowtidesatthousandsoflocationsaroundtheworldandthatcanbeusedtoforecastwaterlevelsatalltimes.Thetidetablesforecasttherepeating,astronomicalportions*ofthetideforspecificlocationsbutdonotdirectlyaccountfortheday-to-dayeffectsofchangesinlocalwinds,pressures,andotherfactors.Alongmostcoasts,thetidetableforecastsarewithin1ftoftheactualwaterlevel90%ofthetime.国家海洋服务中心每年发布潮汐表，给出世界上成千上万个地点的高低潮潮位和出现时间，它可以用来预报每时每刻的水位。潮汐表预报，特定地点潮汐中重复出现的天文潮部分，而没有直接考虑当地风、气压及其它因素每日变化的影响。大多数海岸，90%的时间里，潮汐表预报的潮位与实际水位相差不超过1英尺。tidetable潮汐表astronomicaltide天文潮TheoryofOceanTidesTideshavebeensoimportantforcommerceandscienceforsomanythousands

ofyearsthattideshaveenteredoureverydaylanguage:timeandtidewait

fornoone,theebbandflowofevents,ahigh-watermark,andturnthetideof

battle.Tidesproducestrongcurrentsinmanypartsoftheocean.Tidalcurrents

canhavespeedsofupto5m/sincoastalwaters,impeding*navigationand

mixingcoastalwaters.timeandtidewait

fornoone时不我予high-watermark高水位线，高潮线（成就的）最高点，最高峰turnthetideof

battle改变战争形势tidalcurrent潮流impede妨碍，阻碍，阻止Tidalcurrentsgenerateinternalwavesoverseamounts,continentalslopes,

andmid-oceanridges.Thewavesdissipatetidalenergy.Breakinginternal

wavesandtidalcurrentsareamajorforcedrivingoceanicmixing.Tidalmixinghelpsdrivethedeepcirculation,anditinfluencesclimate

andabruptclimatechange.Tidalcurrentscansuspendbottomsediments,ernalwave内波seamount海山，海峰continentalslope大陆坡mid-oceanridge洋中脊tidalenergy潮汐能oceanicmixing海洋混合tidalmixing潮汐混合deepcirculation深层环流climatechange气候变化Earth’scrustiselastic.Itbendsundertheinfluenceofthetidalpotential.

Italsobendsundertheweightofoceanictides.Asaresult,theseafloor,

andthecontinentsmoveupanddownbyabout10cminresponseto

thetides.Thedeformationofthesolidearthinfluencealmostallprecise

geodeticmeasurements.Oceanictideslagbehindthetide-generatingpotential.Thisproduces

forcesthattransferangularmomentumbetweenearthandthetideproducing

body,especiallythemoon.Asaresultoftidalforces,earth’srotationaboutit’saxisslows,increasingthelengthofday;therotationofthemoonaboutearthslows,causingthemoontomoveslowlyawayfromearth;and

moon’srotationaboutit’saxisslows,causingthemoontokeepthesame

sidefacingearthasthemoonrotatesaboutearth.crust外壳，地壳elastic有弹力的，可伸缩的，灵活的tidalpotential潮汐势能seafloor海底，海床inresponseto对...反应deformation变形geodetic测地学的，测量的lag滞后，（两事件之间的）时间间隔tide-generatingpotential引潮力angularmomentum角动量Tidesinfluencetheorbitsofsatellites.Accurateknowledgeoftidesis

neededforcomputingtheorbitofaltimetricsatellitesandforcorrecting

altimetermeasurementsofoceanictopography.Tidalforcesonotherplanetsandstarsareimportantforunderstanding

manyaspectsofsolar-systemdynamicsandevengalacticdynamics.For

example,therotationrateofMercuryand

Venusresultfromtidal

forces.altimetricsatellite测高卫星altimeter高度计oceanictopography海洋地形solar-system太阳系galactic银河的，星系的Mercury水星Venus金星Tidesareimportantfornavigation;theyinfluenceaccurategeodeticmeasurements;

andtheychangetheorbitsandrotationofplanets,moons,and

starsingalaxies.Tidesareproducedbyacombinationoftime-varyinggravitationalpotential

ofthemoonandsunandthecentrifugalforcesgeneratedasearth

rotatesaboutthecommoncenterofmassoftheearth-moon-sunsystem.Importantconceptsabouttidesgalaxies星系(galaxy的名词复数)，银河系time-varying随时间变化，时变gravitationalpotential引力势，重力势，重力位centrifugalforce地心引力，离心力Tideshavesixfundamentalfrequencies.Thetideisthesuperpositionof

hundredsoftidalconstituents,eachhavingafrequencythatisthesum

anddifferenceoffivefundamentalfrequencies.Shallowwatertidesarepredictedusingtidemeasurementsmadeinports

andotherlocationsalongthecoast.Tidalrecordsofjustafewmonths

durationcanbeusedtopredicttidesmanyyearsintothefuture.superposition重叠，重合，叠合，叠加，叠置，叠覆tidalconstituent分潮Tidesindeepwaterarecalculatedfromaltimetricmeasurements,especially

Topex/Poseidonmeasurements.Asaresult,deepwatertidesare

knownalmosteverywherewithanaccuracyapproaching±2cm.Thedissipationoftidalenergyintheoceantransfersangularmomentum

frommoontoearth,causingthedaytobecomelonger.Tidaldissipationmixeswatermasses,anditisamajordriverofthedeep,

meridional-overturningcirculation.Tides,abyssalcirculation,andclimate

arecloselylinked.Topex/PoseidonisajointsatellitemissionbetweenNASA,theU.S.spaceagency,andCNES,theFrenchspaceagency,tomapoceansurfacetopography.meridional-overturningcirculation经向翻转环流abyssalcirculation深海环流Relativesea-levelrise*isgraduallychangingalloftheepoch-baseddatumatanycoastalsite.Although,thedatumthatisusedfordesignandconstructionthroughoutanuplandareaisnotparticularlyimportant,therelationbetweenconstructionandactualwaterlevelsinthecoastalzonecanbeextremelyimportant.Theleveloftheoceansoftheworldhasbeengraduallyincreasingforthousandsofyears.Theimportantchangeistherelativesea-levelchange,thecombinedeffectofwaterlevelandland-masselevationchangesduetosubsidence*(typicaloftheU.S.AtlanticandGulfcoasts)orrebound*oremergence(PacificcoastoftheU.S.).sealevelrise海平面上升subsidence下沉，下陷，沉降rebound反弹，回升，篮板球Sea-levelriseTheimpactoflong-termsea-levelrisehasrarelybeentakenintoaccountindesign,exceptwhenithasalreadyimpactedtheepoch-basedtidaldatum,suchasMLLW.Forsomeharborandcoastaldesign,astaffgage*isinstalledforrecordingwat