动词虚拟语气

SubjunctivemoodthedefinitionofmoodclassificationofmoodstheuseofsubjunctivemoodI.thedefinitionofmoodDifferentspeakermayexpressdifferentpurpose.Whenheexpressesdifferentpurposes,hemayusedifferentformsoftheverbs.II.classificationofmoods1.Indicativemood:expressingstatementsorfacts.

e.g.Weareallstudents.2.Imperativemood:puttingforwarddemandsororders.

e.g.Pleasebecareful.3.SubjunctivemoodImperativemood1）祈使句的主语一般为“YOU”，除强调（通常在否定句）或者表示对比（通常在肯定句中）外，一半不出现在句中。e.g.Don’tyoumentionthattohimagain.YoutakethatandIwilltakethis.Pleaseyoufasteryourseatbelt.(wrong)Pleasefasteryourseatbelt.(right)Imperativemood2)let’sandletusLet’sincludingspeakerandlistenersLetusincludinglistenersImperativemood3)whenimperativesentencestressed,wemayusedotoemphasize.Dotellmewhyyouwereangry.4)tagquestionofimperativesentence……,willyou?…….,shallwe?Imperativemood5)Imperativesentencemaybeusedtoexpresscondition.DothatagainandI’llcallthepolice.Subjunctivemood1)definition:expressingsubjectivewishesorhypotheticalandnon-factualmeaning.虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。Subjunctivemood2)classification:a.subjunctivemoodusedinif-conditionals

条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。b.subjunctivemoodusedinthatclausec.subjunctivemoodusedinspecialpatterns

IfIwereyou,Iwouldgothere.III.theuseofsubjunctivemood1.subjunctivemoodusedinif-conditional

realconditional

unrealconditional2.subjunctivemoodusedinsomepatterns3.Subjunctivemoodusedincertainadverbialclauses4.Subjunctivemoodusedinnominalclauses1.Ifconditional

Aconditionalsentence(or“conditional”forshort)iscommonlycomposedpart:conditionalclause+mainclause.

Despitethemanypossiblesequencesofverbformsinconditionals,thefollowingfourtypesrepresentperhapsthecommonestandthemostusefulones:1.examplesinif-conditionalIfyouheatice,itmelts.Ifwecatchthe10o’clocktrain,wewillgettherebylunch-time.Ifwecaughtthe10o’clocktrain,wewouldgettherebylunchtime.Ifwehadcaughtthe10o’clocktrain,wewouldhavegottherebylunch-time.realconditional1)Thefirstonecalled“whenever-type”inthat“if”hereisusedinthesenseof“whenever”.Itcanbeusedtodenotethefollowingmeanings:a.

UniversaltruthorgeneralvalidityStatementsofthistypecommonlyappearinfactualdiscussionsandscientificortechnicalmaterial.Thesequenceofverbformsisasfollows:

Ifsimplepresent+mainsimplepresent

E.g.Ifyoupouroilonwater,itfloats.realconditionalb.presenthabitualactionTodenotepresenthabitualaction,ittakesthesamepattern.Ifsimplepresent+mainsimplepresentE.g.Ifitrains,Igotoworkbycar.realconditionalc.pasthabitualactionTodenotepasthabitualaction,thesimplepastisusedinboththeconditionalandthemainclause.Ifsimplepast+mainsimplepast.E.g.IfImadeapromise,Ikeptit.realconditional2)Thesecondfallsintothreeforms:basicform,variantform,andalternativeform.Basicforms:a)(if)simplepresent+(mian)will,etc+infinitive

Ifitisfinetomorrow,wecanhaveapicnicsomewhere.

(if)simplepresent+(main)imperative

Ifyouwakeupbeforeme,givemeacall.realconditionalVariantforms:a)(if)should+infinitive+(main)will,would,etc+infinitiveIfheshouldcometomorrow,Iwouldtellhimeverything.

(if)will+infinitive+(main)will,would,etc+infinitiveIfyouwouldreadmorecarefully,youwouldunderstand

whattheauthormeans.realconditionalAlternativeformsa)imperative+and-clauseSetyouralarmclock,andyouwon’toversleep.b)imperative+or-clause.Setyouralarmclock,or(else)you‘lloversleep.realconditionalWhatwehaveenumerateaboveonlyrepresentthecommonesttypesofrealconditionals,whichareactuallytoovariegatedtobeexhaustedinafewpatterns.Asamatteroffact,therearefarmorepossiblesequencesofverbformsforrealconditionals.Solongastheydonotmakeunrealconditionals,almostallsequencesofverbformsarepossible.realconditionalThus,inadditiontotheabove-mentionedtypes,wecanalsosay,forexample:Ifhehasfinishedhiswork,weshallbeabletotakehimwithus.Ifyou’vebeentravelingallnight,youprobablyneedarest.unrealconditionalsA.aboutthepresentorfutureSub-clausemainclauseDid/werewould/should/might/could+doShoulddounrealconditionalsA.aboutthepresentorfuturee.g.IfIwereyou,Iwoulddothat.IfIknewFrance,IcouldtranslatethisarticleeasilyunrealconditionalsB.aboutthepastSub-clausemainclauseHaddonewould/should/might/could+havedonee.g.Ifwehadstartedearlier,wewouldhavegotthere.Ifhehadnotenteredcollegelastyear,hewouldstillhaveworked.unrealconditionalsC.aboutmixedtime.a.Sub-clausemainclauseDid/werewould/should/might/could+havedone混合条件句有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。

unrealconditionalsC.aboutmixedtime.例如：Ifyouhadaskedhimyesterday,youwouldknowwhattodonow.如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）Ifithadrainedlastnight（过去）,itwouldbeverycoldtoday（现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。unrealconditionalsC.aboutmixedtime.b.Sub-clausemainclausehaddonewould/should/might/could+doe.g.Ifyouhadlistenedcarefully,youwouldbeabletoanswerthequestion.IfIhadn’twatchedthatfilmlastnight,Iwouldn’tbesleepynow.unrealconditionalsD.Without…..,wouldhavedoneButfor……,wouldhavedoneIfonly…..did/haddoneSupposing/suppose….did/shoulddosupposing/suppose+statementIfit(be)notfor…..=butforNotice:(1)bewere(2)“if”canbecutoff,“were”,“should”and“had”shouldbeplacedatthebeginningsubjunctivemoodusedinsomepatterns

wishthat-clause

Wouldrather…

itis(high)timethat

hadhopedthatwishthat-clause1)aboutthepresentorfuture:wishthat-clause(woulddo/did/were)e.g.IwishIhadadictionary,butIhavenoone.2)aboutthepast:wishthat-clause(wouldhavedone/haddone)e.g.IwishthatProfessorSmithhadtaughtmethisquestion.wouldrather/hadrather/wouldsooner/wouldjustassoon/wouldprefer+(that)clause(did)e.g.Iwouldratherhecametomorrow.Itis(high)timethatclause(shoulddo/did)Itis(high)timethatclause(shoulddo/did)e.g.Itistimeyouwenttoseeadoctor.Itisabouttimehefoundajobandsettleddown.hadhopedthatclause(woulddo)hadhopedthatclause(woulddo):aboutthewishesonthepastunfinishedthings.e.g.Hisfatherhadhopedthathewouldhewouldgointobusinesswithhim..subjunctivemoodused

incertainadverbialclausesThebe-subjunctiveisalsousedinadverbialclausesintroducedbyif,though,whatever,solongas,whether,lest,etc.eg:Iftherumorbetrue,everythingispossible.Whateverbehisdefense,wecannottoleratehisdisloyalty.incertainadverbialclausesThewere-subjunctiveiscommonlyusedinadverbialclausesintroducedby“ifonly”,“asthough”,“asif”,“though”.E.g.IfonlyIwerenotsonervous.Hebehavedasif/thoughhewerebetterthanus.Thoughthewholeworldwereagainstme,IwoulddowhatIconsiderasright.incertainformulaicexpressionsThebe-subjunctiveisalsousedinsomeformulaicexpressionstoexpressawish,prayer,curse,etc.theformulaicuseofthebe-subjunctivetendstobeformalandold-fashionedinstyle,e.g.LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina.Godblessyou.subjunctivemoodusedinnominalclausecausedby“that”.a.subject-clauseItis/wasadj/-ed+thatclause(shoulddo/do)Adj/-ed:essential,necessary,important,strange,desirable,advisable,insistent,natural,desired,advised,demanded,requested,suggested,recommended,required,urgent,imperativeandetc.e.g.It’snecessarythatagoodworkerfinishhisworkontime.subjunctivemoodusedinnominalclausecausedby“that”.b.object-clauseS+V+thatclause(shoulddo/do)V:ask,advise,beg,demand,desire,decide,determine,insist,purpose,oder,redor,require,request,recommend,suggestandetc.e.g.Shedemandsthatthechildrenshouldobeytherules.subjunctivemoodusedinnominalclausecausedby“that”.c.appositiveclauseandpredicativeclauseN+is/was+thatclause(shoulddo/do)N+thatclause(shoulddo/do)N:decision,suggestion,proposal,motion,advice,recommendation,plan,idea,demand,requirement,request,preference,insistenceandetc.e.g.Theproposalisthatthelastsentenceberemoved.IagreewithXiaoWang’smotionthatwesetupaspecialcommitteetolookintothecase.虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were,should,或had时,可省略if，再把were,should或had移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如：1.Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus.=Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.2.Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.=Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.3.Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved.=Wereittorain,thecropswouldbesaved.虚拟条件句的倒装注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如：IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.虚拟条件句的倒装典型例题_____todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.A.IfwereIB.IwereC.WereID.WasI答案C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were,should,had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前,变成were,should,had+主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说WereInottodo,而不能说Weren'tItodo。特殊的虚拟语气词should1）在主语从句中的应用Itisdemanded/necessary/apity+that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should加动词原形，should可省略。特殊的虚拟语气词should特殊的虚拟语气词should2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,command,insist+（should）do等例如：Isuggestthatwe（should）holdameetingnextweek.Heinsistedthathe（should）besentthere.特殊的虚拟语气词should注意：如suggest,insist不表示"建议"或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。判断改错;（错）Youpalefacesuggeststhatyou（should）beill.（对）Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill.（错）Iinsistedthatyou（should）bewrong.（对）Iinsistedthatyouwerewrong.特殊的虚拟语气词should3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如：Myideaisthatwe（should）getmorepeopletoattendtheconference.Imakeaproposalthatwe（should）holdameetingnextweek.wish的用法1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：wish的用法wish的用法例如：IwishIwereastallasyou.我希望和你一样高。Hewishedhehadn'tsaidthat.他希望他没讲过那样的话。Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。wish的用法2）wishtodo；wishsb/sthtodo。例如：Iwishtoseethemanager.=Iwanttoseethemanager.我希望见一见经理。Iwishthemanagertobeinformedatonce.（=Iwantthemanagertobeinformedatonce.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。比较ifonly与onlyifonlyif表示"只有"；ifonly则表示"如果……就好了"。Ifonly也可用于陈述语气。例如：Iwakeuponlyifthealarmclockrings.只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。Ifonlythealarmclockhadrung.当时闹钟响就好了。Ifonlyhecomesearly.但愿他早点回来。Heleftordersthatnothing____toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.shouldbe B.oughttobe C.mustbe D.wouldbe2.Iwastohavemadeaspeechif____.Iwasnotcalledaway nobodywouldhavecalledmeawayC.Ihadnotbeencalledaway D.nobodycalledmeaway

3.IfyouhavereallybeenstudyingEnglishforsolong,it’sabouttimeyou____abletowritelettersinEnglish.shouldbe

B.were C.mustbe D.are4.Muchas____,Icouldn'tlendhim